转/静子齿对迷宫密封泄漏特性与动力特性影响机制研究

迷宫密封齿设计于转子或静子上对迷宫密封的性能影响较大.为揭示转/静子齿对迷宫密封泄漏特性与动力特性的影响机制,应用非定常动网格技术建立了迷宫密封泄漏特性与动力特性多频椭圆涡动求解模型,在验证求解模型准确性基础上,分析转/静子齿迷宫密封的泄漏特性与动力特性,并讨论2种结构对迷宫密封转子系统稳定性的影响.结果表明:转/静子...     

蜂窝结构对篦齿-蜂窝密封封严性能的影响

为提高压气机级间气路封严密封性能,在传统六边形蜂窝的基础上,改变其结构得到方形蜂窝和圆形蜂窝,数值研究不同间隙、压比和转速下蜂窝结构对篦齿-蜂窝密封封严性能的影响。结果表明:间隙增加时,篦齿密封、六边形蜂窝密封、方形蜂窝密封、圆形蜂窝密封4种密封方式泄漏量均线性增加,但由于蜂窝破坏了流场透气效应,故篦齿-蜂窝密封泄漏量增速最慢,其中圆形蜂窝密封封严效果最好;压比增加时,4种密封方式泄漏量均增加,但篦齿及蜂窝腔室内形成漩涡亦随压比增加而愈发强烈,耗散更多能量,故泄漏量增速逐渐变缓;转子转速增加时,流体环向速度增加,4种密封方式泄漏量均减小,而蜂窝环向切割流体形成漩涡耗散能量,故篦齿-蜂窝密封减小幅度较大。在大间隙高压比高转速的工况下,篦齿-蜂窝衬套结构封严效果更好,其中篦齿-圆形蜂窝密封最具优势。     

汽轮机叶顶间隙汽封内泄漏流动的数值研究

采用计算流体动力学软件分析某汽轮机高压级叶顶汽封内的泄漏流动特性及泄漏流在级后与主流的掺混过程,并比较有无汽封情况下间隙流场的气动性能。结果表明:汽封间隙内充满复杂的涡运动,使泄漏流的动能得到充分的耗散,且齿数增加可使耗散更加充分;增加叶顶汽封装置可有效降低级后间隙泄漏流与主流的掺混损失,增加汽封齿数能够在一定程度上削弱级后掺混带来的流动影响。     

新型矿用排水泵入口段口环密封结构优化研究

以某型号矿用排水泵入口段口环密封为研究对象,采用数值仿真方法,研究排水泵迷宫密封内部流动特征,分析迷宫密封结构尺寸与形状对其泄漏量的影响。结果表明:迷宫的间隙尺寸对密封性能的影响最大,间隙宽度和节流齿宽度的变化将导致泄漏量的大幅变化;相比直齿结构迷宫密封,异形齿结构有利于湍流充分发展,从而可以提高密封性能;通过分析复杂迷宫密封的内部流场,得到适用于排水泵的优化的迷宫密封结构。     

CFD Study on Stepped and Drum Balance Labyrinth Seal

The stability of rotors in turbomachines is affected by the labyrinth seal where driving forces are generated. Recent research results have shown that the preswirl has a significant influence on the rotordynamic characteristics of the straight labyrinth seal including both tooth-on-stator and tooth-on-rotor configurations. However, modern turbomachines require higher and higher pressure drop for the seal so that the eye seal is usually designed as stepped labyrinth, whereas the balance drum usually employs a tooth-interlocking labyrinth and a larger number of teeth. Both designs could generate greater forces on the rotor than the straight labyrinth seal. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the influence of preswirl on stepped and tooth-interlocking labyrinth seals. This article employed 3D calculational fluid dynamics (CFD) to solve the flow in those seals. Then the rotordynamic coefficients of the two seals at different preswirl rates were calculated based on the CFD results. The results were compared with test data and bulk flow results. A rotor stability analysis was conducted considering the balance drum seal with the coefficients predicted by the numerical method.     

Effect of honeycomb seals on loss characteristics in shroud cavities of an axial turbine

The loss in efficiency due to shroud leakage or tip clearance flow accounts for a substantial part of the overall losses in turbomachinery.It is important to identify the leakage loss characteristics in order to optimize turbomachinery.At present,little information is available in the open literature concerning the effect of honeycomb seals on the loss characteristics in shroud cavities of an axial turbine,despite of the widespread use of the honeycomb seals.Therefore,interaction between rotor labyrinth seal leakage flow with and without honeycomb facings and main flow is investigated to provide the loss characteristics of the mixing process of the re-entering leakage flow into the main flow.The effects of honeycomb seals on the flow in shroud cavities and interaction with the main flow are analyzed.An additional study on the impact of subtle shroud cavity exit geometry is also presented.The investigation results indicate that the honeycomb seal affects the over tip leakage flow and reduces mixing losses when compared to the solid labyrinth seal.The leakage flow interactions with the main flow have considerably changed the flow fields in the endwall regions.The proposed research reveals the effects of honeycomb seals on the loss characteristics in shroud cavities and the impact of subtle shroud cavity exit geometry,and it is helpful for the design optimization of turbomachinery.     

迷宫和薄叶气封结构与气动特性的对比分析

数值研究相同条件下迷宫气封和薄叶气封结构特点、气动特性、密封机理及密封效果,比较两种气封的差异。通过与已发表的试验数据的对比,校核所采用的商业计算流体力学软件CFX的可靠性,计算得到的性能曲线与试验数据有较好的一致性,采用的数值模拟方法可行。分别对迷宫气封和薄叶气封内部流场进行数值模拟。通过对两种气封计算结果的对比分析,阐明它们的密封机理,给出各自的封严特性和所产生的摩擦转矩的变化规律。分析结果表明,薄叶气封的径向间隙远小于迷宫气封,漏气量为迷宫气封的1/3,对旋转轴产生的摩擦阻抗力矩低于迷宫气封,从结构运行特点和气动性能两方面说明薄叶气封的优越性,认为在不久的将来薄叶气封有可能替代迷宫气封。     

迷宫密封流场与泄漏特性研究

应用Fluent软件计算迷宫间隙、齿厚、空腔深度和不同齿型对迷宫密封流场和泄漏量的影响。计算结果表明:迷宫密封泄漏量随间隙宽度呈线性变化;随着密封齿厚度的增加,泄漏量相对减少,泄漏量按线性关系变化;对于空腔深度而言,空腔深度越大,紊流程度下降,泄漏量越大;对不同齿型,半圆形密封齿泄漏量最大,其次是弧形齿,在实际应用中应多使用直齿,梯形齿和三角齿,以减少泄漏量。本研究可为迷宫密封设计与应用提供依据。     

Comparative analysis of the influence of labyrinth seal configuration on leakage behavior

This study analyzed the influence of configuration and clearance on the leakage behavior of labyrinth seals. Both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and an analytical tool were used to predict the leakage flow of two different (straight and stepped) seal configurations with various clearances. The predicted results were compared with experimental data. The CFD gives a better agreement with the experimental result than the analytical model on average. In the straight seal, the dependence of the discharge coefficient on the clearance is considerable, while it is much smaller in the stepped seal. The CFD captures the entire behavior sufficiently well, but the analytical model overpredicts the clearance dependence in the stepped seal. The CFD also predicts well the influence of the flow direction on the leakage flow. The advantage of the stepped seal over the straight seal becomes more evident as the clearance gets larger. As the clearance becomes sufficiently small, the advantage of the stepped seal reduces.     

Leakage from labyrinth seals under stationary and rotating conditions

Although the leakage flow through labyrinth seals under stationary conditions has been examined by many investigators a reliable prediction of the effect of various labyrinth parameters on leakage rate has not been reported so far. The theoretical models for the seals proposed in most of the previous literature provided results with considerable differences and contradictions in some cases. The structure of the laminar incompressible flow and the performance of a number of seals of various shapes for both stationary and rotating conditions are investigated in this paper. The theoretical treatment is based on the formulation of three-dimensional axisymmetric momentum and continuity equations for labyrinth shapes having small height to radius ratio as is always the case in turbomachinery, rotodynamic pumps and many hydraulic devices. It is found in this paper that shaft rotation is only beneficial for the up-the-step seal, has no effect on grooved shaft and grooved casing seals and has an adverse effect on the down-the-step seal. It is also found that the use of a smaller clearance size at the entrance makes some improvement in the performance of the grooved shaft and down-the-step seals depending on the value of the height to width ratio of the seal.     

静子带矩形边界结构迷宫密封泄漏性能的数值研究*

在直通型迷宫密封的基础上对静子边界进行改进,设计矩形凹槽、前置矩形凸起、后置矩形凸起3种矩形结构迷宫密封结构,采用CFD三维分析的方法,研究各迷宫密封在不同压比、转速下的泄漏特性,并分析流场内部轴向压降、速度场、湍动能耗散率及流线等情况,探讨密封的流动机制。研究结果表明:压比对迷宫密封封严性能的影响很大,随着压比的增加,迷宫密封的泄漏量逐渐增大,而转速对迷宫密封封严性能的影响很小;矩形凸起结构具有更低的泄漏量,且其泄漏量随压比的变化更不敏感,能在更宽域的压比范围内稳定的工作,其中前置矩形凸起型结构具有最优的密封效果。在静子上设置矩形结构能破坏气体流动的边界,强化湍流效果,增加湍动能耗散,从而有效降低泄漏量。     

新型涡流槽密封泄漏特性与动力特性研究

提出一种密封入口周向均匀设置有涡流槽的新型密封结构,建立了传统迷宫密封与新型涡流槽密封泄漏特性及动力特性求解模型,在实验验证数值计算方法准确性的基础上,通过比较分析了传统迷宫密封与新型涡流槽密封在不同进出口压比、预旋比工况下的泄漏特性与动力特性,研究了新型涡流槽结构对密封泄漏特性及动力特性的影响机理。研究结果表明：随着涡流槽数量的增加,涡流槽密封的泄漏量逐渐降低;在同一压比下,不同涡流槽数新型密封的泄漏量之间差值随着压比的增大而增大。当压比为6时,64涡流槽的新型密封较传统迷宫密封,泄漏量下降了3.37%;在高预旋比的工况下,不同涡流槽数量密封的切向气流力均与转子涡动方向相反,起到抑制转子涡动的作用,且随着涡流槽数量的增加,切向气流力也随着增大;随着转子涡动频率的增大,三种不同涡流槽数量密封的交叉刚度先减小到负值然后增大到正值。涡流槽密封的有效阻尼均高于传统迷宫密封,新型涡流槽密封可以提高转子系统的稳定性。     

Comparison of Leakage Performance in Three Types of Gas Annular Seals Operating at a High Temperature (300°C)

Adequate sealing in rotating machinery reduces secondary leakage and results in more efficient and stable systems. Labyrinth seals are most common, although brush seals are popular in specialized applications. The hybrid brush seal (HBS) is a novel design that adds to the bristle brush matrix a number of cantilever pads that rest on the rotor surface. Upon shaft rotation the pads lift due to the generation of a hydrodynamic gas film, and the brushes effectively seal an upstream pressure. Hence, the HBS has no wear and no local thermal distortion effects. This article presents measurements of leakage versus pressure differential obtained in a three-tooth labyrinth, a conventional brush seal, and a hybrid brush seal for operation at high temperature (300°C) and with shaft surface speeds to 26 m/s. The measurements demonstrate that the HBS leaks ～ 31% less than a standard brush seal and is significantly better (～ 68%) than a similarly sized labyrinth seal. As temperature increases, the labyrinth seal leakage decreases because its clearance changes due to the thermal growth of the components. The HBS, on the other hand, shows leakage that is nearly insensitive to air inlet temperature. The measurements demonstrate HBS as a reliable seal technology for use in gas turbines, for example.     

考虑齿变形的迷宫密封泄漏特性流固耦合数值研究

为研究非金属热塑性材料的迷宫密封齿变形对密封性能的影响,建立考虑齿变形的迷宫密封泄漏特性瞬态流固耦合数值求解模型,在验证数值求解模型准确性的基础上,分析不同进出口压比下,酚酞聚芳醚酮(PEKC)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚砜酮(PPESKca30)3种材料的迷宫密封力学特性及泄漏特性。研究结果表明:考虑齿变形的密封流场中最后一节齿顶处的压力要低于其相同工况下未考虑齿变形的流体压力,而速度则恰好相反;在不同进出口压比下,密封齿受到气流力作用发生变形,密封径向间隙增大,导致泄漏量增加了6.6%~30%;当进出口压比相同时,材料的弹性模量越大,密封齿变形越小,封严性能越好;研究的3种材料中,PPESKca30的变形量最小,密封泄漏量最少;密封件最大变形量均出现在齿顶位置,且从其齿顶位置向齿根方向逐渐减小;密封件等效应力的最大值均分布在齿根位置,且从其齿顶位置向齿根方向逐渐增大。     

Neural network and CFD-based optimisation of square cavity and curved cavity static labyrinth seals

The pressure drop characteristics for leakage of water through circular grooved, square cavity and curved cavity static labyrinth seals are investigated. A semi-theoretical model employing two new terms named virtual cavity velocity and vortex loss coefficient, to determine the pressure drop across the seal is presented. Five different square cavity labyrinth seals (SCLS) were subjected to flow visualisation tests to observe the leakage flow patterns. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was done using Fluent commercial code. The values of the vortex loss coefficient for the SCLS at turbulent flow conditions were obtained experimentally. Using the data pool, an artificial neural network (ANN) simulation model was employed to identify the optimal SCLS configuration. Based on the insights gained, two different curved cavity labyrinth seal (CCLS) geometries were developed and optimised using parametric CFD analysis. They were visualisation tested and experimentally found to have higher pressure drops and vortex loss coefficients as compared to the SCLS configurations. The studies show that the enhanced performance is due to the presence of multiple recirculation zones within their cavities, which dissipate higher amount of leakage flow momentum.     

迷宫密封中可压流体流场的数值模拟

应用Fluent软件计算迷宫密封间隙宽度和空腔深度以及直通式迷宫密封和错列式迷宫密封对迷宫密封流场和泄漏量的影响。计算结果与分析表明,间隙宽度对泄漏量的影响体现在通过改变空腔进出口面积来改变泄漏量。所以泄漏量随间隙宽度呈线性变化。在实际运用中,在保证安全的情况下尽量减小间隙宽度;在一定条件下,空腔深度越大,紊流程度下降,泄漏量越大;错列式迷宫密封的泄漏量要明显小于直通式迷宫密封。     

Effect of Rub-Groove Wall Angle on the Leakage of Abradable Stepped Labyrinth Seals

Rub grooves are generally formed in gas-turbine labyrinth seals of the abradable type during various transients. The rub-groove shape, often the slope angle of the groove downstream wall, varies and largely depends on the rotordynamics and the thermal expansion rates of the rotor and the stator. The effect of rub-groove shape on stepped labyrinth seal leakage was studied by varying the slope angle of the groove downstream wall, using various tooth axial positions and various prerub radial clearances. The investigation was done for compressible flow, with air as the working fluid. A finite volume method was used to solve the two-dimensional axisymmetric, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation system. The high-Reynolds-number k-? turbulence model was used along with wall functions. It was found that the wall angle of rub groove has a significant effect on the leakage as well as on the flow pattern. For the cases considered here, when the seal operates with the tooth positioned axially within the rub-groove axial width, the leakage decreases with an increase of the rub-groove downstream wall slope angle. However, for operation when the tooth lies axially just downstream of the groove, the leakage is slightly increased with an increase of the rub-groove wall angle. For cases with a certain tooth axial position and prerub radial clearance, a small change of groove sloping wall angle results in a large change in flow pattern.     

空化对低温浮动环密封流场和密封特性的影响

为探究典型工况下单相和两相空化流动的流场及密封特性,对考虑过渡段的低温浮动环密封进行数值仿真,对比分析转子面、密封间隙轴向及周向的压力分布特点,并探究单相和两相流动条件下进口压力、进口温度、转子偏心率以及转子转速对泄漏量、进口损失系数、密封力和偏位角的影响.研究结果表明:同心状态下,单相流和两相流的流场均具有对称性;偏...     

小迷宫密封间隙对离心制冷压缩机性能的影响

为探讨小迷宫密封间隙设计条件下离心制冷压缩机性能变化规律,以离心制冷压缩机为研究对象,通过CFD方法对压缩机叶轮和迷宫密封内的流动进行模拟.研究结果表明:迷宫密封内的流体压力近似呈阶梯状降低;在叶轮入口流量相同时,随密封间隙增大,泄漏量和泄漏损失系数在小流量工况下增大的幅度较大;在同一密封间隙下,随着压缩机叶轮入口流量...     

迷宫密封对转子系统稳定性影响研究

透平机械中汽流激振力主要产生于各种形式的密封处,其对转子系统的稳定性有不良影响。因迷宫密封的存在而引起汽流激振,其各有关结构和工况参数对转子动力特性均存在影响。本文主要分析转子转速、入口预旋比、密封间隙、压差、齿数变化等一系列因素对转子系统稳定性的影响,为迷宫密封汽流激振的防治和迷宫密封设计中各参数的最优确定提供参考依据。