Total Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, and Radical Scavenging Activity of 21 Selected Tropical Plants

ABSTRACT:  Free radical scavenging activity of 21 tropical plant extracts was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH). Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu and HPLC, respectively. Results of the study revealed that all the plants tested exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ in the range of 21.3 to 89.6 μg/mL. The most potent activity was demonstrated by  Cosmos caudatus  (21.3 μg/mL) and  Piper betle  (23.0 μg/mL) that are not significantly different than that of     -tocopherol or BHA.  L. inermis  extract was found to consist of the highest concentration of phenolics, catechin, epicatechin, and naringenin. High content of quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol were identified in  Vitex negundo ,  Centella asiatica , and  Sesbania grandiflora  extracts, respectively. Luteolin and apigenin, on the other hand, were found in  Premna cordifolia  and  Kaempferia galanga  extracts. Strong correlation ( R  = 0.8613) between total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids ( R  = 0.8430) and that of antioxidant activity of the extracts were observed. The study revealed that phenolic, in particular flavonoids, may be the main contributors to the antioxidant activity exhibited by the plants.
Practical Application: Potent antioxidant from natural sources is of great interest to replace the use of synthetic antioxidants. In addition, some of the plants have great potential to be used in the development of functional ingredients/foods that are currently in demand for the health benefits associated with their use.     

Radical Scavenging Capacity and Antioxidant Activity of the E Vitamer Fraction in Rice Bran

ABSTRACT: Radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of an E vitamer fraction from rice bran were investigated. The E vitamer fraction was prepared by a liquid-liquid extraction method. The free radical scavenging capacity of the E vitamer fraction was measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) method at the concentration range of 2.5 to 640 ppm, whereas the antioxidant activities were measured by both the reducing power and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) methods at different concentrations (0, 2.5, 10, 40, and 160 ppm). Radical scavenging capacity of the fraction was effective up to 160 ppm, then remained stable. Also, at a concentration of 160 ppm, it was highly effective in inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation. Similarly, superoxide scavenging and antioxidant activities of the E vitamer fraction were compared with those of the synthetic phenol compounds. Results showed that with a concentration of the E vitamer fraction at 160 ppm, the antioxidant activity was comparable to both butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 160 ppm) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, 160 ppm). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found among them. The E vitamer fraction may be a good substitute for the synthetic phenol antioxidants currently used in industry because the former is more natural and comparatively effective in its radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity.     

荞麦精粉中的黄酮及其自由基清除活性

对 5种不同来源的荞麦Astra、Hruszowska、LeHarpe、Lileja及Prego的黄酮物质进行了研究。光谱分析表明Astra、Hruszowska、LeHarpe、Lileja和Prego精粉中总的抗氧化剂含量分别为 14 6、2 1 4、13 8、16 0和 11 4mg/ 10 0 g ;反相高效液相色谱分析说明 ,除了荞麦中最重要的芦丁以外 ,Astra中有白藜芦醇、原儿茶酸和儿茶素 ;Hruszowska中有原儿茶酸和儿茶素 ;LeHarpe中有白藜芦醇、原儿茶酸和儿茶素 ;Lileja中有白藜芦醇和儿茶素 ;Prego中有儿茶素和白藜芦醇。精粉中芦丁的含量按品种名称字母顺序依次为 5 6、3 8,10 1、6 3和 4 9mg/ 10 0 g。进一步的细胞培养实验揭示 ,荞麦精粉醇提物能有效地防止自由基引发的氧化反应 ,Astra和Hruszowska提取物的作用特别明显。     

南瓜苗总黄酮的提取及清除自由基能力研究

目的：提取南瓜苗总黄酮并研究其抗氧化活性。方法：用乙醇提取南瓜苗总黄酮,采用DPPH法、水杨酸法检测其对DPPH自由基和 ·OH的清除作用。结果：最佳提取条件为提取温度70℃、提取时间4h、乙醇体积分数85%、料液比1:25(g/mL)。在该条件下南瓜苗总黄酮得率最高,达到2.56%。南瓜苗总黄酮清除DPPH自由基和 ·OH的EC50(半抑制质量浓度)分别为0.017mg/mL和0.019mg/mL。结论：南瓜苗中含有丰富的黄酮,并且其具有较强的清除自由基能力。     

Major Phytochemical Composition of 3 Native Korean Citrus Varieties and Bioactive Activity on V79-4 Cells Induced by Oxidative Stress

ABSTRACT:  Three citrus varieties grown in Korea, namely, Yuza ( Citrus junos  Sieb ex Tanaka), Kjool ( Citrus unshiu  Marcow), and Dangyooja ( Citrus grandis  Osbeck), were evaluated for their dietary fiber, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total carotenoids as well as individual flavonoids composition. The biochemical characteristics of citrus varieties were examined by the antioxidant capacity (731 to 1221 μmol of Trolox equivalent/g), total phenolic (334 to 411 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/100 g), total flavonoid contents (214 to 281 mg of catechin equivalent/100 g), and total carotenoid contents (63 to 84 mg/100 g). Six flavonoids, including naringin, naringenin, hesperidin, hesperetin, neohesperidin, and luteolin, were tentatively identified. Naringin, hesperidin, and neohesperidin were the predominant flavonoids in 3 citrus varieties. Among the citrus varieties studied, Yuza showed higher antioxidant activity, total phenolics, total carotenoids, and lower superoxide radical scavenging assay (SRSA) IC₅₀ values than other varieties. Furthermore, Korean citrus showed higher protective effect on gap-junction intercellular communication (GJIC) as compared to vitamin C and luteolin.     

广枣黄酮清除自由基能力及抗氧化性能的细胞模型法评价

利用制备色谱将广枣黄酮分离成F1和F2两个组分。分别测定广枣黄酮、F1和F2的总抗氧化能力、清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、羟自由基（•OH）以及超氧阴离子自由基（O2－•）的能力,并与常见的抗氧化剂VC进行对比。结果表明：广枣黄酮具有良好的抗氧化效果,总黄酮的抗氧化能力介于F1和F2之间;F1对DPPH自由基的清除能力以及F1和F2对•OH的清除能力均高于VC,而在总抗氧化能力以及清除O2－•方面F1和F2的效果均弱于VC。另外,细胞模型法评价结果显示,广枣黄酮可清除小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7内的活性氧,表现出明显的抗氧化活性。     

槲寄生总黄酮微波提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

目的：优化提取槲寄生总黄酮的最佳工艺条件及测定其体外抗氧化活性。方法：以产品中总黄酮的质量分数为指标,正交试验L9(34)对槲寄生的微波辅助萃取工艺参数进行优化,并测定其体外抗氧化活性。结果：槲寄生总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为乙醇溶液体积分数70%、微波萃取功率500W、固液比1:40(g/mL)、萃取温度70℃,提取率达1.88%。其体外清除DPPH 自由基及·OH 的IC50 值分别为0.036mg/mL 和0.572mg/mL。结论：槲寄生总黄酮抗氧化活性明显,且最佳工艺操作简单快捷,适用于工业化大批量提取槲寄生总黄酮。     

玫瑰黄酮的提取及其清除DPPH自由基活性研究

采用正交试验研究玫瑰黄酮的最佳提取条件,同时以VC和VE为对照,评价玫瑰黄酮清除1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH自由基)的能力。结果表明玫瑰黄酮最佳的提取条件为:乙醇体积分数60%、液料比15:1、浸提温度40℃、提取时间1.5h,此时玫瑰黄酮提取率为40.87%、DPPH自由基清除率为88.28%。玫瑰黄酮对DPPH自由基有明显的清除作用,其对DPPH自由基的清除能力小于VC大于VE。玫瑰黄酮、VC和VE清除DPPH自由基的半数抑制浓度IC50分别为12.50、7.00mg/L和13.95mg/L。     

葛根抗氧化肽的分离及清除自由基活性研究

目的：分离纯化葛根抗氧化肽并对其进行体外清除自由基活性的研究。方法：以野生葛根为实验材料,经30%的乙醇浸提、透析、冷冻干燥,进一步采用DEAE阴离子交换层析,反相高效液相色谱的方法,对葛根抗氧化肽进行纯化,对不同组分进行还原能力的测定,还原能力最强的命名为PE1。对PE1进行茚三酮反应和分子质量测定。采用邻苯三酚自氧化法、DPPH法、Fenton反应法检测PE1体外对超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基、羟自由基的清除作用。结果：反相高效液相色谱检测PE1纯度,显示为单一峰,PE1与茚三酮反应呈阳性,分子质量约为746D,PE1在体外可以有效清除以上3种自由基。在质量浓度为0.652mg/mL时,羟自由基清除率可达到80.01%;在5mg/mL质量浓度条件下,对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率高达97.35%;在3.5mg/mL质量浓度条件下,对DPPH自由基的清除率达到75.02%,其IC50为2.83mg/mL。结论：PE1具有较强的清除自由基活性。     

抗氧化肽HDHPVC和HEKVC的反应动力学及抗氧化能力评价方法

研究抗氧化肽His-Asp-His-Pro-Val-Cys（HDHPVC）、His-Glu-Lys-Val-Cys（HEKVC）和谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基的反应动力学特性。3 种抗氧化肽的二级反应动力学常数k2、抗氧化还原能力（antiradical power,ARP）及化学计量数等结果表明,其清除DPPH自由基能力的排列顺序为HEKVC＜HDHPVC＜GSH。通过比较3 种抗氧化肽在稳定状态及固定30 min反应时间条件下清除DPPH自由基能力检测方法的差异,发现3 种抗氧化肽均属于慢反应动力学行为,固定30 min反应时间所测得的半数有效浓度（median effective concentration,EC50）比稳态条件下测得值偏大3～5 倍。该研究表明HDHPVC和HEKVC是一种优良的天然抗氧化肽。     

类胡萝卜素清除自由基的动力学及体外模拟消化对清除率的影响

测定不同质量浓度类胡萝卜素在不同温度条件下清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基的能力;考察经人工胃液、肠液及胃液-肠液3 种方法模拟消化后类胡萝卜素清除DPPH自由基能力的变化情况。结果表明：反应温度（T）对类胡萝卜素清除DPPH自由基的速率（k）影响显著（P＜0.05）,T升高,k增大,即k45 ℃＞k37 ℃＞k30 ℃,而对清除率（α）无显著影响;类胡萝卜素初始质量浓度（ρ）对α影响显著,ρ升高,α增大,而对k无显著影响;类胡萝卜素对DPPH自由基的清除作用符合一级反应动力学模型;T对半数效应浓度（EC50）、k和半衰期（t1/2）影响显著,T升高,EC50减小（EC50（45 ℃）＜EC50（37 ℃）＜EC50（30 ℃））、k增大（k45 ℃＞k37 ℃＞k30 ℃）、t1/2减小（t1/2（45℃）＜t1/2（37℃）＜t1/2（30 ℃））;表观活化能（Ea）和方程常数（K0）不受ρ的影响,Ea=17.039 kJ/mol、K0=7.38×106;体外模拟消化后的类胡萝卜素对DPPH自由基的清除率减小,且底物浓度越大,清除率下降百分比越大,降幅越小;与油脂混合后的类胡萝卜素经体外模拟消化后对DPPH自由基的清除率低于不加油脂组,即脂溶性的类胡萝卜素与油脂混合后更易被人体消化吸收,但因不同植物油的脂肪酸组成不同,对其消化吸收的影响存在差异。     

20种食用辛香料抗氧化性及其与黄酮和多酚的相关性研究

利用 DPPH 法测定20种食用辛香料的抗氧化活性,结果显示大部分食用辛香料具有一定的抗氧化活性,其中花椒抗氧化性最强,其次是丁香、桂皮、香叶、良姜。分别采用铝盐显色法和福林-酚法测定样品的总黄酮和总酚含量,并与抗氧化性做相关性分析,结果表明辛香料的抗氧化性与黄酮和多酚具有一定的相关性,其中与黄酮的相关性最大(R2=0.8111)。20 种辛香料中,花椒的抗氧化性最强,黄酮含量也最高,花椒黄酮有望被开发成为新的抗氧化原料。     

Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Ascorbic Acid, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia

ABSTRACT: Total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and reduced ascorbic acid were evaluated in berries belonging to the genera Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia by means of spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was tested. Total polyphenols ranged from 140.6 to 888.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), total anthocyanins ranged from 22.0 to 460.5 mg/100 g FW, and reduced ascorbic acid ranged from 12.4 to 153.8 mg/ 100 g FW. The average EC50 values for Aronia melanocarpa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus fruticosus, and Rubus idaeus were 1.8, 2.8, 5.3, 6.4, and 8.2 mg FW, respectively. The results indicate that the fruits tested are good sources of natural antioxidants.     

槲皮素铬（Ⅲ）配合物合成及清除自由基活性研究

本文合成了槲皮素铬(Ⅲ)配合物,采用红外、紫外、热分析及元素分析等方法对其结构进行了表征,并研究了配合物清除羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基的活性.研究结果表明,配合物的分子式为[Cr(C15H9O7)2Cl·H2O]·7H2O,配合物较配体具有更强的清除羟基自由基、超氧自由基和DPPH自由基活性.     

无花果叶中黄酮的提取及其抗氧化活性测定

采用正交试验设计研究超声波辅助提取无花果叶中总黄酮的工艺条件,并对无花果叶中总黄酮的抗氧化活性进行测定。结果表明：无花果叶中总黄酮的最佳超声提取工艺为体积分数40% 乙醇溶液、料液比1:60(g/mL)、超声功率400W、超声温度60℃条件下提取50min,其提取量为25.04mg/g,影响无花果叶中总黄酮提取效果的主次因素为：超声温度＞超声时间＞料液比＞乙醇体积分数。无花果叶黄酮提取物具有清除羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的作用,其清除效果在一定范围内随着总黄酮质量浓度的增加而增强。     

薇甘菊总黄酮的提取及清除羟自由基活性的测定

采用超声波辅助法对薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)的根、茎、叶及花等器官中的总黄酮分别进行提取,优化提取工艺条件,并测试提取液对羟自由基(·OH)的清除作用。结果表明：根总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为50%乙醇溶液、固液比1:25、超声波功率200W;茎总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为50% 乙醇、固液比1:20、超声波功率500W;叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为90% 乙醇、固液比1:20、超声波功率500W;花总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为70% 乙醇溶液、固液比1:25、超声波功率200W;薇甘菊根、茎、叶、花的总黄酮平均百分含量分别为3.25%、0.59%、0.88%、2.69%;在设置的4 个质量浓度梯度下,薇甘菊根、茎、叶和花的总黄酮提取液对对羟自由基的清除效果与其质量浓度呈正相关,样品质量浓度为1.32mg/mL 时,其清除率分别为33.86%、32.58%、38.79%、21.84%,但与相同质量浓度的常用抗氧化剂BHT 相比,仍存在一定差异。     

雪莲果体外抗氧化和自由基清除能力

抗氧化能力是衡量果蔬营养及保健价值的重要指标之一。雪莲果是一种药食两用植物,对多种慢性疾病有缓解作用。分别采用5 种方法(DPPH、ABTS、FRAP、SASR 和MCC)对雪莲果块根甲醇提取液的自由基清除能力及抗氧化活性进行体外评价。结果表明：DPPH 法测定的Trolox 当量抗氧化能力(TEAC)为410.263mg Trolox/g md,抗坏血酸当量抗氧化能力(AEAC)为230.485mg VC/g md,IC50 值为1.464mg/mL;ABTS 法测定的TEAC 为267.584mg Trolox/g md,AEAC为41.597mg VC/g md,IC50 值为1.269mg/mL;SRSA 法测定的TEAC 为652.816mg Trolox/g md,AEAC 为101.451mg VC/g md,IC50 值为7.720mg/mL。说明雪莲果块根提取物对DPPH 自由基、ABTS+·和O2·三种不同的自由基均有一定的清除活性。此外,雪莲果块根提取物还具有较高的总抗氧化(FRAP 值为131.723 mgFeSO4/g md)和较强的金属螯合能力(73.193%)。     

Partial Characterization of Ultrafiltrated Soy Protein Hydrolysates with Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities

Soy protein isolate (SPI) was hydrolyzed with Flavourzyme® (SHF) or chymotrypsin (SHC). Hydrolysates were sequencially fractionated by ultrafiltration using different membrane pore sizes (50, 10, and 3 kDa). The antioxidant ability of each hydrolysate protein fraction was tested in a liposome oxidizing system and their free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) was evaluated with the DPPH method (diphenylpicrilhydrazine radical). Molecular weight (MW) distribution, solubility, surface hydrophobicity, and amino acid composition of each SPI hydrolysate fraction were measured and their effect on antioxidant and scavenging activities was established by multivariate correlation. The most active ultrafiltrated peptide fractions (P < 0.05), from SHF and SHC, had of MW of <3 kDa (F3 and C3, respectively). These fractions decreased liposome oxidation by 83.2% and 84.5%, respectively, and also showed the highest FRSA (F3: 21.3% and C3: 24.4%). In addition to molecular size, the antioxidant activity and FRSA of soy protein fractions were related to their amino acid composition, especially to an increased content of Phe and a lowered content of Lys. Also, hydrophobicity of ultrafiltrated peptide fractions was an important characteristic (P < 0.001) associated with their ability to trap free radicals. Ultrafiltered peptide fractions with low MW have a high potential to be used as natural alternatives to prevent lipid oxidation in foods.