Effectiveness of Hydrothermal‐Calcium Chloride Treatment and Chitosan on Quality Retention and Microbial Growth during Storage of Fresh‐Cut Papaya

Rapid degradation of fresh‐cut papaya limits its marketability. Hydrothermal treatments in combination with a calcium dip, applied to whole fruit before slicing, and also the application of chitosan as a coating film, have been found to have very good results in maintaining the quality of fresh‐cut fruits. Based on these considerations, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal treatment (HT; 49 °C, 25 min) containing calcium chloride (Ca; 1%, w/v) followed by dipping in chitosan (Chit; 1%, w/v, 3 min) on the physical, chemical, and microbial qualities of papaya slices stored at 5 °C for 10 d. Pulp color, firmness, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, β‐carotene, and lycopene were evaluated every 2 d while the microbial quality (mesophilics, psychrophilics, molds, and yeasts) was evaluated every 5 d. Fruit treated with HT‐Ca and HT‐Ca + Chit showed better color and firmness retention than Control and Chit. Papaya slices treated with HT‐Ca + Chit had higher nutritional content and lower microbial growth at the end of storage. The application of the HT‐Ca + Chit could be used to reduce deterioration processes, maintaining physical, chemical, and microbial qualities and increasing the shelf life of fresh‐cut papaya stored at 5 °C.     

鲜活和死后小龙虾的冷藏特性比较

分别以鲜活和死后的小龙虾为实验对象,通过测定其在4℃冷藏和0℃冰藏期间菌落总数、pH值、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值、总巯基含量等生化指标,结合感官评价和色差分析,研究小龙虾的贮藏特性.结果 ...     

Combined Application of Antibrowning,Heat Treatment and Modified‐Atmosphere Packaging to Extend the Shelf Life of Fresh‐Cut Lotus Root

This work aimed to determine the effects of different concentrations of antibrowning treatments (that is, distilled water [DW], 1% ascorbic acid [AA], 0.5% chamomile [CM], and 1% AA + 0.5% CM) and heat‐treatment (55 °C for 45 s) combined with packaging under 4 different modified‐atmosphere gas compositions (that is, air, vacuum, 100% CO₂, 50% CO₂/50% N₂) on the quality and microbiological characteristics of fresh‐cut lotus root. The quality characteristics (that is, color, weight loss, texture, pH, polyphenoloxidase activity, and total phenolic content) of the AA + CM‐dipped sample in 100% CO₂ packaging were maintained significantly better than those of the other samples (P < 0.05). The microbiological counts observed in the DW‐dipped sample during storage were higher than those of the AA, CM, and AA + CM samples, and heat‐treatment retarded the microbiological deterioration of fresh‐cut lotus root. Therefore, the results revealed that dipping in an antibrowning treatment (AA + CM), and 100% CO₂ MAP with heat treatment effectively extend the shelf life of fresh‐cut lotus root to 21 d at 5 °C.     

A Comparative Study of Natural Antimicrobial Delivery Systems for Microbial Safety and Quality of Fresh‐Cut Lettuce

Nanoencapsulation can provide a means to effectively deliver antimicrobial compounds and enhance the safety of fresh produce. However, to date there are no studies which directly compares how different nanoencapsulation systems affect fresh produce safety and quality. This study compared the effects on quality and safety of fresh‐cut lettuce treated with free and nanoencapsulated natural antimicrobial, cinnamon bark extract (CBE). A challenge study compared antimicrobial efficacy of 3 different nanoencapsulated CBE systems. The most effective antimicrobial treatment against Listeria monocytogenes was chitosan‐co‐poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide (chitosan‐PNIPAAM) encapsulated CBE, with a reduction on bacterial load up to 2 log₁₀ CFU/g (P < 0.05) compared to the other encapsulation systems when fresh‐cut lettuce was stored at 5 °C and 10 °C for 15 d. Subsequently, chitosan‐PNIPAAM‐CBE nanoparticles (20, 40, and 80 mg/mL) were compared to a control and free CBE (400, 800, and 1600 μg/mL) for its effects on fresh‐cut lettuce quality over 15 d at 5 °C. By the 10th day, the most effective antimicrobial concentration was 80 mg/mL for chitosan‐PNIPAAM‐CBE, up to 2 log₁₀ CFU/g reduction (P < 0.05), compared with the other treatments. There was no significant difference between control and treated samples up to day 10 for the quality attributes evaluated. Chitosan‐PNIPAAM‐CBE nanoparticles effectively inhibited spoilage microorganisms’ growth and extended fresh‐cut lettuce shelf‐life. Overall, nanoencapsulation provided a method to effectively deliver essential oil and enhanced produce safety, while creating little to no detrimental quality changes on the fresh‐cut lettuce.     

Production of Volatiles in Fresh‐Cut Apple: Effect of Applying Alginate Coatings Containing Linoleic Acid or Isoleucine

One of the main quality parameters in apples is aroma, its main precursors are fatty acids (FA) and amino acids (AA). In this study, alginate edible coatings were used as carriers of linoleic acid or isoleucine to serve as precursors for the production of aroma in cut apples. Apple wedges were immersed in a CaCl₂ solution and coated with one of the following formulations: alginate solution (Alg‐Ca), Alg‐Ca‐low‐level linoleic acid (0.61 g/Lt), (LFA), Alg‐Ca‐high‐level linoleic acid (2.44 g/L; HFA), Alg‐Ca‐low‐level isoleucine (0.61 g/L; LAA), and Alg‐Ca‐high‐level isoleucine (2.44 g/L; HAA). Apple wedges were stored at 3 °C and 85% relative humidity for 21 d and key volatiles were studied during storage. Addition of precursors, mainly isoleucine, showed to increase the production of some key volatiles on coated fresh‐cut apples during storage. The concentration of 2‐methyl‐1‐butanol was 4 times higher from day 12 to day 21 in HAA, while 2‐methyl butyl acetate increased from day 12 to day 21 in HAA. After 21 d, HAA‐apples presented a 40‐fold value of 2‐methyl‐butyl acetate, compared to Alg‐Ca cut apples. Values of hexanal increased during cut apple storage when the coating carried linoleic acid, mainly on HFA, from 3 to 12 d. The ability of apples to metabolize AA and FA depends on the concentration of precursors, but also depends on key enzymes, previous apple storage, among others. Further studies should be done to better clarify the behavior of fresh‐cut apples as living tissue to metabolize precursors contained in edible coatings for the production of volatiles.     

辽南地区三种主栽甘薯品种的耐贮性及愈伤处理对贮存品质影响的初步研究

研究3个甘薯品种在12±2℃贮藏150d过程中腐烂率和含水率的变化,并对栽培较广的豫薯10号进行愈伤处理后耐贮性的试验,对比了愈伤处理和未愈伤处理的甘薯在腐烂率、含水率、呼吸强度、可溶性总糖含量及淀粉含量等方面的差异。结果表明,豫薯10号耐贮性最好,贮藏150d时腐烂率仅为20.0%。经过愈伤处理的甘薯比未经过处理的甘薯更耐贮藏,然而在贮藏品质上二者没有显著差异。     

Oil Coating Affects Internal Quality and Sensory Acceptance of Selected Attributes of Raw Eggs during Storage

Four (coconut, palm, rice bran, and soybean) edible oils and glycerol were applied on eggshell. All noncoated and coated eggs were stored for 5 wk at 25 ± 2 °C and drawn weekly for quality evaluation. All oil coatings were more effective in preserving internal quality of eggs than was glycerol coating. As storage time increased, the preservative effects of edible oil coating on weight loss, and albumen and yolk quality were significantly noticed. Oil‐coated eggs had significantly lower weight loss (<0.43%) than did noncoated (3.87%) and glycerol‐coated (3.73%) eggs after 5 wk of storage. Based on the Haugh unit, oil‐coated eggs maintained AA grade up to 3 wk. After 5 wk of storage, noncoated, glycerol‐coated, and oil‐coated eggs changed from AA grade to below B, below B and A grade, respectively. The albumen pH of noncoated and glycerol‐coated eggs considerably increased from 8.23 to 9.51 and 9.42, respectively, while those of oil‐coated eggs either maintained or slightly increased to 8.32. The albumen viscosity of all eggs decreased with increased storage time. Consumers (N = 120) could differentiate surface glossiness of oil‐coated eggs from uncoated eggs (R‐index of 81.42% to 86.99%). All oil‐coated eggs were acceptable for surface glossiness (liking scores of 6.22 to 6.77) and surface odor (liking scores of 6.20 to 6.55) with overall liking scores of 6.34 to 7.03. Overall, this study demonstrated that edible oil (coconut, palm, rice bran, and soybean) coating could preserve internal quality of eggs (maintaining grade A) at least 4 wk longer than noncoated eggs. Practical Application: Freshness is a major contribution to the egg quality. The internal quality of eggs begins to deteriorate after they have been laid due to loss of moisture and carbon dioxide via the eggshell pores. Refrigeration is very effective in preserving egg quality. Surface coating is an alternative method to preserve egg quality, although it is much less effective than refrigeration. This study demonstrated that coconut, rice bran, soybean, and palm oils, which are abundant and commonly consumed in many parts of the world, could preserve the internal quality and reduce weight loss of oil‐coated eggs during room temperature storage.     

Combined effects of postharvest heat treatment and chitosan coating on quality of fresh‐cut mangoes (Mangifera indica L.)

The influence of heat treatment combined with coating on sensory quality, physico‐chemicals characteristics (firmness, colour, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids and total carotenoids content) and microbiological quality of fresh‐cut mangoes were studied. Whole mangoes (Mangifera indica cv ‘Tommy Atkins’) were subjected to hot water dipping (HWD) at 50 °C for 30 min and cooled for 15 min. Heated and unheated fruits were minimally processed and mango cubes were coated with chitosan solution (0.25% w/v) dissolved in 0.5% (w/v) citric acid, and stored for 9 days at 6 °C under ambient atmosphere. This study showed that both HWD 50 °C for 30 min and chitosan coating, either alone or combined, did not affect the taste and the flavour of mangoes slices. The chitosan coating combined with HWD or not inhibited the microbial growth for 9 days at 6 °C. Indeed chitosan coating was used for his antimicrobial proprieties. HWD 50 °C for 30 min was the beneficial treatment to maintain firmness and colour during 9 days at 6 °C.     

Growth Potential of Listeria Monocytogenes and Staphylococcus Aureus on Fresh‐Cut Tropical Fruits

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fate of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and natural microbiota on fresh‐cut tropical fruits (pitaya, mango, papaya and pineapple) with commercial PVC film at different storage temperature (5, 13, and 25 °C). The results showed that S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and natural microbiota increased significantly on fresh‐cut tropical fruits at 25 °C. Both pathogen and natural microbiota were able to grow on fresh‐cut tropical fruits at 13 °C. The maximum population of L. monocytogenes was higher than that of S. aureus on fresh‐cut tropical fruits. L. monocytogenes and S. aureus could survive without growth on fresh‐cut pitaya, mango, and papaya at 5 °C. The population of L. monocytogenes declined significantly on fresh‐cut pineapple at all temperature, indicating composition of fresh‐cut pineapple could inhibit growth of L. monocytogenes. However, S. aureus was still able to grow on fresh‐cut pineapple at storage temperature. Thus, this study suggests that 4 kinds of fresh‐cut tropical fruits (pitaya, mango, papaya, and pineapple) should be stored at low temperature to extend shelf life as well as to ensure the safety of fresh‐cut fruits.     

紫薯花色苷在贮藏过程中的降解特性

本研究通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS）法分析鉴定‘鄂薯12号’紫薯的花色苷成分,采用pH示差法和HPLC法研究该紫薯花色苷提取液在4、20、35 ℃贮藏98 d期间总花色苷和各单体花色苷的变化规律,并在此基础上研究了花色苷的降解动力学以及褐变指数和聚合物颜色指数。结果表明：从‘鄂薯12号’紫薯提取物中鉴定出13 种花色苷,主要为矢车菊素-3-槐糖苷-5-葡糖苷和芍药素-3-槐糖苷-5-葡糖苷与对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸或咖啡酸形成的酰基化花色苷;贮藏期间总花色苷和各单体花色苷的含量呈下降趋势,花色苷的降解符合一级动力学模型;4、20 ℃和35 ℃贮藏条件下总花色苷半衰期分别为228.8、48.1 d和32.6 d;在相同糖苷配体情况下,矢车菊素类花色苷的半衰期要短于芍药素;在相同花色素配体情况下,酰基化花色苷的半衰期要长于未酰基化花色苷,且二酰化花色苷的半衰期长于单酰化花色苷;褐变指数和聚合物颜色指数随贮藏时间的延长和贮藏温度的升高而增大,并且聚合物颜色指数与花色苷含量之间呈指数关系。     

壳聚糖涂膜处理对低温羊肉香肠贮藏品质的影响

采用1.5 g/100 mL壳聚糖对低温羊肉香肠进行涂膜处理,通过测定冷藏期间香肠的色泽、嫩度、水分含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值、过氧化值、蛋白质羰基及巯基含量的变化,研究壳聚糖涂膜处理对低温羊肉香肠贮藏品质的影响。结果表明：1.5 g/100 mL壳聚糖涂膜处理能有效保持羊肉香肠的色泽红度和嫩度,有效抑制TBARs值和羰基含量的上升,延缓水分含量和巯基含量的下降,60 d后显著抑制过氧化值的上升,这表明1.5 g/100 mL壳聚糖涂膜处理可有效保持低温羊肉香肠贮藏期间的品质。     

Predictive Modeling for Growth of Non‐ and Cold‐adapted Listeria monocytogenes on Fresh‐cut Cantaloupe at Different Storage Temperatures

The aim of this study was to determine the growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes, with and without cold‐adaption, on fresh‐cut cantaloupe under different storage temperatures. Fresh‐cut samples, spot inoculated with a 4‐strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes (～3.2 log CFU/g), were exposed to constant storage temperatures held at 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 °C. All growth curves of L. monocytogenes were fitted to the Baranyi, modified Gompertz, and Huang models. Regardless of conditions under which cells grew, the time needed to reach 5 log CFU/g decreased with the elevated storage temperature. Experimental results showed that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the maximum growth rate k (log CFU/g h^?1) and lag phase duration λ (h) between the cultures of L. monocytogenes with or without previous cold‐adaption treatments. No distinct difference was observed in the growth pattern among 3 primary models at various storage temperatures. The growth curves of secondary modeling were fitted on an Arrhenius‐type model for describing the relationship between k and temperature of the L. monocytogenes on fresh‐cut cantaloupe from 10 to 30 °C. The root mean square error values of secondary models for non‐ and cold‐adapted cells were 0.018, 0.021, and 0.024, and 0.039, 0.026, and 0.017 at the modified Gompertz, Baranyi, and Huang model, respectively, indicating that these 3 models presented the good statistical fit. This study may provide valuable information to predict the growth of L. monocytogenes on fresh‐cut cantaloupes at different storage conditions.     

Impact of Mixtures of Different Fresh‐Cut Fruits on Respiration and Ethylene Production Rates

Packaging and storage of fresh‐cut fruits and vegetables are a challenging task, since fresh produce continue to respire and senesce after harvest and processing accelerates the physiological processes. The response on respiration and ethylene production rates of fresh produce to changes in O₂ and CO₂ concentrations and temperature has been extensively studied for whole fruits but literature is limited on processed and mixed fresh‐cut fruits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of mixing various proportions of fresh‐cut fruits (melon chunks, apple slices, and pineapples cubes) on respiration and ethylene production rates and to develop predictive models for modified atmosphere packaging. The experiment was designed according to a simplex lattice method and respiration and ethylene production rates were measured at 10 °C. Results showed that single component pineapple cubes, apple slices, and melon chunks, in this order, had significant constant coefficients (P = 0.05) and the greatest impact on respiration rate while the interactive binary and tertiary coefficients were insignificant. For ethylene production rates, single component apple slices, melon chunks, and pineapple cubes, and their 3‐component mixtures, in this order, had significant constant coefficients (P = 0.05) while binary coefficients were insignificant. Mathematical models were developed and validated; the cubical model was the best to describe the influence of proportion of fruit on respiration and ethylene production rates, however, considering simplicity the linear part of the model is recommended to quantify respiration and ethylene production rates of mixed fresh‐cut fruits.     

不同包装方式对土豆烧牛肉菜肴中牛肉贮藏品质的影响

本试验主要对比了免拆膜包装、真空包装和托盘包装对土豆烧牛肉菜肴中牛肉的菌落总数、色值、水分活度、水分含量、硬度、弹性等指标来阐述不同包装方式对土豆烧牛肉菜肴中牛肉贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,随着储藏时间延长,三种包装方式样品的菌落总数逐渐升高,其中贮藏4~11 d时,菌落总数上升最快,储存到21 d后,真空包装样品的菌落总数达到4.68 lg(CFU/g),免拆膜包装达到5.04 lg(CFU/g),菌落总数超标托盘包装样品已腐败;贮藏后期真空包装的土豆烧牛肉菜肴中牛肉的水分含量和水分活度分别达到50.25%和0.97,均高于免拆膜包装和托盘包装;真空包装的感官评分值为8.18,显著高于其他两种包装(P<0.05)。三种包装方式的pH在6.04~6.14之间,且无显著性差异(P>0.05);真空包装的色值、硬度、弹性等食用品质指标均优于免拆膜包装和托盘包装。由此可知,真空包装的土豆烧牛肉中牛肉的食用品质最好且可以长时间保存,免拆膜包装方式操作简单,但其包装效果不及真空包装,但明显优于托盘包装,这为土豆烧牛肉菜肴的工业化生产提供了可靠的理论依据。     

Quality of fresh‐cut purple‐fleshed sweet potatoes after X‐ray irradiation treatment and refrigerated storage

The effect of X‐ray irradiation on the quality of fresh‐cut, refrigerated purple‐fleshed sweet potato (PFSP) cubes was investigated. Packaged sweet potato cubes were treated with 0, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 Gy X‐ray irradiation and stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 14 days. After 14 days, total aerobic bacteria counts were 4.1 and 3.2 log₁₀ CFU g^?1, and mould–yeast counts were 3.3 and 3.0 log₁₀ CFU g^?1 in 750 and 1000 Gy treated samples, respectively. Doses up to 1000 Gy did not affect the firmness, moisture content and anthocyanin content of PFSP cubes throughout storage. PFSP cubes' flesh colour did not change during the first week of storage, but lightness (L*) increased after 14 days. Also, irradiation doses at 750 and 1000 Gy decreased saturation (C*) significantly, producing duller flesh colour than controls. Results indicate that X‐ray irradiation treatment at doses up to 1000 Gy can reduce microbial populations while maintaining the physical quality and anthocyanin content of PFSP cubes up to 14 days of storage.     

Effect of chitosan coating in preventing deterioration and preserving the quality of fresh‐cut papaya ‘Maradol’

BACKGROUND: Chitosan can form antimicrobial, semi‐permeable barriers that limit gas exchange and reduces water loss in fruits. Consumer interest in fresh‐cut papaya fruit is leading to increasing demand because of its sensorial and antioxidant properties. However, papaya is a highly perishable product that is prone to loss of weight, loss of firmness and microbial attack. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chitosan coatings on the overall quality of fresh‐cut papaya. Chitosan coatings of low (LMWC), medium (MMWC) and high (HMWC) molecular weights, at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.02 g mL^?1, were applied to fresh‐cut papaya cubes. The treated cubes were stored at 5 °C and changes in quality were evaluated. RESULTS: MMWC maintained the highest color values (L* and b*) and firmness. Chitosan coatings suppressed mesophilic plate count, and the growth of molds and yeast, compared to controls. The MMWC coatings at 0.02 g mL^?1 resulted in the highest antimicrobial activity and decreased the activity of the enzymes polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase, followed by low and high MW chitosan coatings at 0.02 g mL^?1. CONCLUSION: The application of the MMWC treatment at 0.02 g mL^?1 could be used to reduce deteriorative processes, maintain quality and increase the shelf life of fresh‐cut papaya stored at 5 °C. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Selected Quality and Shelf Life of Eggs Coated with Mineral Oil with Different Viscosities

ABSTRACT:  Selected quality and shelf life of eggs coated with mineral oil having 6 different viscosities (7, 11, 14, 18, 22, and 26 cP) were evaluated during 5 wk of storage at 25 °C. As the storage time increased, weight loss and albumen pH increased whereas Haugh unit and yolk index values decreased. After 5 wk of storage, eggs coated with 11, 14, 18, 22, or 26 cP oil possessed better quality than the control noncoated eggs and eggs coated with 7 cP oil. Oil coating, irrespective of viscosities, did not improve the emulsion capacity. There was an observable trend that coating with 26 cP oil was more effective in preventing weight loss and in maintaining the Haugh unit of eggs compared with coating with other viscosities of mineral oil. Based on the Haugh unit, the grade of noncoated eggs changed from "AA" at 0 wk to "C" after 3 wk whereas that of 26 cP oil-coated eggs from "AA" at 0 wk to "A" at 3 wk and "B" at 5 wk of storage. Coating with 26 cP oil reduced the weight loss of eggs by more than 10 times (0.85% compared with 8.78%) and extended the shelf life of eggs by at least 3 more weeks compared with the noncoated eggs.     

采前涂膜对‘泰山红’石榴采后贮藏品质的影响

以‘泰山红’石榴为材料,研究采前1.25%壳聚糖溶液涂膜（T1）和石榴皮提取液复合涂膜（T2）对石榴果实采后贮藏品质及生理指标的影响。结果表明：采前两种涂膜剂涂膜后,均能增大‘泰山红’石榴近外表皮的薄壁细胞,但作用不显著;‘泰山红’石榴在（4.0±0.5）℃条件下贮藏,能有效保持其表皮新鲜程度,维持其果皮内含水量;涂膜对提高贮藏前期石榴籽粒可溶性固形物含量和降低贮藏前期可滴定酸含量有一定影响,但对贮藏后期影响不显著;涂膜能使石榴果皮中总酚含量和类黄酮含量维持在较高水平,减少贮藏前期因膜脂质过氧化产生的丙二醛;此外,T2复合涂膜还能延迟多酚氧化酶活性高峰出现的时间,同时提高多酚氧化酶活性的峰值;而T1涂膜影响不显著。采前涂膜石榴贮藏120 d果实外观新鲜无皱缩,色泽鲜艳,腐烂率较对照低,保鲜效果较为理想。     

Botryticidal Activity of Nanosized Silver‐Chitosan Composite and Its Application for the Control of Gray Mold in Strawberry

Botrytis cinerea Pers, the gray mold fungus, is among the most dangerous plant pathogens that cause great losses in agricultural crops. The botryticidal activities of nanosized silver (nano Ag), fungal chitosan (CTS) irradiated fungal chitosan (IrCTS), and nano Ag‐IrCTS composite were investigated. All of the examined materials exhibited powerful antifungal activity against B. cinerea. The most effective compound was nano Ag‐IrCTS composite with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 125 μg/mL. The microscopic examination, of treated B. cinerea with the composite, revealed that an obvious alteration in mycelial shape was appeared accompanied and moderate lysis in fungal hyphae. With the prolongation of treatment, most of the fungal mycelia were lysed into small and elastic fragments. The consequence of strawberries coating, with antifungal composite based solution, was the disappearance of gray mold infection signs in 90% of the contaminated fruits after 7 d of storage, treated fruits had a fresh‐like appearance at the end of storage. Coating with nano Ag‐IrCTS solution could be highly recommended regarding its efficiency in prohibiting B. cinerea growth, preventing gray mold decay and enhancing the overall quality of coated strawberry fruits.