Performance and emissions characteristics of C.I. engine fueled with palm oil/palm oil methyl ester blended with diesel fuel

The rapid increasing worldwide demand for energy, continuous increasing of fuel consumption and the progressive depletion of fossil fuels led to an intensive search for biodiesel as alternative fuel for diesel engine. Performance and emissions characteristics of C.I. engine fueled with palm oil/palm oil methyl ester blended with diesel fuel is investigated experimentally. Biodiesel was prepared from palm oil by transesterification process. Diesel, biodiesel and palm oil blends were prepared in volume percentages of 20 and 100% as B20, B100 and PO20. Physical and chemical properties of biodiesel blends were near to diesel fuel. The experimental study is conducted on a diesel engine at different engine loading from zero to full loads using palm oil and palm biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel. Thermal efficiency of biodiesel and oil blends with diesel fuel was lower than diesel fuel. Specific fuel consumptions for biodiesel and oil blends were found to be higher than diesel oil. Unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions have been decreased for biodiesel blends but it increased for oil blends compared to diesel fuel. Nitrogen oxide emissions have slightly been increased for biodiesel and oil blends compared to diesel fuel. Blends of diesel – biodiesel up to 20% biodiesel percentage by volume are recommended because of the improvement in performance and emissions as compared to diesel fuel.     

快速色谱分析技术在油气勘探中的应用

文章通过对五口井的现场应用介绍，阐述了快速色谱分析技术在油气层识别和解释方面的准确性，探讨了该技术在薄油气层的发现和评价、快速钻进条件下油气层的发现、对油气层全烃组份变化的统一、水平井的地质导向以及排除钻井液添加荆对油气显示的影响五个方面的优势，从而论证了快速色谱分析技术在油气勘探中的应用价值。     

应用大口径毛细管柱气相色谱模拟蒸馏分析催化裂化生成油

采用大口径毛细管柱气相色谱对催化裂化生成油进行了模拟蒸馏分析，对参考油及实际样品进行了重复性实验，并与填充柱的分析结果进行了对比。结果表明，该分析方法的重复性良好，测得的参考油馏程都在允许误差范围之内；用该法对几种催化裂化生成油的分析结果与填充柱的相近。表明毛细管柱完全可以替代传统的填充柱对催化裂化生成油进行色谱模拟蒸馏分析，且具有快速、简便的特点。     

参考油在气相色谱模拟蒸馏技术中的应用

分析了参考油在催化裂化生成油模拟蒸馏分析中的作用，并利用动态切割点校正了色谱柱的漂移，推导出了校正沸点漂移的经验公式。结果表明，通过参考油校正切割点及沸点校正的方法可提高数据的准确率，能为固定流化床、提升管和ACE评价装置提供准确有效的数据；通过参考油谱图可判断色谱分析系统是否正常，通过参考油馏程变化可发现色谱柱是否失效。     

凝析油全二维气相色谱分析

用全二维气相色谱对四川盆地22个凝析油样品进行族组分和化合物定性、定量分析。凝析油中各化合物得到很好的分离,有效消除了常规色谱分析时的共馏峰干扰,在nC3—nC8色谱段有效定性出67个化合物,比常规的色谱轻烃分析结果多13个化合物;在全二维图谱上可把凝析油中的各类化合物根据其结构特征分成12类组分。与氢火焰离子化检测器联用,过去在色谱上无法定量分析的异构烃烃、烷基环戊烷、烷基环己烷、其他单环烷烃、非甾萜类的多环烷烃、烷基苯、多环芳烃等系列化合物被同时检测,解决了凝析油族组分难以定量的问题。12类组分、180多种主要化合物的定量分析数据可为凝析油的成熟度判识、油源对比等油气地球化学研究提供有效数据。图4表2参12     

原油裂解气在天然气勘探中的意义

从油气生成理论和古油藏演化过程的讨论中引申出原油裂解气的问题。一般所说的原油裂解气主要是指古油藏演化中的原油裂解气 ,油藏中的原油由于后期深埋 ,必然发生裂解而形成天然气和沥青。这种原油裂解气只有在特定的地质条件下才能形成 ,如塔里木盆地巴楚隆起的和田河气田的天然气 ,主要是由于构造运动使早期形成的油藏埋藏很深导致原油裂解的产物。塔北隆起东部桑塔木断垒带的天然气与和田河气田的天然气同是源自寒武系烃源岩 ,但桑塔木天然气主要为干酪根裂解气 ,而和田河天然气主要为原油裂解气 ,因此二者在天然气组成和天然气组分碳同位素特征上存在差异 ,如虽然二者成熟度一致 ,但和田河气田天然气的非烃气体含量高于桑塔木天然气 ,其甲烷碳同位素值则比桑塔木天然气的轻。对于古油藏而言 ,原油裂解既对油藏起破坏作用 ,同时又可形成天然气藏的特殊气源。图 6参 1 2     

Method for analysis of 68 organic contaminants in food contact paper using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

Food contact materials (FCMs) have been reported as a source of various xenobiotics. This study investigates the possibility of simultaneous analysis of 68 potential contaminants in paper FCMs, specifically phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, photoinitiators, bisphenols, and polyfluorinated compounds. Target compounds were co-isolated using a technique based on ultrasonic extraction by mixture of acetonitrile and water followed by QuEChERS-like liquid–liquid partition in the presence of inorganic salts. Resulting extracts were analyzed using gas and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS, HPLC–MS/MS). Acceptable recoveries (70–120%) and RSDs (<20%) were achieved for most of the analytes at spiking levels of 0.05, 0.2 and 1 mg/kg. LOQs ranged from 0.0013 to 0.22 mg/kg. The proposed method was successfully applied to analysis of 15 real samples. Complex mixtures of contaminants reaching levels up to 48 mg/kg were identified in the samples.     

模块化阀柱多维色谱系统用于分析炼厂气的技术

在调研了应用于测定复杂气体组分的6个阀柱模块及其等价关系的基础上,概括归纳了常用的7个以阀柱模块为基础的测定炼厂气特定组分的分析通道和18种测定炼厂气组分的多维气相色谱系统,并按色谱柱数量将其分为4柱、5柱、6柱及7柱系统,讨论了其优缺点及互变规律。调研发现,阀柱模块中两个六通阀可同一个十通阀互换,多维气相色谱系统创建的一般过程为:设计阀柱模块——搭配分析通道——组建色谱系统,多维气相色谱系统完成相同的分析任务仅与柱的数量有关,同阀的数量无直接对应关系。     

石油地质样品全二维色谱与传统色谱技术地化分析比较

利用全二维色谱与传统色谱分析技术对石油地质样品进行了地球化学分析比较研究,结果表明,原油直接进样轻烃参数与类异戊二烯烃等参数、样品饱和烃组分和芳烃组分进样2种色谱技术获得的地化分析结果具有可比性;但全二维色谱分析发现原油样品直接进样与芳烃组分进样2种色谱技术获得的部分芳烃物质如萘系及三芴化合物分析结果有明显差异,原油直接进样二甲基萘在萘系化合物中具主导地位,氧芴含量明显要高。这说明样品族组分分离前处理过程改变了样品芳烃组分的原始面貌,原有反映有机质沉积环境的三芴系列化合物关系图版已不能适用于原油直接进样全二维色谱分析结果。由于原油直接进样分析不存在前处理过程,原油全二维直接进样分析结果更为真实。     

油气地质勘探及开发中气相色谱分析仪器的应用和进展

气相色谱分析仪器已经在油气勘探开发工作中较为广泛应用，成为油气及岩石有机物成分分析，盆地油气资源评价研究，井场上油气显示评价，地面油气化探和油田开发实验及研究的必备工具。     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定饮用水中痕量硝基苯类化合物

采用毛细管柱测定水中9种痕量硝基苯类化合物、二氯甲烷富集水中硝基苯类化合物,以及转相,电子捕获检测器检测,整个分析过程14min,各组分方法检出限达0.003～0.010μg/L,中、低浓度水样各组份的回收率在93.2%～107%之间,相对标准偏差在4.09%～6.05%之间,满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2003)中9种硝基苯类化合物的检测要求。     

Determination of gas dispersion in vapor extraction of heavy oil and bitumen

In this work, a mathematical model is developed and simulated to determine gas dispersion along with solubility during the vapor extraction (Vapex) of live oil from a laboratory scale physical model. The physical model is a rectangular block of homogenous porous medium saturated with heavy oil and bitumen. At a given temperature and pressure, the block is initially exposed on its side to a solvent gas, which diffuses into the medium and gets absorbed. The absorption of gas reduces the viscosity of heavy oil and bitumen causing it to drain under gravity. The low-viscosity “live oil” is produced at the bottom of the porous block. The production of live oil with time is accompanied by the shrinkage of oil in the block as well as its increased exposure to gas from top. These phenomena of Vapex are described by the mathematical model, which is used to calculate live oil production with various values of gas solubility and dispersion. Their optimal values are determined for the vapor extraction of Cold Lake bitumen with butane by matching calculated live oil production with its experimental values published earlier.     

基于反相柱系统分析的原油烃类化合物全二维色—质谱图特征

原油中烃类化合物是最复杂的混合物体系,而全二维气相色谱—飞行时间质谱是目前分离复杂混合物体系的最有效方法之一。该文采用反相柱系统对原油烃类化合物进行了详细分析,并对其中重要的化合物系列进行了识别,为原油中烃类化合物的反相柱系统分析和谱图识别提供了参考。分析结果表明,反相柱系统对饱和烃,尤其是低分子量的异构烷烃和环烷烃等化合物在二维上具有很好的分离效果,因此,反相柱系统对生物降解油饱和烃馏分的"鼓包"化合物(UCM)的分离与研究可能将起到一定作用。      

Transformer oil quality in view of its physicochemical,electrical properties and dissolved gas analysis

Abstract

Five transformer oil samples were collected from Western Region of Saudi Arabian from Electricity Companies during operation. The efficiency of transformer oils as insulation and cooling in power station was evaluated by studying their physicochemical and electrical characteristics. The sulfur compounds in transformer oils were evaluated via X-ray sulfur meter. Also, the dissolved gases in the studied transformer oils were vacuum extracted and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. The excitation transformers have low dielectric strength compared with the other oil samples may be due to water contamination, reflecting the low efficiency of this oil as electrical insulator and decrease its safety around high-voltage equipment.     

利用水平井提高带底油凝析气藏原油采收率

以英买7凝析气藏为研究对象，开展了利用水平井开采英买7凝析气藏底油的可行性研究和实践。采用水平井可以有效提高带底油凝析气藏原油的采收率；利用水平井开发井网，采用先期开采底油、适时上返采气的开发方式可以在不影响天然气采收率的前提下有效提高原油采收率。对英买7凝析气藏而言，将水平井部署在油气界面之上1m-2m处、水平段长度300m、速度控制在2．5％以下进行开发既不影响天然气采收率又可以提高原油采收率，对提高带底油凝析气藏的原油采收率具有重要的参考作用。     

原油及渣油色谱模拟蒸馏馏程测定的影响因素分析

采用色谱模拟蒸馏测定原油及渣油的馏程,研究了进样稀释比（CS2与油样的质量比）与内标量对模拟蒸馏馏程测定结果准确率的影响,并探讨了模拟蒸馏与实沸点蒸馏馏程测定偏差的规律。结果表明,原油、较重原油或渣油进样稀释比为3：2时,模拟蒸馏数据的准确性最高;增量内标法测定原油模拟蒸馏馏程时,随着样品重质组分含量的增加,适当减少内标物质量,可以减小模拟蒸馏和实沸点蒸馏数据的偏差;相同温度下,实沸点蒸馏收率较色谱模拟蒸馏低;温度低于400℃时模拟蒸馏与实沸点蒸馏曲线基本重合,最大质量收率偏差小于4％;高于400℃后,随着温度的升高,模拟蒸馏与实沸点蒸馏数据偏差增大,但最大偏差不大于10％。     

应用多组逐步判别分析优选油气层

判别分析是数学地质中广泛应用的一种多元统计方法,多组逐步判别分析是在判别分析的基础上采用有进有出的办法,把判别能力强的变量引入判别式,同时,将判别能力最差的变量剔除.最终在判别式中只保留数量不多而判别能力强的变量.应用此原理,结合测井、录井、完井测试等资料的气、水显示情况,选取大庆长垣南部黑帝庙油气层气藏典型井建立该地区气、水层的判别模型,以便对该地区单井进行气、水层划分.在建立判识模型后,应用回判率检验、F检验等方法对模型的显著性进行检验,其判别气、水层的总体符合率达到92.86%,应用此方法在研究区黑帝庙油气层提出试气井2口,均获得了工业产能,这表明所建立的模型是可靠的,提高了该地区气、水层识别的水平.     

原油中芳烃化合物的柱层析与银离子薄层色谱分离方法对比研究

对比研究银离子薄层色谱法(Ag⁺-TLC)和柱层析法对原油中不同环数芳烃的分离效果与适用范围,旨在为后续有机地球化学研究中芳烃定量分析和单体烃同位素测试提供理论支撑。银离子薄层色谱法可以更好地富集单环芳烃,并将不同异构体的单环芳烃差异化富集于不同的组分中,但对多环芳烃的富集程度较低,损失严重,且易引入杂峰干扰;而柱层析法对双环和多环芳烃化合物具有更好的分离效果。银离子薄层色谱法适用于单环芳烃的精细分离,可用于富集烷基苯和芳基类异戊二烯系列化合物,并满足测定其单体烃同位素的检测要求;而柱层析法则能较好地富集萘、菲和三芳甾烷等系列化合物,并达到了测定单体烃同位素的分离度要求。     

二维气相色谱技术在汽油含氧化合物和苯分析中的应用

利用双柱切换-反吹二维气相色谱技术,将预柱中的被测物质切换到分析柱中,通过对色谱阀的切换时间和其他色谱条件的优化,建立了同时测定汽油中含氧化合物和苯的分析方法。结果表明,含氧化物和苯的检测范围为0.10%～20.00% 和0.05%～2.50%,加标回收率为96.4%～102.3%,方法的相对标准偏差均小于1.14%。该方法重现性好,检测结果准确、可靠。 