A Lossy Dielectric-Ring Loaded Waveguide With Suppressed Periodicity for Gyro-TWTs Applications

A dielectric-loaded (DL) waveguide is an attractive possibility for interaction circuits with high-power sources in the millimeter-wave regime down to tenths of millimeters, particularly for gyrotron-traveling-wave-tube amplifiers (gyro-TWTs). We present results on a systematic investigation of the influence of the periodically loaded lossy dielectric on the propagation characteristics of the operating modes, which reveals that a complex mode in the periodic system can be mapped to a corresponding mode in an empty waveguide or a uniform DL waveguide. Dielectric losses not only induce modal transitions between different modes with similar field structures and close phase velocities in the uniform system but also unify the discrete mode spectrum into a continuous spectrum in the periodic system. Since the lossy dielectric functions as a power sink, the higher order Bloch harmonic components arising from the structural periodicity are suppressed, and the mode spectrum of the lossy periodic system degenerates into that of an empty waveguide. This alleviates the potential danger of spurious oscillations induced by the higher order harmonic components, making the periodic lossy DL waveguide promising in a high-power millimeter-wave gyro-TWT.     

Interferometric fiber-optic sensing based on the modulation ofgroup delay and first order dispersion: application tostrain-temperature measurand

We describe an extension of low coherence interferometry which uses the complete interferogram rather than just the interferogram envelope. We measure the phase across the entire source spectrum using dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy, and obtain group delay and dispersion from the phase curve. We apply the technique to a simultaneous quasi-static strain-temperature measurand in which strain and temperature are recovered from the modulation of group delay and first-order dispersion. We show these parameters have a negligible cross-term, yield a particularly robust transformation to strain and temperature, are immune to 2 π phase ambiguity and insensitive to fiber geometry. With an ultra broadband thermal source we achieved simultaneous resolution of strain acid temperature to accuracies of 5 μstrain.m and 0.35 K over strain and temperature ranges of 1200 μstrain.m and 22 K. We present detail of a diffraction grating-coupled multiple SELED source and its operation in optical fiber DFTS. With this source we achieved resolutions of <1 μstrain in single parameter measurement of strain and a temperature insensitive measurement of strain to within 15 μstrain.m over a strain range of 1200 μstrain.m in the presence of a temperature fluctuation of 20 K     

光子晶体光纤中频率啁啾对超连续谱的影响

基于光子晶体光纤(PCF)中脉冲演变遵循的非线性演化方程,用数值方法研究了反常色散情形下PCF中脉冲初始啁啾对超连续谱产生的影响,探讨了利用脉冲啁啾控制超连续谱产生的方法。结果表明：正、负啁啾均使谱展宽的速率变小,尤其是负啁啾情形,展宽速率更小,说明啁啾对谱展宽是不利的;在一定的初始条件下,光谱展宽存在一个最佳光纤长度,在这个长度处,光谱展宽最大,进一步增加光纤长度,谱宽基本保持不变;相对于变换极限脉冲来说,初始正、负啁啾脉冲对应的最佳光纤长度分别缩短和延长。     

基于单幅干涉图的溶液浓度变化量测量

溶液浓度变化量的测量在材料、生物医学等领域具有重要的研究意义。为快速、非接触地测量溶液浓度的变化量,在马赫曾德干涉仪基础上构建测量光路,采用虚光栅莫尔条纹法处理含有浓度变化信息的单幅干涉图,借助对干涉图中溶液区域外部干涉条纹的分析,解决了常规虚光栅莫尔条纹法难以处理条纹密度分布不均匀的干涉图的问题。实验定量测得了NaCl溶液浓度变化量的分布情况。     

Surface modes in slab waveguides with a left handed materials cover

The surface mode propagation along a dielectric slab waveguide which consists of the core and substrate of right handed materials (RHM) and the cover of left handed materials (LHM) is studied. The normalized frequency and normalized propagation constant are introduced to the left-handed material slab waveguides. The dispersion relations expressed by the normalized parameters are derived. Universal dispersion curves are obtained analytically. Based on that, the dispersion properties differ dramatically for d...     

使用区域中值滤波算法降低同步辐射红外线站由Top-Up模式引入的噪声

为了提高同步辐射红外光源的光子通量和亮度以及改善光学元件的热稳定性,同步辐射光源现多采用恒流注束(Top-Up)模式,以保持储存环内部束流的稳定.在增强器向储存环注束时,储存环电流的瞬时起伏及电子束团位置的变动等会使同步辐射红外线站所用红外傅立叶变换(FTIR)光谱仪所采的干涉图上出现较大的波动,形成噪声;本文根据该噪声的特点,以及全域中值滤波算法处理该类型的噪声的不足,提出使用区域中值滤波算法对红外谱学线站使用的FTIR光谱仪所采的干涉图进行预处理,以消除由Top-Up模式引入的噪声的影响;并根据该型噪声的特点和区域中值滤波算法的处理过程,设计了一套去除由Top-Up模式引入的同步辐射红外谱学噪声的流程,使该区域中值滤波算法的处理过程无需人工干预;使用该区域中值滤波算法对具有该型噪声的干涉图进行了降噪处理,计算结果表明:使用该滤波算法可消除由Top-Up模式引入噪声的影响,提升Top-Up模式下所采光谱的信噪比.     

Substrate Modes of (Al,In)GaN Semiconductor Laser Diodes on SiC and GaN Substrates

In semiconductor laser diodes layers with high refractive index can act as parasitic waveguides and cause severe losses to the optical mode propagating in the longitudinal direction. For (Al,In)GaN laser diodes, the parasitic modes are typically caused by the SiC or GaN substrate or buffer layers, hence the name substrate modes. A set of four different experiments shows the effect of substrate modes in the near-field (the most direct evidence of substrate modes), as side lobes in far-field, oscillations of the optical gain spectra, and as dependency of threshold current on n-cladding thickness. We derive several basic properties of the substrate modes by simple estimates. For a quantitative analysis we employ a 2-D finite element electromagnetic simulation tool. We simulate periodic variations in the cavity gain spectrum that explain the measurements in terms of absolute value and oscillation amplitude. We show that it is necessary to include the refractive index dispersion in order to get the correct period of the gain oscillations. Furthermore, we use the simulations to optimize the laser diode design with respect to substrate mode losses within the constraints given, e.g., by growth conditions     

Measurement of phase and amplitude error distributions inarrayed-waveguide grating multi/demultiplexers based on dispersivewaveguide

We measured the phase and amplitude error distributions in InP-based arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) multi/demultiplexers using Fourier transform spectroscopy with interferogram restoration. The interferogram restoration was used to reduce the effect of the group-velocity dispersion of the waveguide. It was based on a wavenumber scale transformation or a dispersion balance between two arms in the interferometer. We derived a criterion for choosing the appropriate restoration method by estimating the worst-case measurement error in the presence of second order dispersion. After selecting a method using the derived criterion, we obtained isolated fringe patterns, from which we were able to obtain the phase and amplitude distributions in 50 and 200 GHz AWGs. Using the obtained distributions, we examined the origin of the crosstalk and chromatic dispersion in InP-based AWGs. The results revealed that the main origin is phase error as found with SiO₂ -based AWGs     

复杂表面散射对干涉图对比度的影响及对干涉图的处理

以带有焊点的印刷电路板形成的干涉图为例,讨论了复杂物体表面的散射对干涉图对比度的影响,提出了处理复杂干涉图的简单方法.     

基于Goldstein滤波的数字散斑条纹图降噪方法

有效去除数字散斑条纹图中的噪声是散斑干涉测量技术中的关键问题。提出了一种基于Goldstein滤波的数字散斑条纹图平滑方法。该方法需要将散斑条纹图中的干涉相位转换为矢量空间中的单位矢量,并进行快速傅里叶变换(FFT),得到其频谱,然后对频谱进行加权处理,从而抑制噪声的频率成分,再将加权处理后的频谱变换到空间域,计算干涉相位,得到原始散斑条纹图的滤波结果。将该滤波方法运用于四步相移数字散斑干涉条纹图像处理。实验结果表明,该方法在滤除散斑噪声的同时能够有效地保护散斑条纹图的轮廓和细节信息,增强了散斑干涉条纹的对比度。     

Tolerance Requirements for Dispersion Free Single-Mode Fiber Design: Influence of Geometrical Parameters, Dopant Diffusion, and Axial Dip

The dispersion sensitivity to small changes in index-differences, radius, and wavelength is investigated in the case of dispersion free single-mode fibers. If a minimum bandwidth is required, tolerances on the various parameters can then be deduced: singly- and doubly-clad structures are compared. Constant reference is made to the HE/sub 11/ mode spot-size to relate dispersion properties and attenuation. A nonzero fundamental mode cutoff is shown to induce an enhanced sensitivity to a change in fiber geometrical characteristics. The effect of dopant diffusion and axial dip on dispersion is then considered and conclusions are drawn concerning the use of profiles measured on preforms to predict fiber propagation properties.     

闭合条纹图的傅立叶分析方法

在基于条纹投影的傅里叶变换轮廓术(FTP)方法中,相位信息叠加在载波条纹中,即必须存在载波条纹.当干涉图中条纹以闭合形式存在,由于没有载频存在,不能直接采用傅立叶条纹分析方法恢复物光波的相位信息.本文采用极坐标的坐标变换方法,将封闭条纹展开,用传统傅立叶滤波方法进行处理,再将得到的信息反变换到原坐标中,得到测量物体的三维分布.文中用二维FFT的迭代算法对条纹进行解析延拓可明显减小由于坐标变换引入的条纹锐截止误差,从而提高测量精度.计算机模拟证实了所提方法的有效性.     

斜程湍流大气中矢量涡旋光束的OAM特性研究

基于螺旋谱理论推导出矢量涡旋光束在斜程大气湍流传输中的轨道角动量(orbital angularmomentum,OAM)谱,讨论了修正Kolmogorov大气湍流对不同阶矢量涡旋光束光场分布及光束OAM谱的影响。利用旋转毛玻璃作为随机相位屏,实验采集了矢量涡旋光束通过旋转毛玻璃后的光强图像与归一化强度。结果表明:经大气湍流斜程传输后,矢量涡旋光束的光强分布产生畸变且OAM谱发生弥散,OAM谱弥散程度随传输距离的增大而增大。传输距离不变时,天顶角越大,主OAM模相对功率越小,湍流内尺度减小与折射率结构常数增大均会导致主OAM模相对功率减小。同一传输路径下,随着湍流强度的增大,矢量涡旋光束中心相位奇点的强度逐渐增大,并且拓扑荷不变时,偏振阶数高的矢量涡旋光束受到的湍流影响较小。     

An accurate measurement technique for line properties, junctioneffects, and dielectric and magnetic material parameters

Transmission/reflection coefficients of unknown transmission lines are analyzed. The characteristic impedance, the propagation constant, and the parameters of the junctions at the connections with the measurement setup can be calculated if the coefficients of three different lengths of the line being investigated are measured. Therefore it is called the L³ method (line/line/line). Transmission data suffice for the determination of only the propagation constant. They are used in the case of material parameter measurements with loaded lines. Dielectric and magnetic properties of the filling material are calculated using the set of transverse resonance equations     

Effect of a magnetic wall and a conducting plane on the characteristics of magnetostatic waves in an in-plane-magnetized ferrite plate

The dispersion relations for an in-plane-magnetized ferrite plate with an arbitrary combination of magnetic-wall or perfectly conducting plane boundary conditions imposed at a distance from the plate’s surfaces are compared. A rule is formulated so that a dispersion relation for one of the structures can be used to derive the equation for any other structure. The isofrequency and dispersion characteristics of magnetostatic waves in a metal/ferrite/magnetic-wall structure are investigated. It is found that, in this case, the waves are characterized not only by a unidirectional propagation over the entire range of their existence (～5 GHz) but also by the presence of a nearly straight section of the dispersion curve (～2 GHz). In this structure, volume waves, surface waves, and waves with an amplitude that is constant over the plate thickness are seen to exist within the same frequency interval.     

Tolerance requirements for dispersion free single-mode fiber design: Influence of geometrical parameters, dopant diffusion, and axial dip

The dispersion sensitivity to small changes in index-differences, radius, and wavelength is investigated in the case of dispersion free single-mode fibers. If a minimum bandwidth is required, tolerances on the various parameters can then be deduced: singly- and doubly-clad structures are compared. Constant reference is made to the HE11mode spot-size to relate dispersion properties and attenuation. A nonzero fundamental mode cutoff is shown to induce an enhanced sensitivity to a change in fiber geometrical characteristics. The effect of dopant diffusion and axial dip on dispersion is then considered and conclusions are drawn concerning the use of profiles measured on preforms to predict fiber propagation properties.     

Investigation of wave breaking in the normal dispersion region of nano-structured photonic crystal fibers

The propagation of femtosecond laser pulses with wavelengths of 1550 nm, 1064 nm, 800 nm and 700 nm, respectively, which are in the normal dispersion region of the nano-structured photonic crystal fiber (N-PCF) with interesting broadband normal dispersion and highly nonlinear properties, is studied. For the effect of chirp variation mainly induced by group velocity dispersion (GVD) and self-phase modulation (SPM), after propagation over a short length, the wave breaking occurs. Namely, oscillatory structures are presented near pulse edges and sidelobes appear in the pulse spectrum. In the case of 800 nm, after the propagation of 20 mm, a super flat spectrum is obtained. The bandwidth of the super flat spectrum is associated with the dispersion length and the nonlinear length. By choosing N-PCF and laser pulse with appropriate parameters, a broadband super flat spectrum in a short length can be achieved.     

Rabi oscillations for subpicosecond pulses in quantum-well optical amplifiers: interplay of carrier heating, nonlinear, and spectral effects

Using the Foreman effective mass Hamiltonian for strained In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As--In/sub y/Ga/sub 1-y/As/sub z/P/sub 1-z/ quantum wells, the propagation of subpicosecond pulses in a 1.55-/spl mu/m optical amplifier was calculated. The multisubband carrier dynamics as well as the polarization dynamics were taken into account. Carrier heating and coherent light-carrier interactions as well as the interplay of these nonlinear processes and the amplifier dispersion are studied. Strong Rabi oscillations occur in the optical field of a propagated pulse, its frequency chirp, as well as in the carrier density and temperature. While the Rabi oscillation imposes negative frequency chirp and hence red-shifts the pulse spectrum, positive frequency chirp can occur due to the local gain dispersion, where the higher frequency components of the pulse have larger gain. Due to the Rabi oscillation, the spectrum of the amplified pulse is considerably distorted and sidebands emerge. For a linearly chirped input pulse, the spectrum of the output pulse can be either red-shifted or blue-shifted with respect to its center frequency, depending on its initial chirp. For strong pulse propagation, a pronounced pulse break up occurs when a 175-fs pulse propagates in the gain regime, while a significant pulse compression occurs when the pulse propagates at the transparency point.     

干涉波前的恢复技术

提出了相位展开方法,用单张干涉图实现干涉波前的恢复,获取相位物体的相位差信息,并将其应用于重建波面经过温度场引起的相位变化,且与条纹跟追方法比较,获得了良好的效果。     

介电常数近零模式与表面声子极化模式的耦合杂化研究

介电常数近零模式为在纳米尺度上控制光与物质相互作用提供了新途径。利用衰减全反射原理分别激发Al₂O₃衬底的声子极化激元和GaN薄膜的介电常数近零模式,并且通过调整薄层厚度和优化空气层的间隙来实现双层结构模式的耦合杂化。使用传输矩阵法和有限时域差分法数值模拟计算了混合模式的电场分布和色散,结果表明两种模式由于满足强耦合条件而发生耦合劈裂。在有限时域差分法模拟的光谱中,色散关系的高频和低频分支在反交叉点都显示出强耦合,从电场图中可以观察到混合模式。混合模式具有高度传播特性和亚波长光限制的特点,可以作为未来红外和太赫兹纳米光子集成和通信设备的基础。