Cr3C2对激光选区熔化316L合金组织及力学性能的影响

目的 研究添加Cr3C2颗粒对激光选区熔化316L合金的硬度、强度及耐磨性能的影响。方法 采用激光选区熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)技术制备316L合金及10%(质量分数)Cr3C2颗粒增强316L合金(Cr3C2/316L),通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、维氏显微硬度计、双立柱电子万能试验机和摩擦磨损试验机分别对2组合金试样的组织结构、硬度、拉伸性能以及耐磨性能进行测试与分析。结果 316L合金主要由γ-Fe相组成,Cr3C2/316L合金中除γ-Fe相外,还存在Cr23C6和Cr3C2相。316L和Cr3C2/316L合金的显微组织均由柱状晶和等轴晶组成,Cr3C2/316L的组织中等轴晶比例增多,且组织产生了细化。Cr3C2/316L合金的显微硬度为327HV0.1,相比316L合金(265HV0.1)增加了23%。Cr3C2/316L合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为687 MPa和1 029 MPa,较316L合金均提高了约50%。Cr3C2/316L合金的磨损率相比316L合金减小了50%。结论 在SLM过程中,由于添加的Cr3C2颗粒在激光选区熔化316L合金过程中所产生的非自发形核和提高过冷度的作用,促使了316L合金组织发生明显细化和等轴化。添加的Cr3C2颗粒所产生的细晶强化、沉淀强化和固溶强化作用,使316L合金的硬度、强度和耐磨性都得到有效提升。     

固溶处理对CoCrW合金组织及耐磨性能的影响

以铸造CoCrW合金为研究对象,通过XRD,SEM和EDS分析以及硬度测试和室温耐磨实验,研究了不同温度的固溶处理对该合金的组织及耐磨性能的影响.结果表明,铸态和固溶态CoCrW合金组织均由M23C6,M6C和γ-Co基体3种相组成,但固溶后合金中碳化物的大小、形貌及分布发生明显变化.固溶后合金中起强化作用的碳化物大量溶解,使合金硬度和耐磨性能降低;随着固溶温度的升高,部分碳化物中的Cr,W等合金元素大量固溶到基体中,提高了基体的强度,使合金的硬度和耐磨性能有所提高;铸态和固溶态CoCrW合金的磨损机制均为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损的共同作用.     

医用CoCrMoC合金的组织结构及耐磨损性能

以铸造CoCrMoC合金（ASTMF 75-82）为研究对象，通过金相观察，XRD，SEM和EDX分析以及磨损试验，研究了该合金在不同热处理条件下的显微结构与耐磨损性能。结果表明：不含C的CoCrMo合金的耐磨损性能几乎不受热处理制度的影响：含C的CoCrMoC合金在1100℃以上温度固溶处理耐磨损性能明显提高，其中1200℃是最佳温度，固溶后时效处理降低合金的耐磨损性能。分析认为，固溶引起的fcc钴基体固溶强化和适当的碳化物分布是提高耐磨损性能的主要原因，而时效引起的基体fcc相→hcp相的等温马氏体相变对耐磨损性能影响不大。     

上引连铸-连续挤压Cu-Cr-Zr合金的组织与性能EI北大核心CSCD

采用光学显微镜(OM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM),观察了非真空上引连铸-连续挤压制备的大卷重Cu-Cr-Zr合金线杆的铸态、连续挤压态、固溶态和时效态的组织结构;通过力学、物理性能测试研究了各状态合金的性能变化规律。结果表明:上引连铸Cu-Cr-Zr合金线杆铸态为粗大柱状晶,存在CrSi2一次颗粒相;连续挤压后铸态柱状晶粒内部产生强烈的剪切变形,在TEM像中可观察到明显的位错塞积和缠结;连续挤压态合金线杆适宜的固溶处理温度范围为920~960℃,在大于980℃的固溶态组织中观察到孔洞缺陷;在正常固溶态组织中观察到粗大的Cr3Si颗粒相和纳米级含Zr的富Cr颗粒相,经选区电子衍射谱标定为Cr2Zr相;连续挤压线杆经(920℃,1 h)固溶+(60%的冷拉变形+时效+60%冷拉变形)后仍具有较好的综合性能,其抗拉强度为576 MPa,导电率为82%IACS。     

锻造CoCrMo合金渗碳的摩擦学性能研究

采用气体渗碳技术,对医用锻造CoCrMo合金进行表面渗碳处理来改善其耐磨性能.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和显微硬度计分别对渗碳层的微观组织、物相组成和显微硬度进行了表征.用三维形貌仪测量表面粗糙度并分析磨损后的表面.采用销盘接触方式,借助UMT-Ⅱ型微摩擦磨损试验机,考察了25%小牛血清润滑条件下的摩擦学性能.试验结果表明,锻造CoCrMo合金渗碳层中形成了硬质Cr3C2相,这是一种致密的颗粒组织.试样的硬度值由未处理的341 HV增加到渗碳后的509 HV.25%小牛血清润滑条件下,渗碳合金的摩擦因数略有升高.与未处理试样相比,渗碳后锻造CoCrMo合金的磨损率降低了40%.未处理CoCrMo合金磨损表面存在宽且深的犁沟和疲劳破坏形成的剥落坑;渗碳试样表面仅表面为浅且窄的划痕.说明渗碳CoCrMo合金渗层中形成的硬质Cr3C2相可以明显提高CoCrMo合金的耐磨性能.     

一种铸造镍基高温合金在热处理过程中的相析出行为和拉伸性能（英文）

研究一种铸造镍基合金(IN617B合金)在固溶处理和长期时效处理过程中的相析出行为和拉伸性能。在铸态的组织中,Ti(C,N)、M6C和M23C6为主要析出相,而经过固溶处理后,除少量Ti(C,N)残余外,绝大部分碳化物固溶到基体中。在700°C长期时效过程中,合金中相的析出行为主要包括3个方面:(1)晶界处M23C6碳化物的形貌由膜状转变成颗粒状,同时由于界面能的降低和元素向晶界的扩散,颗粒碳化物逐渐粗化;(2)晶内棒状M23C6碳化物具有择优生长方向[110],并与基体γ之间存在共格关系;(3)γ?颗粒可以通过限制碳化物形成元素的扩散来阻碍晶内M23C6碳化物粗化。在时效5000 h后,合金的抗拉强度明显增加,而合金的塑性明显下降。该合金具有稳定的显微组织,从而保证其在长期时效过程中具有优异的拉伸性能。     

不同处理工艺对铜钴铬硅合金组织和性能的影响

研究了固溶-时效处理工艺和固溶-预冷变形-时效处理工艺对Cu-Co-Cr-Si合金力学性能、电学性能及其显微组织结构的影响。结果表明，最佳形变热处理工艺为980℃固溶1h，冰盐水淬火，40％预冷变形之后480℃时效4h。合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率、硬度和相对电导率分别达到634MPa，575MPa，8．9％，1700MPa（HB）和43．2％IACS。这种合金有显著的时效强化特性，强化相为Cr粒子、Cr3Co5Si2相和Co2Si相。合金的高强度来源于固溶强化、亚结构强化和第二相析出强化。     

固溶时效处理对Ti-55.06%Ni-0.3%Cr合金组织和性能的影响（英文）

通过拉伸试验、动态力学分析(DAM)和球差电镜研究固溶时效处理对Ti-55.06%Ni-0.3%Cr(摩尔分数)合金的显微组织、力学性能和内耗性能的影响。结果表明:析出Cr3Ni2相粒子的时效态合金的抗拉强度和硬度总大于无Cr3Ni2析出的固溶态合金,时效峰温度为375°C。固溶态和375°C时效合金的内耗峰值(tanδ)均随频率的增加而降低,降温过程出现奥氏体(B2)→预马氏体相(R)和R→马氏体(M)两个相变内耗峰;升温过程中由于R和M相变的叠加,两种状态合金均只出现一个M→B2相变内耗峰。此外,由375°C时效态合金析出的Cr3Ni2相粒子导致的基体中Cr、Ni含量降低,晶格畸变程度减弱,相变阻力减小,使得375°C时效态合金的内耗峰峰温向高温方向移动。     

NbC对FeMnSiCrNi合金组织与记忆性能的影响

配制了5种不同Nb，C含量的Fel4Mn5Si9Cr5Ni形状记忆合金，测量了不同温度和不同时间条件下固溶-时效处理的合金记忆性能，采用透射电镜和原子力显微镜观察了合金的显微组织。结果表明NbC的析出对合金的形状记忆性能有明显影响，经1200℃，10h固溶处理后的Fel4Mn5Si9Cr5Ni0．5Nb合金，经800℃，6h时效获得了最好的形状记忆性能，且优于无铌Fel4Mn5Si9Cr5M合金经热机械循环训练的记忆性能指标。显微观察表明经过高温固溶．中温时效处理后的该合金中NbC粒子在合金基体时效析出，有利于合金应力诱发细小马氏体核心的形成。     

热处理对SLM成形的Inconel 718合金组织的影响

研究了固溶+双级时效处理对激光选区熔化(SLM)工艺制备的Inconel 718高温合金微观组织形态和析出相的影响。结果表明,SLM沉积态合金为椭圆状晶组织,其由细小柱状晶组成。沉积态合金经固溶处理后转变成等轴细晶组织,且随固溶温度升高,晶粒尺寸增大。经固溶+双级时效处理后,合金会在晶界和晶内析出多种析出相,在940~1 020℃固溶过程中晶界析出短棒状δ相(Ni3Nb),在620~720℃时效过程中晶内析出针状δ、圆盘状γ″(Ni3Nb)和黑点状γ′相(Ni3Al,Ti)。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。