基于钝尾缘翼型叶片的三维风力机性能分析

随着风力机向大型化发展,为有效提升风力机叶片的性能以及结构强度,将钝尾缘翼型应用于风力机叶片设计。以NACA639XX系列翼型为基准翼型,通过Hicks-Henne型函数和钝尾缘函数对翼型进行参数化拟合,使用多岛遗传算法优化得到层流钝尾缘翼型族(USST-XXX)。将此翼型族中相对厚度为21%的USST-211翼型与NACA63921层流翼型替换NREL PhaseVI叶片截面的S809翼型,建模得到两种三维风力机叶片,采用数值模拟的方法,对这两种叶片不同风速下的流场进行分析,并与NREL Phase VI风力机叶片的气动性能进行对比。数值模拟结果表明,在额定风速附近,采用层流钝尾缘翼型所构造的新叶片风力机的风能利用系数高于其他两种叶片。研究结果表明优化得到的层流钝尾缘翼型族可以有效提升风力机气动性能,在大型水平轴风力机叶片设计方面具有良好的应用前景。     

钝尾缘翼型对5MW风力机性能影响的研究

目前国内外对钝尾缘翼型的研究主要集中于翼型的改进方式与二维气动性能的模拟,对钝尾缘翼型应用于风力机时对其性能影响的研究较少,然而钝尾缘翼型应用于风力机时由于旋转效应的存在叶素翼型之间会发生相互影响。为了更好的研究钝尾缘翼型,了解钝尾缘翼型对风力机性能的影响,对NREL 5MW风力机叶片内侧翼型进行对称钝尾缘修型,分析二维翼型气动性能,发现一定范围内,翼型的升力系数、升阻比均随尾缘厚度的增加而增大。对原风力机进翼型替换,模拟并对比两类风力机的性能,研究表明改型后风力机的输出扭矩高于原机,而且随风速增大改型风力机的优势变得越来越突出;然而在相同工况下,改型后风力机的轴向力也大于原机。     

钝尾缘叶片三维建模方法的研究

钝尾缘风力机翼型目前被多数用于大型风力机叶片叶根与最大弦长处,这是因为气动上,钝尾缘翼型能够提高升力系数斜率、降低翼型不敏感性;而结构上,钝尾缘翼型与相同厚度翼型相比增加了截面面积和转动惯量[1],论文依据钝尾缘特点,提出设计钝尾缘翼型方案,并以58米长度叶片为例,设计钝尾缘翼型形状,以及此区域主模型的分模方式,完成三维模型建立,为后续有限元建模及模具加工制造提供基础。     

叶片表面粗糙条件下钝尾缘翼型优化设计

利用粒子群算法结合XFOIL软件,进行了钝尾缘翼型型线优化设计。平移优化后,在翼型吸力面距前缘0.1c(c为弦长)处添加一高0.015c、宽0.04c的凸台,得到表面粗糙钝尾缘改型,并数值研究其升阻力系数、升阻比、压力系数和流场特性。结果表明：粗糙S812翼型钝尾缘优化后,尾缘厚度为0.039 8c,尾缘厚度在上下翼面的分配比为1∶13.16;升力系数在计算攻角范围内显著增大,升阻比在17.2°攻角之前显著增大,最大升阻比增大明显;钝尾缘处的漩涡对吸力面的气流造成下洗作用。     

合成射流对钝尾缘翼型气动特性的影响

研究吸力面存在合成射流的情况下,钝尾缘翼型TR-4000-2000流场结构的变化及其升阻力系数等气动特性参数的变化趋势。在相同射流入口速度条件下,采用计算流体力学软件Fluent对相同来流速度不同攻角情况下翼型流场进行非定常数值模拟计算,分析射流前后翼型升阻力系数变化及翼型表面压力的波动状况;在此基础上,对不同射流频率和不同射流速度情况下翼型流场进行模拟计算,寻求最佳射流参数。结果表明,由于射流及尾缘涡的相互作用导致翼型的升阻力特性不断变化,钝尾缘翼型吸力面合成射流有明显的增升减阻效果,在15°攻角时尤为明显,升力系数提高约40%,阻力系数减小约25%。在量纲一射流速度和量纲一射流频率均为1时,射流对翼型的增升减阻效果最佳。     

不同尾缘齿型结构的海鸥翼型气动声学研究

本文提取具有优良气动性能的海鸥翼型对其尾缘进行仿生重构以降低气动噪声。采用大涡模拟（LES）进行三维瞬态流场计算，结合Ffowcs Williams和Hawkings发展的FW-H方法进行远场声学求解。系统研究了雷诺数为9.0×104，攻角为0°条件下,基于仿海鸥翅膀翼型的常规尾缘锯齿翼型、正弦型尾缘锯齿翼型及熨斗型尾缘锯齿翼型的气动噪声特性。研究结果表明：与原型翼型相比，常规尾缘锯齿翼型的升阻比损失最小，熨斗型尾缘锯齿翼型的升阻比损失最大。正弦型尾缘锯齿翼型的远场降噪效果最好，平均降噪幅度为5.72dB。与其他两种齿型结构相比，正弦型尾缘锯齿翼型能更有效地减小湍流宽频噪声和翼型表面的压力脉动，使整体旋涡脱落噪声明显下降。而熨斗型尾缘锯齿翼型在减小涡结构展向相关性的同时加剧了纵向空间涡结构的脱落，使整体声压级降低幅度最小。     

风力机翼型多目标优化及尾缘加厚研究

采用多目标遗传算法与类别形状函数变换（CST）方法相耦合的方法对翼型外形进行多目标优化设计,在攻角工作范围内,以实现高升阻比、低阻力为目标,最终得到一系列Pareto最优解集。采用指数混合函数法对优化后得到的翼型在尾缘处进行非对称加厚。通过求解二维雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯方程（RANS）获得翼型的气动参数,结果显示：优化后的翼型与原始翼型相比具有更优的压力分布,有效提高了升力系数,减小了阻力系数。优化翼型尾缘经过加厚处理后,所有攻角下的升力系数以及升阻比系数都得到了提高,流动情况进一步改善,涡心与失速点均有一定程度的后移,表明钝尾缘翼型具有比原始翼型和优化翼型更好的升阻力特性。     

Gurney襟翼对风力机专用翼型气动性能的影响

为了研究Gurney襟翼对风力机专用翼型的增升效果,采用数值求解N-S方程的方法,对装有Gurney襟翼的DU95-W-180翼型进行了数值计算,在翼型尾缘压力面添加高度为弦长的1%、2%、3%、4%的Gurney襟翼,攻角范围为-8°~18°,计算各种工况下的翼型气动性能并与原翼型气动性能相比较。结果表明:Gurney襟翼对风力机专用翼型有很好的增升效果,而且增升效果与高度密切相关,襟翼高度越大,升力系数越大,相应的阻力系数也会增大。Gurney襟翼的最佳应用场合为中高升力系数情况,在中小升力系数情况下不宜使用。     

风力机叶片翼型俯仰与动尾翼耦合运动数值仿真

现代风力机叶片普遍采用变桨系统降低气动载荷。尾缘襟翼是实现飞机机翼载荷控制的一种可行方法，然而由于相关技术尚未成熟，动尾翼尚未实际应用在风力机叶片上。本文采用数值计算模拟和分析动尾翼与翼型俯仰耦合状况下的动态升力变化。采用结构化网格，对尾缘襟翼部分应用浸入边界方法，其余部分仍然沿用传统贴体网格算法，实现了动尾翼的仿真又保证了较高的计算效率。计算结果与风洞实验进行了详细对比，动态升力的变化趋势和大小均显示了较好的吻合，为包含动尾翼的智能叶片开发提供参考。     

风力机的翼型弯度对风力机翼型气动性能的影响

利用CFD软件对S827翼型进行数值计算,验证了选用RNG k-ε两方程作为CFD数值计算的湍流模式的合理性.基于RNG k-ε湍流模式对S902和S903两种翼型的气动性能进行了数值模拟计算,研究了翼型弯度对翼型的升力特性、阻力特性、最大升力系数、最大升阻比、流动分离特性、失速特性和深失速特性等气动特性的影响.     

CFD investigation on the flatback airfoil effect of 10 MW wind turbine blade

The flatback airfoil effect on the inboard region of a large wind turbine blade was investigated by numerical analysis. Complicated flow phenomena in wind turbine blade with flatback and non-flatback airfoil were captured by Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes flow simulation with shear stress transport turbulence model. Although both airfoil blades were designed using blade element momentum theory to produce identical shaft power, results of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow analysis indicated that at a specific location of the root area, the flatback airfoil improved the inboard force by approximately 6 % compared with the non-flatback airfoil. We were also able to confirm that by using the flatback airfoil, the overall shaft power throughout the blade increased by 1 %, thereby restraining the bending moment exerted by the thrust force on the hub by 0.5 %. Moreover, numerical analysis results indicated that the flatback airfoil blade reduced the size of the secondary vortex around the blade root area and its progress in the secondary direction in comparison with the non-flatback airfoil blade. The shape of the flatback airfoil on the trailing edge weakened the adverse pressure gradient migrating from the lower to the upper surface. Regardless of the flatback airfoils, the tip vortex core of the outboard region formed on the suction surface leading edge and strongly rolled up by the pressure surface boundary layers due to the large pressure difference between the suction and pressure surfaces in the blade tip region. This remarkable strong tip vortex developed downstream and raked up the boundary layer of the blade trailing edge with low energy.     

Aeroacoustic simulations of a blunt trailing-edge wind turbine airfoil

We demonstrate the effectiveness of semi-empirical Brooks, Pope and Marcolini model and hybrid large eddy simulations in calculating the blunt trailing edge wind turbine noise at higher Reynolds number conditions. The 4 million element meshes of sharp and blunt trailing edge airfoils were tested at a Reynolds number of 3.2 million and an angle of attack of 4 degrees. The predicted airfoil self-noise by the modified semi-empirical formula with a low frequency directivity function and an additional term for large thickness ratio was compared to the experiments. The sound pressure level spectra from the hybrid large eddy simulation show that the predictions agree well with experimental measurements at the same observer location in the peak frequencies of the blunt trailing edge noise and sound pressure level rates of change at lower frequencies are also similar to experiments. The modified semi-empirical formula and the hybrid large eddy simulation can be considered as promising tools for high vorticity flow problems, especially for flatback airfoils for use on large wind turbines.     

Investigation on aerodynamics and active flow control of a vertical axis wind turbine with flapped airfoil

A 2D unsteady numerical simulation with dynamic and sliding meshing techniques was conducted to solve the flow around a threeblade Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). The circular wakes, strip-like wakes and the shedding vortex structures interact with each other result in an extremely unstable performance. An airfoil with a trailing edge flap, based on the NACA0012 airfoil, has been designed for VAWT to improve flow field around the turbine. Strategy of flap control is applied to regulate the flap angle. The results show that the flapped airfoil has an positive effect on damping trailing edge wake separation, deferring dynamic stall and reducing the oscillating amplitude. The circular wake vortices change into strip vortices during the pitch-up interval of the airfoils. Examination of the flow details around the rotating airfoil indicates that flap control improves the dynamic stall by diminishing the trend of flow separation. Airfoil stall separation has been suppressed since the range of nominal angle of attack is narrowed down by an oscillating flap. Vortices with large intensity over rotational region are reduced by 90 %. The lift coefficient hysteresis loop of flapped airfoil acts as an O type, which represents a more stable unsteady performance. With flap control, the peak of power coefficient has increased by 10 % relative to the full blade VAWT. Obviously, the proposed flapped airfoil design combined with the active flow control significantly has shown the potential to eliminate dynamic stall and improve the aerodynamic performance and operation stability of VAWT.     

波浪型结节改形风机翼型的气动性能研究

采用大涡模拟湍流模型对前后缘波浪型结节改形风机翼型在雷偌数5×104下不同攻角的流动控制机理进行了数值研究。研究表明:相比于标准直翼型NACA0012,改形风机翼型在失速区得到了更平缓的升力曲线。在小攻角(α<12°)工况下,改形翼型的升力系数稍小,然而当攻角(α>12°)时,其升力系数明显提高,最高可达37%。改形翼型由于其前后缘沿展向呈正弦波浪型变化,在不同截面处的呈现出明显不同的尾迹结构,从而导致其表面自由剪切层发生扭曲。这种三维涡在其产生、发展以及推移过程中的相互作用,使得其三维尾迹涡结构在失速区能得到很好的控制,从而达到延迟流动分离及减小失速影响的目的。深入研究前后缘波浪型结节改形风机翼型尾迹结构的流动分布及物理特性等,对于揭示前后缘结节改形风机翼型流动控制机理具有非常重要的意义。     

Aerodynamic performance evaluation of basic airfoils for an agricultural unmanned helicopter using wind tunnel test and CFD simulation

There is growing interest in unmanned aerial pesticide application, which is a new farming paradigm aimed at reducing labor and improving production stability. To alleviate the difficulties being experienced by operators and pilots, researchers are focusing on the lack of lift and are trying to enhance lift by improving rotor airfoil. In this study, with the objective of enhancing the rotor performance of agricultural unmanned helicopters, the performance of basic airfoils was evaluated in a wind tunnel and via computational fluid dynamics simulation. The lift and power characteristics of rotor blades were also evaluated. As airfoil design steps to improve the lift of unmanned helicopter, the characteristics of lift, drag, and power were analyzed via wind tunnel tests for the 400 mm section models of two airfoils, specifically a thick airfoil (V1505A) with blunt nose and a thin airfoil (V2008B) with drooping nose. The V1505A airfoil is appropriate for the inboard region, which requires stable aerodynamics at a high angle of attack. On the other hand, the V2008B airfoil is ideal for the outboard region of the rotor because it has a relatively high dynamic efficiency. Therefore, it is expected that a transitional airfoil blade with a negative twist angle can solve the problems of unmanned aerial pesticide application.

     

复合新翼型风力机叶片的气动设计及建模

基于Wilson法,用美国可再生能源实验室开发的S系列新翼型S833、S834、S835和三者的组合翼型来设计叶片,不同翼型连接处采用MATLAB程序语言的样条差值和曲线拟合法进行过渡修正,以满足气动连续性要求。在叶片设计基础上,分别计算了单翼型和复合翼型叶片的气动性能;利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了风轮的三维实体模型。结果表明:复合翼型叶片在较宽尖速比范围内比其它几种单翼型叶片的功率系数大,利用ANSYS软件建立的风轮实体三维模型,为风轮的结构动态及载荷等问题的进一步分析提供了技术基础。