Lubricant-Enhanced Fatigue Crack Growth in Silicon Nitride

Effect of a fluorinated lubricant on the subcritical crack growth behavior of a Si₃N₄ ceramic was examined under cyclic loading condition. The fatigue lifetime of the specimens tested in the oil was shorter, particularly in the low stress regime, compared to that in air. The growth rate of the surface crack was measured in the oil and compared with that in humid air. Crack growth rate in the oil was twice that in the air. XPS analysis of the fatigue fracture surfaces revealed that F had reacted with yttria-containing grain boundary phase, while the fractographical examination indicated that the oil had caused the dissolution of the grain boundary phase. The dissolution was shown to reduce the extent of crack bridging behind the crack tip, resulting in a higher fatigue crack growth rate in the oil.     

疲劳裂纹扩展的影响因素分析

从材料抵抗裂纹扩展的能力和对试件或结构施加的载荷两方面对影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率因素进行分析。分析结果表明 ,从文中理论出发对影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率因素进行定量分析 ,并对众多的实验现象例如裂纹扩展速率随加载频率变化等作出合理解释。文中还对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的实验研究及工程应用提出见解 ,例如通过有限的疲劳裂纹扩展速率数据取得Kc、Kth值以及通过惯性效应的比较 ,在偏于安全条件下把试验室数据应用于工程结构疲劳寿命的预测     

疲劳裂纹扩展影响因素研究综述

文中通过介绍疲劳裂纹扩展的规律,指出了疲劳裂纹扩展的研究途径。残余应力、超载、温度、加载频率和应力比是影响疲劳裂纹扩展的主要因素。发展相关理论和方法,正确认识影响机理,科学预测疲劳裂纹扩展行为一直是研究者关注的问题。文中介绍了近年来残余应力、超载、温度、加载频率和应力比对材料疲劳裂纹扩展的影响机理方面的研究,论述了其影响效果,得出了常用结论。     

不同加载速率下PD3钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

为研究弯矩作用下PD3钢轨的疲劳特性,在NENE-2型微动实验机上,对不同加载速率下的PD3钢轨进行了疲劳裂纹扩展性能实验研究.结果表明:PD3钢轨在弯矩作用下,随着载荷加载速率的增加,疲劳裂纹长度呈先增加,再减少的趋势.这说明该材料动态条件下断裂韧性与加载速率有较强的相关性.此时,疲劳裂纹由位错的移动速度和促进位错运动的热能共同作用与控制,当二者达到平衡时,疲劳裂纹最容易萌生与扩展.     

16MnR钢在不同应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展的试验研究及模拟

采用3.8 mm厚带有圆形缺口的CT试样,研究了16MnR钢在不同应力比的恒幅循环载荷作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展。开发了一种基于疲劳损伤的方法来模拟疲劳裂纹扩展速率。将16MnR钢的循环塑性本构模型通过用户材料子程序UMAT嵌入到ABAQUS中。把有限元计算得到的疲劳裂纹尖端附近区域的弹塑性循环应力应变结果,代入到疲劳损伤模型中,得到每个加载循环在裂尖各点产生的疲劳损伤值。通过疲劳损伤准则,导出疲劳裂纹稳定扩展速率的计算公式。疲劳裂纹扩展试验验证了模拟结果。实验结果和模拟结果都表明,该试样厚度下,应力比对裂纹扩展速率几乎没有影响。     

基于疲劳短裂纹行为的疲劳寿命估算方法

在疲劳短裂纹形成和扩展行为基础上，提出了一种疲劳寿命估算方法。计算结果表明，该方法具有满意的预测精度。     

Effect of single overload on fatigue behavior in the welded haz of low alloy steel

Room temperature fatigue crack growth behavior was obtained for 4140 parent steel, parent heat treated (same as PWHT), as-welded HAZ and PWHT HAZ material under R≈O constant amplitude loading and single tensile overloads with an over load ratio (OLR: P_over/P_max) of 2.5. Double pass automatic submerged arc welding with AWS EM2 electrode was used. PWHT was performed at 650°C for one hour. Constant amplitude fatigue crack growth behavior was very similar for all four material conditions in the log-log linear Paris region. All material conditions responded favorably to the single tensile overloads with fatigue crack growth retardation ranging from 2.5×10⁵ to 4.5×10⁵ cycles which corresponded to life increases of 250 to 400 percent. SEM analysis indicated many similarities on the fatigue fracture surfaces with predominant ductile quasi-striation morphology.     

超声疲劳裂纹扩展与摩擦生热研究

在高频循环载荷作用下,材料疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展过程伴随着明显的温度变化,该温度变化反映材料内部结构的损伤特征。通过20 kHz的超声疲劳试验,研究一种碳锰钢在超高周疲劳加载条件下的内部疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展过程中温度的演化过程。通过对该材料在疲劳损伤过程中,内部裂纹间的摩擦生热机理分析,从微观角度出发,结合分形理论,建立内部裂纹微观结构的摩擦模型,数值模拟超声疲劳过程中材料内部疲劳裂纹面间的摩擦生热情况,并定量地计算该过程中由裂纹间摩擦所导致的温度上升,将模拟结果与试验结果进行比较。探究高频疲劳载荷下微裂纹扩展与摩擦生热的关系,并结合超高周疲劳裂纹扩展公式,建立超声疲劳过程中的裂纹扩展与裂纹面温度演化关系的模型。     

Growth behavior of short surface fatigue cracks in 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel

Fatigue tests by axial loading (R-0.05) were carried out to investigate short fatigue crack growth behavior in 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel at room temperature using smooth and a small notched flat specimen. All the data of the fatigue crack growth rate in the present tests were analyzed as a function of the stress intensity factor equation in conjunction with crack closure behavior. Analysis was performed accounting for the relation of surface effective stress range,Ua and depth effective stress range,Ub. In the case of isotropic crack growth properties,Ub=(ΔK_ta/ΔK_tb) ·Ua. By use ofUb obtained from the analysis, crack growth rates to surface direction coincide with those of depth direction.     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior in STS304 under mixed-mode loading

The use of fracture mechanics has traditionally concentrated on crack growth under an opening mechanism. However, many service failures occur from cracks subjected to mixed-mode loading. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the fatigue behavior under mixed-mode loading. Under mixed-mode loading, not only the fatigue crack propagation rate is of importance, but also the crack propagation direction. In modified range 0.3≤a/W≤0.5, the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of mode I and mode II for the compact tension shear (CTS) specimen were calculated by using elastic finite element analysis. The propagation behavior of the fatigue cracks of cold rolled stainless steels (STS304) under mixed-mode conditions was evaluated by using K_I and K_II(SIFs of mode I and mode II). The maximum tangential stress (MTS) criterion and stress intensity factor were applied to predict the crack propagation direction and the propagation behavior of fatigue cracks.     

Discrepancies of fatigue crack growth behaviour of API X65 steel

This paper discusses the fatigue life behaviour of the API X65 steel tested under constant amplitude loading in ambient temperature. The influence of repeated loading at a particular stress ratio would favour the initiation of fatigue cracks that would consequently affect the fatigue crack growth. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the load ratio effects on fatigue crack growth rate, taking into account their statistical characteristics. The fatigue crack growth test was carried out using compact-tension specimen at different load ratios of 0.1, 0.4 and 0.7. The experimental results showed the crack growth rate was dependent on the applied load. It was observed that the load ratio effect was less significant in stable crack growth regions. The result was consistent with the multiple regression test obtained by the least square method at a significance level of 0.05. The empirical model of Paris and Walker was utilised to evaluate the effects of load ratio on the fatigue crack growth rates. The approximation of fatigue life lies between 10-25 % of error using conservative model and 6 % error using the Walker model. The experimental data was scattered within a factor-of-2 correlation line suggesting that the accuracy of the experimental data towards the estimated values was high.     

Fatigue life prediction by statistical approach under constant amplitude loading

In general, the experimental data of fatigue crack growth rates scatter very much even under identical experimental condition such as a constant amplitude loading condition. It is, thus, essential to take into account the data scatter of crack growth rates by using statistical approach for a reliable fatigue crack, propagation analysis. In this study, fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted on a 1.02 mm-thick 2024-T3 aluminum alloy under a constant amplitude loading condition. The distribution of the fatigue crack propagation life is estimated by using the stochastic Markov chain model based on a modified Paris-Erdogan equation to consider the variability of the fatigue crack growth. The fatigue lives estimated by using the Markov chain model are found to be agreed well with the experimental results.     

对塑性诱导裂纹闭合几种影响因素的计算研究

基于塑性诱导裂纹闭合原理,通过弹塑性有限元方法的大规模数值计算分析,考察几何构形(带中心裂纹矩形板和中心孔双边裂纹矩形板)、材料强化模型(线性随动强化和非线性随动强化)、加载方式(等幅循环加载和等应力强度因子K循环加载)和应力比R等因素对疲劳裂纹张开、闭合规律的影响。结果表明,等幅加载中裂纹张开、闭合应力水平随裂纹长度变化且无明确规律可循。而在等K(给定应力比下保持最大应力强度因子不变)加载中,无论是使用不同材料强化模型,还是对应不同几何构形,用瞬时最大应力正则化的裂纹张开、闭合应力水平与裂纹长度无关。相同等K加载条件下,两种几何构形的裂纹张开应力强度因子均保持恒定且大小相近。两种随动强化模型对应的裂尖局部循环特性有差异,所获得的裂纹张开应力水平大小不同,但变化规律相似。文中结果可为更深入地理解疲劳裂纹扩展的驱动力机理提供帮助。     

高频谐振载荷作用下Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹尖端力学参数变化规律

为研究高频谐振式疲劳裂纹扩展试验中带有Ⅰ型预制裂纹的紧凑拉伸(CT)试件裂纹尖端力学参数的变化规律,利用动态有限元方法,采用ANSYS和MATLAB软件编写程序,计算了CT试件在高频恒幅正弦交变载荷作用下,在一个应力循环及裂纹扩展到不同长度时裂纹尖端区域的位移、应变场及裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,并分析了其变化规律。在计算裂纹尖端应力强度因子时,首先采用静态有限元方法和理论公式验证了有限元建模和计算的正确性,然后采用动态有限元方法研究了裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端应力强度因子的变化规律。最后进行了高频谐振式疲劳裂纹扩展试验,采用动态高精度应变仪测量了裂纹扩展到不同阶段时裂纹尖端点的应变,并对有限元计算结果进行了验证。研究结果表明：在稳态裂纹扩展阶段,高频谐振载荷作用下Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹尖端位移、应变及应力强度因子均为与载荷同一形式的交变量;随着裂纹的扩展,Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹尖端的位移、应变及应力强度因子幅不断增大;静态应力强度因子有限元计算值和理论值的误差为2.51%,裂纹尖端点应变有限元计算结果和试验结果最大误差为2.93% 。     

两种加载方式下疲劳裂纹的扩展

本文测量了在旋转弯曲加载和三点弯曲加载下,45Cr钢试样经淬火后,在200℃、400℃、500℃、600℃回火条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,并用不着定量金相法,电镜观察法研究了上述两种加载方式下,疲劳裂纹扩展的微观机制。试验结果表明,在旋转弯曲加载下,500℃回火态的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比其它三个温度回火态的要低;而在三点弯曲加载下,随着回火温度的提高,裂纹扩展速率单调下降;裂纹扩展速率随回火温度变化规律与扩展机制随回火态的要低;而在三点弯曲加载下,随着回火温度的提高,裂纹扩展速率单调下降;裂纹扩展速率随回火温度变化规律与扩展机制随回火温度变化规律有密切的关系。结果表明,应该注意到加载方式对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响。     

20 kHz频率下高强度钢超高周疲劳研究

应用超声疲劳试验技术，对两种高强度钢在20kHz频率下10^5～10^10循环周次的疲劳性能进行了测试分析。结果表明：应力比R=-1时，D38MSV5S钢与100C6钢在10^5～10^10循环周次之间，试样仍会发生疲劳断裂，疲劳强度随循环次数的增加而下降；R=0．1时，D38MSV5S钢在10^6～10^7循环周次之问会出现疲劳强度。与30Hz频率下常规疲劳试验数据比较发现，频率对100C6钢的疲劳性能影响不大；R=-1时，D38MSV5S钢20kHz频率下的SN曲线略低于30Hz频率下的SN曲线，当R=0．1时，频率对D38MSV5S钢疲劳性能的影响更为明显。在超高周疲劳循环下，疲劳破坏主要起源于试样内部夹杂物。     

A formula for the crack opening level under random loading in 2024-T351 aluminum alloy

Based on the fatigue crack growth results of the previous work for 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, the crack closure behavior under random loading was analyzed, and the correlation between the crack opening ratio and the stress ratio under random loading was discussed. The crack opening ratio under random loading can be expressed as a function of the stress ratio for the largest load cycle in a random load history. The correlation obtained is found to provide good predictions for crack growth under random loading.     

基于新裂纹扩展驱动力参量的焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展的研究

传统上疲劳裂纹扩展速率以一个参量——应力强度因子幅(PARIS模型)或有效应力强度因子幅(ELBER模型)来表达。PARIS模型不能统计应力比效应和变幅加载历史。ELBER裂纹闭合模型虽被广泛应用,但确定其开闭口载荷的测量方法很多,且测量结果均存在主观性。最近研究表明,疲劳裂纹扩展不仅依赖于应力强度因子幅,还与最大应力强度因子有关。并且KUJAWSKI提出了两参量模型,该模型避开了有争议的裂纹闭合效应。基于一个载荷循环中柔度变化与裂纹尖端开闭口与弹塑性行为的关系,提出一个新的具有物理意义的两参量驱动力模型。针对Q345钢焊接接头各区域进行两种应力比R=0.1和0.5的疲劳裂纹扩展试验。使用该模型针对Q345钢焊接接头各区域的疲劳裂纹扩展数据进行验证。结果表明,提出的新模型在预测应力比对裂纹扩展速率的影响时比上述三个模型更有效。     

弯矩作用下钢轨滚动疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

在JD-1轮轨模拟试验机上,通过设计模拟小轮的结构,对钢轨试样在弯矩作用下的裂纹扩展行为进行研究.试验结果表明:裂纹一般在应力集中处萌生,当裂纹扩展到一定程度后容易产生变向甚至分叉;在其他参数相同的情况下,预制裂纹尺寸对疲劳裂纹扩展有较大影响,预制裂纹较宽时裂纹扩展速率明显加快.     

An Investigation into the Effect of Normal Load Frequency on Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Al7075-T6

Most previous studies on fretting fatigue have been accomplished under constant normal loading and less attention has been paid to cyclic normal loading. An innovative test apparatus was specially designed and manufactured for fretting fatigue tests under cyclic loading in this work and the fretting fatigue behavior of Al7075-T6 was investigated at different normal load frequencies. A finite element model was developed to study the effect of normal load frequency on the contact stress distribution. It was found that the cyclic normal load has a more damaging effect on fretting fatigue life compared to constant normal load, particularly at lower frequencies. The results showed that at the normal load frequency of f = 1 Hz, fatigue life decreased by 52% in the high cycle fatigue regime and 28% in the low cycle fatigue regime. The experimental results also indicated that at the normal load frequency of 80 Hz, the fretting fatigue life converged to its corresponding life under constant normal load condition. The fracture surface and the fretting area of the specimens were examined using both optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental observations showed that the dominant partial slip condition with a wider slip region compared to constant normal loading, severe delamination, and higher oxidation rate due to the normal load release at each cycle, are the most important reasons for significant reductions in fretting fatigue life, under cyclic normal loading, especially for low normal load frequencies.