水轮机固定导叶的涡街模拟与振动分析

研究三峡右岸部分机组水轮机固定导叶出水边处的卡门涡街共振问题.根据机组的实际运行情况和产生异常噪声的特点,应用计算流体力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值分析技术对固定导叶开展出水边处的涡街振动模拟,建立模拟涡街振动的CFD数值模型,采用Fluent软件实现对卡门涡街振动特性的定...     

A study of mass flow rate measurement based on the vortex shedding principle

Mass flow rate measurement is very important in the majority of industry processes because the mass of fluid is not affected by ambient temperature and pressure as the volume will be. Conventional mass flow rate is normally derived from the volumetric flow rate multiplied by fluid density. The density can be obtained by a densitometer or calculated according to the temperature and pressure measured by a thermometer and pressure gauge respectively. However the measurement accuracy is not always satisfactory. Flowmeters directly measuring mass flow rate have been studied and developed recently, such as Coriolis and thermal flowmeters. Unfortunately they still have some limits in practical applications. A new method in which mass flow rate can be directly measured based on the vortex shedding principle is presented in this paper. As a vortex flowmeter, von Kàrmàn vortex shedding is generated by a bluff body (vortex shedder), leading to a pressure drop and pressure fluctuation. A single differential pressure sensor is employed to detect the pressure difference between upstream and downstream sides of the vortex shedder. Both vortex shedding frequency and pressure drop are contained from the output signal of the differential pressure sensor, so that the mass flow rate can be obtained from the pressure signal. Numerical simulation has been done to analyze the characteristics of the fluid field and design the measurement device. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes Fluent were used in the numerical simulation. Experiments were carried out with water and gas, and the results show that this method is feasible and effective to measure the mass flow rate. This method has also robustness to disturbances such as pipe vibration and fluid turbulence.     

风诱导塔振动对塔气动特性影响研究

塔设备风诱导振动对卡门涡脱落及气动特性的影响规律研究对于塔设备共振预测和设计计算十分重要,对塔设备振动下的气动特性问题进行数值模拟研究。采用数值求解N-S方程结合Transition SST湍流模型的方法模拟塔设备周围气流的非定常流动,获得塔外表面的风压系数分布,并结合试验数据验证了文中模拟方法的准确性;继而将塔设备振动简化为正弦运动,采用弹簧动网格技术实现网格动态生成。研究了塔设备振动频率以及振幅的变化对横向力系数、阻力系数和涡脱落频率等气动参数的影响规律,结合塔设备共振条件,指出了气动特性的改变对塔设备共振预测的影响规律。     

Influence of blockage and shape of a bluff body on the performance of vortex flowmeter with wall pressure measurement

Experimental and numerical investigations are carried out with various bluff body shapes to identify an appropriate shape which can be used for vortex flowmeter application. In both the cases vortex shedding frequency is inferred from the fluctuation of wall pressure. The numerical simulations are carried out with cylindrical and triangular bluff bodies to understand the vortex shedding phenomenon and to identify an appropriate turbulence model for this class of flows with wall pressure measurement. The simulations reveal that the k-ε RNG model predicts the Strouhal number closer to the experimental results than other models. The experimental investigations are carried out with several bluff body shapes, such as triangular, trapezoidal, conical, cylindrical and ring shapes, with water as the working medium. In this context, the effects of sampling rate, tap location and blockage effects are explored. The results suggest that the axisymmetric tapping is better than differential pressure tapping in terms of signal amplitude. The non-dimensional location of the static pressure tap is found to be 0.714 times diameter of pipe times blockage. The trapezoidal bluff body is found to be the best among all the bluff bodies investigated in terms of signal amplitude and constancy of Strouhal number. The vortex flowmeter performance is also measured under disturbed flow conditions created by using gate valve and bends. These results are significant because they provide an optimum bluff body shape and blockage, and also present the performance of vortex flow meter under disturbed flow conditions which is rather seldom reported in the literature.     

多级降压调节阀流激振动特性分析

分析某管路系统多级降压调节阀的流激振动问题,仿真得到调节阀小开度、中等开度、全开3种工况下压力、速度、漩涡速度云图、压力脉动时域与频域特性曲线及流激振动频率范围.利用热流固耦合模态分析得到调节阀固有频率.将流激振动主频与固有频率相对比,验证调节阀工作可靠性.分析得出:随着开度增大,各级降压效果明显,大涡逐渐形成小涡,且...     

某双阀芯电液比例多路阀主阀进口节流流场及阀口压降特性研究

以某系列双阀芯电液比例多路阀为研究对象,采用CFD流场仿真技术和PIV可视化测速技术对不同阀口开度和流量下的主阀沿进口流道、节流口、阀腔的流场进行了流体仿真和试验可视化研究。应用Fluent软件仿真研究了主阀进口节流流场分布并得出阀口压降特性;采用PIV试验研究的手段对流场分析结果加以验证,应用2D-PIV技术获得主阀腔内部一个截面上的流场分布,并通过相似理论计算得出阀口压降特性。CFD流场仿真和PIV试验结果表明：该双阀芯电液比例多路阀主阀出油环形腔内会形成较大旋涡,且阀口开度和流量对主阀进口节流内部流场结构和阀口压降特性有重要的影响。研究结果对定性分析双阀芯电液比例多路阀主阀内能量损失和噪声、主阀的结构和流道的设计以及优化具有重要实际意义,为CFD技术和PIV技术在双阀芯多路阀领域的应用研究提供了参考。     

Study on flow characteristics around the thermowell

In the paper, the effects of different Reynolds numbers on the flow and dynamic characteristics of the thermowell were studied. The results show that a “downwash” phenomenon occurs in the thermowell wake flow field, a “tip” vortex exists on the right, and a “mushroom” vortex lays at the bottom of the free end of the thermowell. The lengths of the reflux zone and the forms of vortex shedding are different on the different horizontal sections of a thermowell. With the increase of the Reynolds number, the size of the “mushroom” vortex gradually decreases, and the “tip vortex” gradually increases. At the same horizontal section, the length of the recirculation zone becomes shorter with the increase of the Reynolds number, and the vortex shedding form gradually changes from “2S” shape to the straight line shape. In the region below 50% height of the thermowell, with the increase of Reynolds number, the boundary layer separation line gradually moves forward, both flow resistance of the casing and “downwash” phenomenon gradually increase, and both lift force around the casing and vortex shedding frequency in the wake decrease. The flow resistance and vibration induced by vortex shedding are the leading causes of thermowell damage.     

Simulation of vortex shedding from a square cylinder in oscillating channel flow

Laminar vortex shedding of a square cylinder mounted between two parallel walls are numerically simulated by using a finite volunme method based on a linear upwind differencing scheme and SIMPLER algorithm. The unsteady terms are approximated by a two-step fully-implicit backward scheme. The lock-on phenomena in an oscillating flow as well as the vortex shedding in a steady flow are investigated. The values of Strouhal number in the steady uniform flow are reasonably predicted with accuracy by the present numerical method. The frequency range of the incoming flow for the lock-on appear is well simulated. When the flow is loked-on, the shedding frequency is half of the incoming flow frequency. The structural characteristics of shedding vortex in the lock-on range is discussed in the present paper.     

Numerical investigation on radial impeller induced vortex rope in draft tube under partial load conditions

The vortex rope phenomena appearing in a draft tube under partial load operations were investigated. The efforts were carried out by using a homogeneous equilibrium vapor-liquid two-phase model and a blending SST turbulence model, and the former takes account of the weak compressibility of mixed media. The vortex rope phenomena were induced by the radial impeller and three kinds of flow regimes were illustrated. Vortex rope was visible at some conditions and it displayed various patterns, while no obvious vortex rope was found under some conditions. It was found that the plant cavitation number determines that whether the vortex rope was visible or invisible. An interesting profile was that a secondary vortex filament ring entwining the vortex rope appeared clearly near the design condition. Both flow structures and pressure characteristics were studied to depict the vortex mechanism and the characteristics of the η-σ curves. Further analysis found that the shedding frequency of the vortex ring is similar with that of the precession movement.     

涡街流量传感器动态压力场分布特性

利用数值计算的方法,实现对涡街流量传感器中压力场动态分布特性的研究。数值计算采用湍流理论中的k- 模型并结合CFD技术进行,以SIMPLE算法解离散控制方程。数值计算得到的旋涡脱落频率与试验结果相近,误差不超过7%,证明数值计算方法的有效性,并在此基础上通过对涡街流场中压力场分布特点的分析,给出检测旋涡信号的最佳区域。从分析旋涡在流场中动态变化过程入手,深入探讨引发压力场变化规律的流场内部机理。     

基于ANSYS平面闸门的自振特性研究

以某水利工程平面闸门的动力学问题为背景,考虑流-固耦合[1]对闸门结构自振特性的影响,应用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS对平面闸门的自振特性进行分析研究.建立了该平面闸门的实体模型和有限元模型,分析了平面闸门在无水和有水状态下的振动特性,并计算出了闸门的自振频率和振型.结果表明:水体高度对平面闸门自振频率和振型有着显著影响,尤其是对低阶的振动频率更为显著.     

预开导叶下水泵水轮机S特性及其压力脉动分析

可逆式水泵水轮机兼具了发电以及储能的特点既满足人们环保意识的需求也满足对功率的平衡与控制。但水泵水轮机在S特性区内运行会发生机组并网困难或者甩负荷过程中水压异常上升,使机组振动加剧。为探究预开启导叶的方法对水泵水轮机S特性的改善,对水泵水轮机模型分别在同步导叶和不同预开启导叶条件下进行能量试验及全流道内流场的(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值计算;通过试验数据与计算结果的对比分析预开导叶后水泵水轮机S特性及其压力脉动特征。CFD计算结果及模型试验数据表明,预开导叶的方法能有效解决水泵水轮机S特性问题,但是预开导叶后,飞逸工况下的单位流量变大,造成转轮内的流动轴对称特性较差,导致机组的脉动加大,尾水管压力脉动幅值较大,运行稳定性较差,所以通过预开导叶的方法来改善S特性仍然存在弊端。     

Experimental and CFD investigation of 100 mm size cone flow elements

This paper presents performance characteristics of 100 mm line size cone flow elements having beta ratios of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8. A magnetic flow meter is used as a reference standard for flow measurement in vertical test section. A series of experiments have been conducted using water at in-house Flow Calibration Facility (FCF) to cover the Reynolds number ranging from 20,000 to 200,000. The performance characteristics of 100 mm line size cone flow elements with different beta values have been evaluated experimentally. It is found that the discharge coefficient of the cone flow element is nearly independent of the specified range of Reynolds number. Testing of the cone flow element in accordance with new API 5.7 is carried out at flow calibration facility. The testing requirements in the standard explain the conditioning effect of the cone flow element having gate valve disturbance upstream of the cone at various locations. The effect of the upstream velocity profile has been investigated by placing a gate valve upstream of the cone flow element at a distance of 0D and 28D and performing experiments at 25%, 50% and 100% opening of gate valve. The value of the discharge coefficient is not affected when the cone is placed at a distance of 0D and for 100% opening of gate valve. The uncertainty results of the cone testing are discussed. For studying pressure and velocity distributions, cone elements are modeled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code PHOENICS. Pressure and velocity profiles for different sizes of cone elements are plotted. From the pressure profile, it can be seen that the pressure recovery downstream of the cone is within a distance of 3D. The velocity profile downstream of the cone signifies the use of flow element as a signal conditioner. For measurement of flow through a 100 mm line, differential pressure across the cone is measured using a Differential Pressure Transmitter (DPT). Experiments were repeated by replacing the cone element for obtaining different β values.     

Numerical study on the internal flow characteristics of an axial-flow pump under stall conditions

When an axial-flow pump works in low flow rate conditions, rotating stall phenomena will probably occur, and the pump will enter hydraulic unsteady conditions. The rotating stall can lead to violent vibration, noise, turbulent flow, and a sharp drop in efficiency. This affects the safety and stability of the pump unit. To study the rotating stall flow characteristics of an axial-flow pump, the steady and unsteady internal flow field in a large vertical axial-flow pump was investigated using 3D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) technology. Numerical calculations were carried out using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver and Menter's shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. Steady flow characteristics including streamline, velocity vector, pressure and turbulent kinetic energy are presented and analyzed. Unsteady flow characteristics are described using post-processing signals for pressure monitoring points in the time and frequency domains. Using Q-criterion, the locations and evolution rules of the core region of the vortex structure in guide vanes under deep stall conditions were investigated. The reliability of the numerical simulation results was verified using the experimental prototype pressure fluctuation test. In this way, typical flow structure and pressure fluctuation characteristics in an axial-flow pump were analyzed, with contrastive analysis in design condition and stall conditions. Finally, the mechanism of low-frequency pressure fluctuation in a pump unit under the stall condition was revealed.     

阀门流场的数值模拟及流噪声的实验研究

采用非结构、非交错网格的有限体积法求解用二方程模型封闭的雷诺平均N S方程组 ,对水管路系统中 3种常见阀门的三维分离流动进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明 ,随着蝶阀、闸阀和球阀开度的减小 ,流体在蝶阀背面、球阀阀门内外分别形成两个方向相反的漩涡 ,闸阀的漩涡出现在挡板与管道的壁角处 ,并且漩涡在阀门下游逐渐消失。同时实验表明 ,阀门下游的流噪声大于阀门上游的流噪声 ,涡声是阀门噪声的主要来源     

液电混合直线驱动系统耦合特性及位置控制

液压系统与电-机械系统是广泛应用于航空航天、工业、非道路移动机械等领域的两种不同驱动方案。在实际中,两者通常单独使用,电-机械驱动方案能效高,但承载能力弱,液压驱动方案功率密度大、动态响应快,但能量效率低。为此,结合两个驱动方案优点,集成设计电-机械执行器与液压缸,构建一种新型液电混合直线驱动系统,分析系统工作原理及两个非相似驱动子系统耦合特性、力纷争现象及其影响。在此基础上,提出一种电-机械驱动单元运动控制与液压驱动单元力控制的调控方案。研究结果表明,采用所提调控方案可减轻两个非相似驱动子系统耦合作用,在液压阀低压损的同时,可获得良好的位置控制特性。新型液电混合直线驱动系统将为液压系统和电-机械系统的进一步发展提供新思路。     

水下拖缆涡激振动的实验研究

介绍了在湖中水下拖缆涡激振动测试装置和实验方法。数据分析表明：拖缆的涡激振动响应主要集中在 １００ Ｈｚ 以下低频范围;随着拖曳速度的增大拖缆上的加速度响应的频率范围也相应增大;拖缆的涡激振动响应的第一峰值频率与拖缆上端的旋涡发放频率有比较直接的联系;实验中未观察到频率锁定现象     

液压启闭机-闸门系统流固耦合振动仿真分析

通过对某水利工程液压启闭机-闸门系统进行三维建模,以流固耦合动力学为理论基础,在Ansys中采用流固耦合的方式对启闭机在水流冲击及液压脉动作用下的瞬态动力学计算,分析系统的振动响应。结果表明:液压启闭机-闸门系统振动随着闸门开度变大而减小,且在启闭机闸门开启前后振动趋势最明显。减少液压缸脉动压力幅值,可以有效减少系统振动。     

基于计算流体动力学解析的液压锥阀噪声评价

结合试验结果和计算流体动力学的解析结果，研究液压锥阀的噪声评价方法。对Oshima和Ichikawa试验所用的液压锥阀进行计算流体动力学解析，得到流入和流出两种工况下，对应不同的锥面夹角时阀座上的压力分布和速度分布。
对压力和速度进行积分加权分析，结合前人试验所得液压锥阀噪声特性，找到一种基于压力分布和漩涡脱离回流的液压锥阀噪声特性评价方法。应用该方法对实际液压锥阀进行噪声评价，评价结果与试验结果一致，证明了该方法的可行性。     

Experimental verification and numerical simulation of a vortex flowmeter at low Reynolds numbers

This study presents experimental verification and numerical simulations of a vortex flow meter in the Reynolds number range between 8300 and 50,000. A custom-designed bluff body with a wedge back shape was used in the flowmeter. A shedding frequency of the flowmeter was measured in an air duct using a hot-film probe. To evaluate the accuracy of the flowmeter, a measurement uncertainty analysis was performed. Numerical simulations of the vortex flowmeter were performed with the open source code OpenFOAM. Transient simulations of periodic vortex shedding behind the bluff body were performed using different simulation methods depending on the pipe Reynolds number, such as Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) method. The simulated vortex shedding frequencies matched the experimental data very well. Experiments and simulations demonstrated a clear linear dependence of the shedding frequency on the volumetric flow rate over the entire range of Reynolds numbers. In addition, numerical simulations were used to study the main mechanisms of vortex formation and shedding behind the considered bluff body.