优化结构有序建设积极促进橡胶工业全面协调和可持续发展

改革开放以来,我国橡胶工业的发展速度是前所未有的,其间有许多成功的经验,特别是入世后,在上世纪末全行业整体亏损的不利情况下,大家认识一致,认真对待,风雨同舟,趋利避害,经受住了考验,不仅行业经济全面复苏,而且取得新的发展。当前,全行业面对的是新一轮的竞争,而且更为激烈     

我的台湾工艺之旅

两期"台湾工艺之旅"圆满结束。对于文化艺术,无论是走马观花还是深度阅读,各人经历不同感悟也会不一样。你心目中的台湾,是什么样子呢?8天的旅程,累,却幸福着。忘不了,太鲁阁天然大理石岩的鬼斧神工,忘不了,清晨日月潭散发的柔美光辉,忘不了,黄安福大师表演玻璃技艺洒下的滴滴汗珠,忘不了,粘碧华大师的艺术之家和她亲切的笑容,忘不了,汉声巷黄永松老师挥手作别时眼里的殷殷期盼,忘不了,台北世界设计展上将书法创意延伸的"妙法自然"忘不了,中华手工电台带给我们的欢声和笑语,忘不了……黄永松老师说,这一代人需要觉醒,但觉醒的方向不要错,要回到文化的母土。或许你已留意到,     

半隐于郊 艺术之调

柳林小径深处,一扇木门掩映的白色建筑,即是王功新林天苗夫妇在宋庄的别墅。从大门进来,前方是白色的月亮门,像一道影壁墙,遮蔽外人的视线,经过一片水竹摇曳的甬道,才入院子。院内,三层小楼房顶上两层主体分别向两侧挑空,蜿蜒的池塘从花园延伸至室内,隔着一面大大的落地玻璃墙,恍惚间分不清哪里是室内,哪里是室外。更不可思议的是,池塘中间竟然是空的,下面就是那个巨大的工作室,鱼儿游过,涟漪荡漾开来,总担心这水会不会溢出……     

捕鸟蛛

凶悍的捕鸟蛛,已经抓住一只小鸟,正分泌毒液将猎物毒死,刚孵化的小鸟心有不甘,瞪大眼睛,却对身体的麻痹无可奈何,捕鸟蛛得意洋洋,八只毛茸茸的爪子渐渐放松,似乎要开始安心享用猎物。凶狠的捕杀场面,被作者处理得惟妙惟肖,全身长毛的蜘蛛、绝望的小鸟,让观者毛骨悚然。那么,请您猜猜看,这幅捕鸟蛛猎杀图,是用什么材质做成的呢?     

绽放你最灿烂的笑容

秋至过后,几场不经意的细雨飘来,将炎热一点点打退,正如人们所言"一场秋雨一场凉"。如果说春天把嫩绿给了三月,夏天把翠绿给了七月,冬天把洁白给了十二月,那么秋天,就把金色给了十月。十月,是花开飘香的季节。菊花开了,红的、黄的、白的,朵朵怒放着,风情万种、婀娜多姿;桂花开了,偶尔外出,惊奇的发现满枝的桂花把树木装扮的耀眼夺目,一阵微风吹过,阵阵清新淡雅香气飘来,沁人心脾。工作一天的烦躁情绪,在这别样的景象下瞬间被一扫而光。     

尾矿干式堆存在磷矿山选矿厂中的应用

0 引言 尾矿设施具有保护环境,充分利用水资源和保护矿产资源的作用,是矿山生产不可缺少的设施,但投资巨大,基建投资占矿山总投资的10%以上,占选矿厂投资的20%左右,有的几乎与选矿厂的投资一样多,甚至超过选矿厂.尾矿设施的运行成本也较高,有些矿山尾矿设施运行成本占选矿厂生产成本的30%以上.近年来,由于征购土地和搬迁农户的费用越来越高,因此建设尾矿设施的费用也越来越高.此外,尾矿库还是矿山生产的最大的危险源之一,一旦尾矿库失事,将给工农业生产及下游人民生命财产造成巨大损失.而若采用干式堆存尾矿,则可较大地缓解以上矛盾,因干式堆存的尾矿只含有11%～15%的水分,且可依地形而堆存,大大减少了占地面积,且不易垮落.贵州某一选矿厂利用脱水设备实现了尾矿的干式堆存,情况介绍如下.     

走在路上

<正>冬至已过,最近天气渐渐凉了,下班的路上每天必须走过一座高架桥,沿着楼梯爬上去,冷风吹过来,瞬间清醒,连一整天工作的疲惫也消失的无影无踪了。搬家过去的前几天,上下班从高架桥上爬上爬下,左手拎着饭盒,右手拎着刚从菜市场买的菜,炎热的盛夏令人无比烦躁,心想明明直线距离很短的,走个高架桥就绕好多路,可偏偏也没别的小道走,于是每天就当做锻炼身体,慢慢适应了上下班的节奏。     

浅谈王步青花艺术风格

在我国陶瓷美术发展史上,凡有所成就,有所作为的陶瓷美术家,不论哪个时代,哪个艺术院派,都离不开继承传统,吸取精华,并通过自己的长期实践,不断创新,才形成自己独有的艺术风格.景德镇陶瓷美术家王步先生创作的青花作品,以其笔简意骇,博大精深,水色莹澈,淋漓尽致的风格,为人们所称赞.本文试就他的艺术风格归纳为三个方面来简略论述.     

班级管理浅谈

管理是一门科学,更是一门艺术,班级足学校最基本单位.从某种意义上讲,班级管理工作的好坏,直接反映了一个学校的管理水平,如何使班级管理的科学性艺术性有机地统一起来,是我们每一位教师尤其是班主任老师值得深思的重大课题.我们必须清楚地认识到学生是班级的主体,班级管理必须认他们为中心来展开,民主化,科学化,人性化的班级管理是促进学生团结,锻炼学生能力,融洽师生关系的重要前提.只有这样,我们才能更好地促进学生全面发展,才能说是对学生、家长及社会负责,下面我就班级管理的民主化,科学化,人性化方面谈谈自己的一些看法与认识.     

3000算盘指间拨

正入花甲之年的葛新华,20年默默收藏3000多把老算盘,为的是让人们在被键盘和鼠标声占满的今天,还能记得算珠拨动的旋律。"打主意,秋千格。"打一物品是什么?在没有计算器和电脑的年岁,这个几乎存在每家每户的老物件,如今已经慢慢淡出了人们的视野。曾几何时,珠算课是小学里必修的课程,儿时背着算盘上学堂,算珠在背后摇得"噼里啪啦"响;账房里的老先生记账算数,加减乘除,样样离不开打算盘。然而,当算盘逐渐远去时,有一个人,仍然守护着算盘拨动的记忆,经历长长20个年头,默默收集3000多把老算盘,他最欣慰的,是成立了自己独具特色的家庭式收藏馆,他就是葛新华。这位热爱算盘如痴,喜爱"精打细算"的老者年纪60岁,在他的收藏馆里,可以看到琳琅满目的算盘世界。墙上歪歪斜斜不规则地挂着许多算盘,     

精馏过程节能

分析了精馏过程用能特点，并从不改变流程、需改变流程及采用混合系统三方面介绍了具体节能技术。     

Integrating superstructure-based design of molecules,processes, and flowsheets

The key to many chemical and energy conversion processes is the choice of the right molecule, for example, used as working fluid. However, the choice of the molecule is inherently coupled to the choice of the right process flowsheet. In this work, we integrate superstructure-based flowsheet design into the design of processes and molecules. The thermodynamic properties of the molecule are modeled by the PC-SAFT equation of state. Computer-aided molecular design enables considering the molecular structure as degree of freedom in the process optimization. To consider the process flowsheet as additional degree of freedom, a superstructure of the process is used. The method results in the optimal molecule, process, and flowsheet. We demonstrate the method for the design of an organic Rankine cycle considering flowsheet options for regeneration, reheating, and turbine bleeding. The presented method provides a user-friendly tool to solve the integrated design problem of processes, molecules, and process flowsheets.     

Operability and Flexibility of a Milk Production Line

The operability and flexibility of an existing milk treatment process are investigated through flowsheet modelling and simulation method. From the flowsheet simulation, a process operating region is determined using incoming milk flow viscosity and heat exchanger pressure drop as characteristic parameters. The operability and flexibility of the nominal operating points are evaluated with a minimization of the process pasteurization and cooling temperatures through vertex enumeration method. The milk treatment process simulation and process analysis provide a quantitative analysis method for the development of a flexible process in dairy industrial applications. The established process operability and flexibility analysis framework and flowsheet simulation can be adapted to other liquid food productions.     

Automated synthesis of steady-state continuous processes using reinforcement learning

Automated flowsheet synthesis is an important field in computer-aided process engineering.The present work demonstrates how reinforcement learning can be used for automated flowsheet synthesis without any heuristics or prior knowledge of conceptual design.The environment consists of a steady-state flowsheet simulator that contains all physical knowledge.An agent is trained to take discrete actions and sequentially build up flowsheets that solve a given process problem.A novel method named SynGameZero is developed to ensure good exploration schemes in the complex problem.Therein,flowsheet synthesis is modelled as a game of two competing players.The agent plays this game against itself during training and consists of an artificial neural network and a tree search for forward planning.The method is applied successfully to a reaction-distillation process in a quaternary system.     

Flexibility and operability analysis of a HEN-integrated natural gas expander plant

In the heat-exchanger network (HEN) literature, synthesis, design, and flexibility analyses of HENs are done independently from processes to which HENs are integrated. Such analyses are made mostly based on nominal operating conditions at which the HEN's source- and target-stream properties are evaluated. However, terminal-stream properties of HENs depend upon temperatures, pressures, and compositions of the process connected to the HEN. In this work, flexibility and operability issues of a HEN are investigated with rigorous simulations using the process flowsheet simulator HYSYS for a HEN-integrated natural gas turbo-expander plant (TEP) operating under ethane-recovery mode. The contribution of this work is threefold. First, the HEN-plant interactions are exemplified via the process flowsheet simulator. Second, flexibility and operability issues are tackled using the optimization capability of the flowsheet simulator. Third, for highly energy-integrated complex plants like the TEP, the difficulties or impossibilities of automated HEN synthesis and flexibility analysis with process flowsheet simulators are demonstrated.     

Modular dynamic simulation for integrated particulate processes by means of tool integration

In this contribution a sequential modular strategy for the dynamic simulation of particulate process flowsheets is presented and the efficiency of the approach is demonstrated by means of an example process for the crystallization of pentaerythritol. The flowsheet of the process consists of a number of different unit operations, e.g. evaporator, crystallizer, hydrocyclone, and mixer, which are described by mathematical models of largely varying complexity and structure. A key advantage of the presented sequential modular strategy is that specialized tools can be selected for the modelling and solution of each unit operation in the flowsheet. The tools are then coupled together by means of the tool integration framework CHEOPS in order to capture the overall structure of the flowsheet. In a case study, a startup of a crystallization flowsheet is carried out. As a result, detailed information about the dynamic plantwide process behavior is obtained. The practical relevance of the approach is demonstrated by means of a scenario where potential blocking of the filters following the crystallizer has been analyzed.     

30 kt/a三聚氰胺配套尿素装置的工艺流程及设计特点

介绍了三聚氰胺尾气处理的几种方法以及与30 kt/a三聚氰胺配套的尿素装置的设计规模、工艺流程及设计特点。该流程为大型三聚氰胺装置的尾气处理提供了一条可借鉴的有效途径。     

Gray‐Box Modeling for the Optimization of Chemical Processes

The availability of predictive models for chemical processes is the basic prerequisite for offline process optimization. In cases where a predictive model is missing for a process unit within a larger process flowsheet, measured operating data of the process can be used to set up such models combining physical knowledge and process data. In this contribution, the creation and integration of such gray‐box models within the framework of a flowsheet simulator is presented. Results of optimization using different gray‐box models are shown for a virtual cumene process.     

Process synthesis,design and analysis using a process-group contribution method

This paper describes the development and application of a process-group contribution method to model, simulate and synthesize chemical processes. Process flowsheets are generated in the same way as atoms or groups of atoms are combined to form molecules in computer aided molecular design (CAMD) techniques. The fundamental pillars of this framework are the definition and use of functional process-groups (building blocks) representing a wide range of process operations, flowsheet connectivity rules to join the process-groups to generate all the feasible flowsheet alternatives and flowsheet property models like energy consumption, atom efficiency, environmental impact to evaluate the performance of the generated alternatives. In this way, a list of feasible flowsheets are quickly generated, screened and selected for further analysis. Since the flowsheet is synthesized and the operations in the flowsheet designed through predictive models to match a set of design targets, optimal solution of a given synthesis problem is guaranteed.     

A unifying framework for optimization-based design of integrated reaction–separation processes

The determination of the best flowsheet and the development of a conceptual design of a chemical reaction–separation process is a complex task. Although model-based methods for process design have been proposed in the last decades, only a few contributions address the simultaneous design and optimization of integrated reaction–separation processes. This paper presents a systematic and optimization-based approach for the design of such processes. Shortcut methods are utilized to screen alternative flowsheet structures. For the most promising alternatives a rigorous optimization of the entire flowsheet is executed to determine the best alternative. The incremental refinement of this framework allows for the systematic generation and numerically robust evaluation of every reaction–separation process. Consequently, it helps to shorten the time for developing new and innovative processes and improves the chances to find the best process design. The suggested methodology is illustrated by means of a case study considering ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) production.