超临界二氧化碳化学反应研究进展

二氧化碳（CO₂）资源化技术是减少碳排放、实现碳中和的有效手段。如何将CO₂变废为宝,实现其高效利用是国内外研究者关注的热点。超临界CO₂作为常用的超临界流体之一,既可作为安全环保的反应介质,也可作为反应物参与化学反应合成产品,具有良好的应用前景。本文介绍了超临界CO₂的性质和特点,着重评述了近年来超临界CO₂作为反应物在加氢反应、Kolbe-Schmitt反应、碳酸化反应和作为反应介质在催化加氢反应、羰基化反应及酶催化反应方面的研究进展,提出了今后应开发更为高效的催化剂以进一步改善CO₂反应转化率和化学利用率等建议。     

Fe–Co based metal/spinel to produce light olefins from syngas

New metal/oxide (Co–Fe) catalysts (with no reduction or thermal pre-treatment) are efficient to produce light hydrocarbons with a low selectivity in CO₂ by the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The low selectivity in CO₂ is due to the occurrence of the CO₂/H₂ reaction. These materials are stable under reaction conditions, and only few carbides are formed during the Fischer–Tropsch reaction. X-ray analyses indicate that the most degraded phase is the (Co–Fe) alloy phase in CO/H₂ reaction and the spinel phase in the CO₂/H₂ reaction. It was demonstrated that these composites do not behave as the simple sum of a spinel phase and a (Co–Fe) alloy but have their own properties.     

金属氧化物催化CO2与甲醇合成碳酸二甲酯的研究进展

CO₂是主要的温室气体。近年来随着工业的大力发展,CO₂的排放量迅猛增加,严重影响着人类的生存环境。将CO₂转化成有价值的化工产品,受到了研究领域的广泛关注。其中将CO₂与产能过剩的甲醇作为原料,生产碳酸二甲酯（DMC）,既能减少CO₂排放,又能产生有价值的绿色产品DMC。本文简述了影响CO₂转化的因素,即受热力学限制和CO₂活化困难;重点介绍了具有酸碱活性中心的金属氧化物ZrO₂、CeO₂以及复合金属氧化物催化剂的催化性能和反应机理,并分析了影响催化活性的主要原因：表面酸碱性能决定了催化活性;进一步分析了催化剂表面的酸碱性来源于Lewis酸碱位和Br?nsted酸性位。对于开发高效的金属氧化物催化剂未来的研究方向提出了展望: 通过调控催化剂的晶相和形貌、增加氧空位和羟基官能团、掺杂碱性或者酸性物种来改变催化剂表面的酸碱性,并且向催化系统中添加脱水剂。最后指出了由于CO₂分子的稳定性很难被活化,需进一步深入研究其活化CO₂的机理,提高CO₂的转化率。     

High-efficiency and pollution-controlling in-situ gasification chemical looping combustion system by using CO2 instead of steam as gasification agent

Using CO₂ as gasification agent instead of steam in in-situ coal gasification chemical looping combustion (iG-CLC) power plant can eliminate energy consumption for steam generation, thus obtaining higher system efficiency. In this work, a comparative study of iG-CLC power plant using steam and CO₂ as gasification agent is concentrated on. The effects of steam to carbon ratio (S/C) and CO₂ to carbon ratio (CO₂/C) on the fuel reactor temperature, char conversion, syngas composition and CO₂ capture efficiency are separately investigated. An equilibrium carbon conversion of 88.9% is achieved in steam-based case as S/C ratio increases from 0.7 to 1.1, whereas a maximum conversion of 84.2% is obtained in CO₂-based case with CO₂/C ranging from 0.7 to 1.1. Furthermore the effects of oxygen carrier to fuel ratio (φ) on system performances are investigated. Increasing φ from 1.0 to 1.4 helps to achieve char conversion from 75.9% to 88.9% in steam-based case, by contrast the char conversion can achieve 66.3%-84.2% in CO₂-based case within the same φ range. In terms of iG-CLC power plant, recycling partial CO₂ to the fuel reactor improves the overall performance. Approximately 3.9% of net power efficiency are increased in CO₂-based plant, from steam-based plant. Higher CO₂ capture efficiency and lower CO₂ emission rate are observed in CO₂-gasified iG-CLC power plant, expecting to be 90.63% and 85.18 kg·MW^-1·h^-1, respectively.     

Na2CO3基吸附剂颗粒制备及其脱碳性能

采用挤压-滚圆法制备Na₂CO₃基CO₂吸附剂微球颗粒,在自行设计的CO₂吸收系统中对制备的样品进行脱碳性能测试。结合相关表征测试,探明不同载体、不同负载量的Na₂CO₃基吸附剂的微观结构、脱碳性能以及机械性能的变化规律和内在原因。研究表明：不同载体的Na₂CO₃基吸附剂颗粒脱碳性能存在明显差异,其中氧化铝负载的吸附剂（Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃）的脱碳性能最好,可达1.14mmol/g。铝酸钙水泥负载的吸附剂（Na₂CO₃/CA）机械性能较好,但其脱碳性能最差。结合吸附剂脱碳和机械性能的综合考量,Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃是最为合适的CO₂吸附剂,并进一步研究不同Na₂CO₃负载量的影响。研究发现随着Na₂CO₃负载量的变化,吸附剂的微观结构、脱碳性能以及机械性能都存在明显的差异。虽然60%负载量的Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸附剂颗粒的机械性能和脱碳效果较好,但其成球度较差,影响其实际应用。质量分数40%负载量的Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸附剂颗粒具有良好的脱碳性能、机械性能以及成球度,CO₂脱除量为1.36mmol/g。总体而言,利用挤压-滚圆法制备的Na₂CO₃基吸附剂颗粒具有良好的流动特性、脱碳性能和机械性能,适用于电厂烟气中的CO₂脱除。     

电催化还原二氧化碳制一氧化碳催化剂研究进展

电催化还原CO₂作为缓解能源危机和全球变暖的有效途径已成为催化领域的研究热点。然而,不同反应途径的氧化还原电位较为接近,使产物的选择性成为电催化还原CO₂所需解决的主要问题。迄今为止,在水性电解质中可实现CO₂选择性地转化为一氧化碳（CO）和甲酸（HCOOH）。本文简述了电催化还原CO₂制CO的机理,包括CO₂吸附过程、二电子转移过程和CO脱附过程。从贵金属的晶面设计、形貌调控和表面功能化对反应活性和产物选择性的影响,铁卟啉、钴酞菁和镍三嗪在还原CO₂为CO反应中的电子转移途径,非金属碳基材料中杂原子和碳基质间的耦合效应等方面,重点介绍了近年来贵金属催化剂、过渡金属络合物催化剂和非金属碳基材料催化剂的研究进展,总结了各类催化剂的优缺点。指出在三类电催化还原CO₂制CO的催化剂中,非金属碳材料具有较高的CO法拉第效率,尤其是非金属碳材料成本较低、制备简单、结构易调控,在电催化还原中具有潜在的应用优势,是有望实现商业化应用的新型催化剂的候选材料之一。     

On the oxidative coupling of methane with carbon dioxide over CeO2/ZnO nanocatalysts

The nano-CeO₂/ZnO catalysts were prepared using a novel combination of homogeneous precipitation with micro-emulsion for oxidative coupling of methane with CO₂ as an oxidant. The prepared catalysts were compared with those prepared using the conventional impregnation. The catalysts prepared in two ways were characterized with FTIR, TEM, XRD and CO₂-TPD. The effects of the reaction temperature, the amount of ZnO doped in the catalysts and the average size were investigated. The experimental investigation demonstrated that methane conversion over the nano-CeO₂/ZnO catalysts prepared by the combined technique was higher than that obtained over catalysts prepared by the conventional impregnation. A better low-temperature activity has also been achieved over the nanocatalysts. There was no clear trend between the average size of nano-CeO₂/ZnO catalysts and their catalytic performance but methane conversion increased with increasing fractal dimension of nanocatalysts.     

焙烧温度对MnZnOx物化性质及催化性能的影响

采用湿化学共沉淀法制备了MnZnO_x固溶结构催化剂,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂物化性质和催化性能的影响。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、N₂吸附-脱附、CO₂-TPD（程序升温脱附）及H₂-TPR（程序升温还原）等手段对不同焙烧温度下催化剂物化性质进行了分析表征。结果表明,焙烧温度对MnZnO_x晶相组成、孔结构性质、二氧化碳吸附特性及表面氧空位浓度等物化性质影响较大。500 ℃焙烧条件下制得的MnZnO_x催化剂形成了具有丰富的表面氧空位、较大的二氧化碳吸附量和介孔孔容且溶质组分分散均匀的固溶结构。在反应压力为3.0 MPa、反应空速（GHSV）为14 400 mL/（g·h）、V（氢气）∶V（二氧化碳）∶V（氮气）=72∶24∶4条件下,MnZnO_x催化剂于380 ℃表现出优异的催化性能,甲醇选择性为86.1%、二氧化碳转化率为16.0%、甲醇时空产率（STY）达0.68 g_MeOH /（h·g_cat）。     

Decomposition of CCl2F2 over metal sulfate catalysts

Activity for hydrolysis of CCl₂F₂ (CFC12) on various metal sulfate was investigated. Zr(SO₄)₂ was found to be the most active while FeSO₄, Cr₂(SO₄)₃, Al₂(SO₄)₃, La₂(SO₄)₃ and Ce₂(SO₄)₃ had intermediate activity. MnSO₄, CoSO₄, and MgSO₄ showed low activity and SrSO₄, CaSO₄, and BaSO₄ had even less activity. The major carbon containing product was CO₂ and small amount of CClF₃ and CO were formed over several sulfates. The crystal structure of the sulfates was stable during decomposition of CCl₂F₂, and the conversion reached a steady state after initial decrease at 275 °C over Zr(SO₄)₂ catalyst. The concentration of surface hydroxyl was larger than that over AlPO₄-based catalysts and a reaction mechanism similar to that over AlPO₄-based catalysts was proposed.     

多孔有机聚合物催化二氧化碳合成环状碳酸酯研究进展

二氧化碳（CO₂）捕集、利用和储存（CCUS）在全球能源结构转型中是一种极具潜力的策略,能够实现能源供给、基础原料产出以及限制气候变化。多孔有机聚合物（POPs）具有高CO₂吸附容量和吸附选择性、突出的结构特性以及优异的化学可调控性,其作为极具潜力的材料广泛应用于催化CO₂参与的有机反应中。其中,CO₂与环氧化物环加成生成环状碳酸酯的反应具有100%的原子经济性,且其产物也极具工业价值。本文基于CO₂环加成反应催化机制,从催化剂的合成方法、结构性质与组成特性角度出发,综述了POPs在CO₂/环氧化物环加成反应的研究进展,包括金属配合物类、氢键供体类、离子液体类、金属配合物/离子液体和氢键供体/离子液体等有机多孔聚合物体系。通过阐述POPs在催化CO₂制备高附加值环状碳酸酯反应中的研究现状和发展趋势,为POPs的开发与应用以及CO₂综合利用的工业化探索提供具有建设性的指导意见。     

Fixation and conversion of CO2 using ionic liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs), a kind of novel green media composed entirely of cations and anions, have recently attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties such as non-volatility, tunable polarity, high stability and so on. In this work, the latest progress on the fixation and conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) using ILs as absorbents, catalysts or promoters has been summarized. The absorption performance of conventional ILs and task-specific ILs was systematically investigated, the conversion of CO₂ with epoxides, propargyl alcohols and amines using ILs was critically evaluated, and the significant advantages in the fixation and conversion of CO₂ using the ILs were demonstrated compared to the conventional absorbents and the catalytic systems without ILs. This research progress may finally lead to building of an in situ fixation–conversion process of CO₂ with ILs. If so, we are near an epoch of the fixation and utilization of CO₂, although there is obviously a long way to go for us to achieve such a goal.     

CO2合成醇酯类化学品和高分子材料研究进展

我国作为煤炭大国,燃烧化石燃料产生大量CO₂。通过化学作用将CO₂转化为能源燃料、基础化学品或高分子材料,有利于实现碳氧资源综合利用。从CO₂直接利用和间接利用的角度出发,分别综述了CO₂资源化利用研究进展。直接利用方面,重点阐述了CO₂直接加氢合成甲醇和乙醇;同时CO₂可作为羰化剂合成有机碳酸酯和高分子材料,包括碳酸二乙酯、聚碳酸酯和CO₂基可降解聚合物。在间接利用方面,重点综述了CO₂经碳酸乙烯酯的酯交换反应合成碳酸二甲酯,以及碳酸乙烯酯加氢制备甲醇联产乙二醇的研究进展。CO₂加氢直接合成甲醇催化剂主要包括铜基催化剂、贵金属催化剂,由于贵金属的成本高,廉价的Cu基催化剂研究较为广泛。CO₂加氢直接合成乙醇研究较广泛的催化剂为贵金属(Rh、Pd、Ru)基催化剂体系,还需进一步研究廉价、高活性和高稳定性的催化剂。CO₂与乙醇直接合成碳酸二乙酯(DEC)研究较多的催化剂为铈基多相催化剂,但由于生成物中水分的影响,限制了DEC的收率。环氧化物和CO₂耦合反应生成DEC过程中不产生水,可以有效克服热力学的限制,因此高能化合物与CO₂的耦合路线是高效制备DEC的有效途径。CO₂与环氧化物共聚制备聚碳酸酯材料多采用稀土三元催化剂体系,环氧化物的转化率和聚碳酸酯选择性较高,目前已经实现工业应用。CO₂通过碳酸乙烯酯与甲醇酯交换合成DMC,多使用碱性较强的催化剂和含碱性基团的离子交换树脂。CO₂经碳酸乙烯酯加氢制备甲醇和乙二醇的反应中,铜基催化剂展现出优异的催化性能。CO₂化学转化利用是CO₂碳氧资源综合利用的重要途径,将有效支撑我国未来碳中和目标实现。     

二氧化碳的活化及其催化加氢制二甲醚的研究进展

CO₂是一种稳定的物质,其化学惰性限制了CO₂转化技术的发展。本文介绍了化学催化、生物活化、光电活化及等离子体活化等CO₂活化方式,从CO₂催化加氢合成二甲醚的工艺研究、催化剂开发、催化加氢机理和本征动力学研究等方面综述了CO₂催化加氢合成二甲醚的研究进展,认为化学催化法是目前应用最广泛的一种CO₂活化方式。对于一步法催化CO₂加氢合成二甲醚的工艺,其难点是制备高效CO₂活化催化剂。开发高效的CO₂活化及转化催化剂及对CO₂合成二甲醚的反应过程进行机理探究,是推广CO₂转化技术的关键。     

CO2电催化还原产合成气研究进展

CO₂电催化还原产合成气是通过CO₂资源化利用实现碳中和的有效途径之一,但仍存在过电位高、选择性差、难以精准调控合成气组成比例等问题。本文综述了CO₂电催化还原产合成气的催化剂研究进展,包括金属催化剂、金属配合物催化剂、金属氧化物及硫化物催化剂、金属单原子催化剂以及非金属催化剂等;进一步地,概述了H型电解池、连续流电解池、固体氧化物电解池以及膜反应器电解池等电化学反应池特征。在此基础上,总结了提升CO₂电催化还原产合成气效率的有效策略,包括阳极反应耦合、双活性位催化剂结构设计以及催化剂多级形貌调控等。最后探讨了CO₂电催化还原产合成气领域未来的发展方向：通过机器学习辅助催化剂设计筛选;结合多尺度模拟理解电化学界面过程;利用原位表征技术探究反应机理等。     

Ionic liquids for CO2 electrochemical reduction

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ is a novel research field towards a CO₂-neutral global economy and combating fast accelerating and disastrous climate changes while finding new solutions to store renewable energy in value-added chemicals and fuels. Ionic liquids (ILs), as medium and catalysts (or supporting part of catalysts) have been given wide attention in the electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) due to their unique advantages in lowering overpotential and improving the product selectivity, as well as their designable and tunable properties. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress of CO₂ electro-reduction in IL-based electrolytes to produce higher-value chemicals. We then have highlighted the unique enhancing effect of ILs on CO₂RR as templates, precursors, and surface functional moieties of electrocatalytic materials. Finally, computational chemistry tools utilized to understand how the ILs facilitate the CO₂RR or to propose the reaction mechanisms, generated intermediates and products have been discussed.     

Supported base metal catalysts for the preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of excess hydrogen (PROX)

Supported base metal catalysts were tested for the preferential oxidation of CO (CO PROX). The catalysts we investigated covered a wide range of transition metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn) supported on oxides with very different acidic, basic and redox properties (MgO, La₂O₃, SiO₂–Al₂O₃, CeO₂, Ce_0.63Zr_0.37O₂). The influence of the metal loading (Cu), the support properties (acidity, basicity, redox, surface area) and the reaction conditions (reaction temperature, feed composition) on the catalyst activity and selectivity was evaluated. The activity of ceria and ceria–zirconia supported copper catalysts was comparable to the performances of noble metal samples classically used for the PROX reaction. In addition, Cu–CeO₂ catalysts showed a practically constant and high selectivity towards CO oxidation in the temperature range of 50–150 °C. Due to the strong synergetic effect between copper and ceria, only a small amount of copper (0.3 wt.%) was necessary to get an active catalyst. The best catalytic performances were obtained for the samples containing 1–3 wt.% copper. The presence of small copper particles in close interaction with the ceria support was shown to be responsible for the enhanced activity. Except for the hydrogen oxidation, no parallel reactions (CO or CO₂ methanation reactions, coking, RWGS) could be detected over these catalysts. Classically, an increase of the oxygen excess led to an increased CO conversion with a simultaneous loss of selectivity towards CO₂. Finally, the presence of CO₂ in the feed negatively affected the catalytic activity. This effect was attributed to the adsorption of CO₂ on the copper sites, probably as CO.     

CO2的电驱动还原

CO₂的过量排放已威胁到了环境与能源的可持续发展,通过化学或生物手段将其转化为化工原料或生物燃料能够有效缓解由CO₂过量排放造成的能源与环境压力。然而CO₂的还原过程是非自发且缓慢的,依赖于外部提供的能量和催化剂。如何实现长效的能量供给并针对性开发高性能的催化剂是CO₂回收转化技术的重点。利用稳定、清洁的电能作为驱动力,在催化剂的协同下将CO₂增值为化学品并实现碳中性循环。这种策略被称为CO₂的电驱动还原,在CO₂转化方面优势显著。从CO₂无机电催化和CO₂微生物电合成2个方面综述了近年来CO₂电驱动还原的研究进展。首先,对比和讨论了CO₂的无机电催化中不同类型的电催化剂的特性,以及优化和改性的手段。其次,总结阐明了微生物电合成中电极与微生物催化剂之间直接和间接的电子传递方式,并重点讨论了不同电子载体（H₂、甲酸、天然和人工的氧化还原电子载体）介导的间接电子传递的相关工作。最后总结展望了CO₂电驱动还原系统的发展。     

二氧化碳加氢逆水汽变换反应的研究进展

化石能源的热能利用产生大量的CO₂,破坏了地球生态系统中的碳平衡,严重威胁人类的可持续发展。利用可再生能源产生的氢气与CO₂通过逆水汽变换（RWGS）反应产生CO可以作为F-T合成的主要原料,有望部分替代煤制合成气路线,与此同时还是解决“弃风”、“弃光”等问题的有效方案之一。本文归纳了近年来研究RWGS反应所使用的催化体系,包括负载型金属催化剂、复合氧化物催化剂和过渡金属碳化物催化剂;介绍了在不同催化剂上RWGS反应的反应机理。重点分析了影响CO₂加氢制CO选择性的因素,包括催化剂活性组分的颗粒尺寸、载体效应、助剂、反应条件等以及如何提高催化剂的高温稳定性。总结了RWGS反应在不同催化体系上的优缺点,可为进一步设计高性能的RWGS反应催化剂提供借鉴。     

CO2化学转化研究进展概述

CO₂的化学转化以获得具有经济价值的能源或化学品为目标,可实现CO₂的资源化循环利用,是解决中国碳排放问题的理想方式之一。但由于CO₂极其稳定且转化路径复杂,导致其转化率低且产物选择性不佳。开键还原和不变价化合是CO₂化学转化的两条基本路径。在开键还原方面,CO₂加氢还原已有工业示范装置报道,但单程转化率较低且选择性不足;而CO₂光电还原目前尚处于实验室研发阶段。在化合转化方面,可将CO₂转化合成为碳酸酯/聚碳酸酯,或通过矿化过程实现CO₂的转化与利用,但反应系统的转化效率以及转化过程的经济性仍有待提高。在此背景下,科技部2016年启动了“基于CO₂高效转化利用的关键基础科学问题”国家重点研发计划项目。在未来的研究工作中,将阐明CO₂光电还原和加氢还原的微观动力学机制与能量传递路径,建立更加可控的催化剂制备方法,实现CO₂还原新途径与新技术的突破;研究CO₂与离子液体相互作用机制、催化转化过程及介质强化反应-传递耦合规律;揭示非碱性矿活化CO₂过程的相变规律和矿化反应原理,为CO₂转化与利用的大范围推广奠定基础。     

Direct synthesis of organic carbonates from the reaction of CO2 with methanol and ethanol over CeO2 catalysts

The catalytic properties of CeO₂ catalysts in direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CH₃OH and CO₂ were investigated. The formation rate of DMC over the catalysts calcined at 873 K and above was almost proportional to the surface area of catalysts. However, CeO₂ calcined at 673 K showed lower activity than expected from the surface area. From the results of catalyst characterization, CeO₂ calcined at 673 K contained considerable amount of amorphous phase. In contrast, the ratio of amorphous phase decreased on the catalysts calcined at 873 K and above. This suggests that stable crystallite surface is active for the reaction.

In the CH₃OH + C₂H₅OH + CO₂ reaction at low temperature, ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) was formed, and selectivity of EMC formation was comparable to that of DMC. The formation route is discussed by the comparison with transesterification reaction.