一种单晶高温合金叶片表面缺陷的形成机制

研究了一种单晶高温合金SRR99叶片表面亮白"枝晶"状缺陷的形成机制。研究结果表明叶片定向凝固过程中发生了型壳反应,导致Si进入表层合金液中,在叶片表层形成了熔点较高的共晶组织,造成叶片表面的"枝晶"状缺陷,其深度约为10μm。共晶组织的旁边存在显微疏松或显微孔洞,越靠近试样边缘,共晶、疏松尺寸越大。共晶上析出了块状的碳化物。叶片内部组织正常,无共晶,无初熔,γ′相的立方化较好。     

Hf含量对DD6单晶高温合金铸态组织的影响

采用OM,SEM及EDS等方法研究了不同Hf含量对DD6单晶高温合金铸态组织的影响。结果表明,增加Hf含量,DD6合金凝固组织一次枝晶间距先增加后减小;共晶含量增加;枝晶干的γ′相无明显变化,枝晶间的γ′相稍有减小;合金的显微疏松无明显改变,合金元素偏析程度略有减小;合金含有颜色深浅明显不同的两种碳化物。     

新型低钴铸造镍基高温合金的相析出行为研究

利用热力学计算软件JMatPro和差示扫描量热实验,研究新型低钴铸造镍基高温合金的相析出行为,并与实际铸锭的组织、成分进行对比。结果表明,低钴合金铸态组织主要包括γ（基体）、γ′、碳化物（MC、M6C）和γ+γ′共晶组织（体积分数约13.9%）,凝固过程中Ta和Hf出现正偏析。DSC测试得出合金初熔点、终熔点和γ′相回溶温度分别为1349.6℃、1300.1℃和1272.1℃,理论计算与实验结果基本一致。热力学计算显示Al、W含量增加能够分别提高γ′和M6C型碳化物的析出量与回溶温度,Hf、Ta元素能增大MC型碳化物的液析倾向,新型低钴合金的预期持久性能优于现有商用镍基多晶铸造高温合金。     

抽拉速率对DD5单晶高温合金定向凝固组织及偏析的影响

研究了高速凝固条件下抽拉速率对DD5单晶高温合金定向凝固组织的影响。结果表明：随着抽拉速率的增大,DD5合金枝晶组织逐渐细化,一次枝晶间距减小;偏析程度加重;γ′相尺寸减小且趋于规则的立方状,枝晶干γ′相的尺寸小于枝晶间;γ/γ′共晶含量、碳化物含量和显微疏松随抽拉速率增大而增加,而γ/γ′共晶和碳化物的尺寸减小。     

Ni添加量对Co-Al-W基单晶高温合金凝固特性的影响

基于实验研究、热力学计算与动力学分析,研究了Ni含量对Co-Al-W基单晶高温合金凝固特性的影响。结果表明：无Ni和添加Ni的Co基单晶高温合金均具有典型的枝晶组织,但Ni的添加增大了合金的一次枝晶间距。同时,Ni的添加增大了Al和W元素的显微偏析倾向,降低了Ta元素的显微偏析倾向,但对Ti元素的显微偏析倾向的影响较小。无Ni合金的枝晶间析出相为初生γ′相和(β+γ′)共晶相,而含Ni合金的枝晶间析出相为初生γ′相,即Ni的添加改变了合金的凝固路径与铸态组织。同时,Ni的添加对Co-Al-W基单晶高温合金凝固特征温度的影响不明显。     

P，Zr，B对定向凝固IN738合金组织和偏析的影响SCIEI

用不同凝固速度下定向凝固和定向凝固加快淬的方法研究了Ｐ，Ｚｒ，Ｂ对定向凝固ＩＮ７３８合金组织和偏析的影响发现随磷含量的增加，合金固液两相区宽度及温度区间显著增加；凝固前沿低熔点液相区增大；树枝晶组织发达，二次晶变细、变多；固液界面表面积增加。发现只加Ｐ与同时加Ｐ，Ｚｒ合金的溶质原子偏析规律有差异。Ｐ，Ｚｒ，Ｂ促进合金中（γ＋γ′）共晶形成，在其前沿有（γ＋硼化物）共晶析出。     

近平衡与亚快速凝固条件下K424高温合金组织演化规律研究

采用差示扫描量热仪与铜模喷铸技术,研究了较宽冷速(0.17~100 K/s)范围内K424镍基高温合金的近平衡与亚快速凝固行为。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析仪对不同冷速作用下K424合金γ基体相、γ′沉淀相、MC碳化物及共晶组织进行了表征,并对平均二次枝晶间距进行了定量分析。结果表明：冷速的提高有效细化了初生γ相,二次枝晶间距由0.17 K/s时的84 μm显著下降到100 K/s时的5 μm, 同时导致γ′沉淀相的析出时间缩短,平均晶粒尺寸下降。亚快速凝固条件下所形成的过饱和固溶体在后续加热过程中发生沉淀相析出。枝晶组织的细化与溶质截留的发生,降低了凝固过程中成分偏析,有利于γ+γ′共晶相及碳化物尺寸的下降。     

近平衡与亚快速凝固条件下K424高温合金的组织演化规律

采用差示扫描量热仪与铜模喷铸技术,研究了较宽冷速(0.17~100 K/s)范围内K424镍基高温合金的近平衡与亚快速凝固行为。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析仪对不同冷速作用下K424合金的γ基体相、γ′沉淀相、MC碳化物及共晶组织进行了表征,并对平均二次枝晶间距进行了定量分析。结果表明:冷速的提高有效细化了初生γ相,二次枝晶间距由0.17 K/s时的84μm显著下降到100 K/s时的5μm,同时导致γ′沉淀相的析出时间缩短,平均晶粒尺寸下降。亚快速凝固条件下所形成的过饱和固溶体在后续加热过程中发生沉淀相析出。枝晶组织的细化与溶质截留的发生,降低了凝固过程中成分偏析,有利于γ+γ′共晶相及碳化物尺寸的减小。     

BEHAVIOUR OF Hf IN SOLIDIFICATION OF CAST Ni-BASE SUPERALLOYS

Hf降低铸造高温合金的液相线温度,使最终凝固温度降到1130℃。Hf缩小了失去枝晶间毛细补缩能力时的温度与固相线之间的温度范围,减少了凝固后期保持枝晶间液池连通状态所需的液体量。富Hf熔体具有良好的流动性并具有趋肤效应,这些都是含Hf合金可铸性增高的因素。 铸造高温合金枝晶干不含Hf,Hf高度浓缩在枝晶间狭窄区域并常以富Hf相存在。富Hf初生相的含Hf量按下列次序递减:MC_((2)),(Hf,Ti)_2SC,Ni_5Hf,MC_((1)),共晶γ′。Hf降低了初生相的形成温度,所有富Hf相的凝固温度低于1250℃,它们都在凝固后期Hf浓度高于13wt-％的液池中析出,并具有共生特性。     

Hf在铸造高温合金凝固过程中的作用

Hf降低铸造高温合金的液相线温度,使最终凝固温度降到1130℃。Hf缩小了失去枝晶间毛细补缩能力时的温度与固相线之间的温度范围,减少了凝固后期保持枝晶间液池连通状态所需的液体量。富Hf熔体具有良好的流动性并具有趋肤效应,这些都是含Hf合金可铸性增高的因素。铸造高温合金枝晶干不含Hf,Hf高度浓缩在枝晶间狭窄区域并常以富Hf相存在。富Hf初生相的含Hf量按下列次序递减:MC_((2)),(Hf,Ti)_2SC,Ni_5Hf,MC_((1)),共晶γ′。Hf降低了初生相的形成温度,所有富Hf相的凝固温度低于1250℃,它们都在凝固后期Hf浓度高于13wt-％的液池中析出,并具有共生特性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.