C含量对断路器用紫铜表面Ti感应熔覆层组织及硬度的影响

对Ti/石墨粉末进行高频感应处理,使其发生熔融到断路器用紫铜表面得到Ti熔覆层,分析了C含量对其组织及硬度的影响。研究结果表明:所有感应熔覆层都形成了TiC成分对应的衍射峰,在熔覆阶段Ti和石墨反应后转变为TiC。加入不同含量C后获得具有同样成分的熔覆层,提高C加入量后形成了更强的TiC衍射峰,形成了较为平整的熔覆层,并且获得了致密组织结构,整体厚度分布较为均匀,跟基体之间属于一种冶金结合状态。随着C加入量提高已观察不到短纤维形态,形成了许多等轴形态TiC。在过渡区中形成了具有短纤维结构TiC,呈现均匀的分布形态。提高C含量后,获得了显微硬度更大的Ti感应熔覆层,熔覆层组织中生成了更多TiC,使熔覆层获得更高硬度。     

钛合金表面激光熔覆Ti/Ni+ZrO_2涂层的组织与性能

为提高TA15钛合金的表面硬度和耐磨性,采用激光熔覆方法在钛合金表面制备了Ti/Ni+5%ZrO_2涂层(质量分数),并对其组织和性能进行了研究。结果表明:熔覆层与基体结合良好;熔覆层中除了有Ti2Ni和TiNi金属间化合物之外还有少量的单斜相氧化锆(m-ZrO_2)和四方相氧化锆(t-ZrO_2);熔覆层中主要生成相TiNi和Ti2Ni可以极大地提高熔覆层的耐磨性和硬度,ZrO_2相在提高熔覆层韧性的同时,进一步提高了熔覆层的耐磨性和硬度。     

钛合金表面激光熔覆Ti/Al/B4C/C涂层组织与性能分析

针对钛合金硬度低和耐磨性差的特点,采用激光熔覆技术在TC4钛合金表面制备Ti/Al/B4C/C熔覆层,利用XRD、SEM、EDS探究熔覆层微观组织,并测试熔覆层对TC4钛合金表面硬度及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:Ti/Al/B4C/C熔覆层中由于形成Ti B、Ti B2、Ti C等硬质陶瓷相及Ti-Al系金属间化合物和Ti3Al C相,相比于基体具有高的硬度和优异的耐磨性。熔覆层硬度在1 100～1 720 HV之间,较基体提升了2～3倍,其体积磨损率约为(2.29～4.18)×10-6mm3/(N·mm),较基体降低了14%～53%,其中以Ti∶Al∶B4C∶C=57∶20∶18∶5(质量比)混合粉末形成的熔覆层性能最好。     

2205钢表面激光熔覆Ni基+WC合金涂层的研究

采用激光熔覆技术在2205双相不锈钢表面制备Ni基与WC合金熔覆层,并对添加不同WC含量的合金粉末在相同激光熔覆工艺参数下的合金熔覆层进行成分和性能分析,探讨不同WC添加量对熔覆层微观组织、耐腐蚀性能及硬度的影响。研究结果表明:激光熔覆层与基体之间获得了良好的冶金结合,熔覆层与基体元素有较好的对流和扩散;熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能随WC添加量的增加呈负相关,在WC添加量为15%时,熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能最差;熔覆层的硬度值从熔覆层至基体呈梯度降低趋势,熔覆层硬度约为基体硬度的2~3倍,而单一熔覆Ni基WC合金层硬度值变化较大。     

Ti811表面激光熔覆原位合成TiC-TiB2复合Ti基涂层的微观组织分析

在Ti811钛合金表面利用同步送粉激光熔覆技术,制备了TC4+Ni45多道搭接激光熔覆层。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)等分析了涂层组织和相组成,利用显微硬度计测试了涂层的显微硬度。结果表明,涂层微观组织中均匀分布的析出相主要包括基底α-Ti、金属间化合物Ti_2Ni、增强相TiB_2和增强相TiC。其中,TiC在TiB_2表面异质形核,形成了TiC+TiB_2的复合相结构;同时,纳米TiC颗粒在涂层基体中弥散分布。由于涂层中TiC与TiB_2的共同作用,涂层的显微硬度与基底相比有了显著提高,最高硬度为770HV0.5左右,约为基底硬度的2倍。     

激光熔覆NiCrAl-陶瓷涂层的显微组织研究

运用激光熔覆技术在40Cr钢表面制备了(TiO-2+B-2O-3+Al-2O-3+TiB-2)/NiCrAl金属陶瓷涂层,其中的TiB-2和Al-2O-3陶瓷颗粒在激光加工过程中原位反应生成;对熔覆层的组织、物相、元素分布和显微硬度分布特征进行了分析研究;熔覆层中的主相依次分别是γ|Ni,γ′,Al-2O-3和TiB-2,熔覆层的微观结构和硬度主要和激光处理参数和熔覆层化学组成有关［1～9］;陶瓷相的原位生成和加入,大大改善了熔覆层的硬度和覆层/基体界面的结合性能。     

Ti811合金表面激光熔覆Ti2Ni+TiC+Al2O3+CrxSy复合涂层的组织和性能

以TC4+Ni45+Al₂O₃+MoS₂+Y₂O₃混合粉末为熔覆材料,采用同轴送粉技术在Ti811合金表面进行激光熔覆制备复合涂层,使用SEM、EDS和XRD等手段分析了涂层的微观组织,测试了涂层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,在激光熔覆过程中Ti811合金中的Ni和C分别与Ti发生反应,原位生成金属间化合物Ti₂Ni和硬质增强相TiC;MoS₂分解后S与Cr发生硫化反应生成了软质润滑相Cr_xS_y。网状形态的Ti₂Ni、近球状和枝晶形态的TiC以及点状的Al₂O₃,均匀分布在熔覆层中。硬质相强化和软质相润滑的共同作用,使激光熔覆层具有较高的显微硬度和较优良的耐磨性能。激光功率为900 W的熔覆层其平均显微硬度值达1303.5HV_0.5,其耐磨性能最佳。     

Ti6Al4V合金激光熔覆γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC复合层的组织与摩擦学性能

为提高Ti6Al4V合金的摩擦学性能,以NiCr-Cr₃C₂金属陶瓷粉末为涂覆材料,采用激光熔覆技术在Ti6Al4V表面制备以TiC为增强相、γ-NiCrAlTi固溶体为增韧相的熔覆层。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）分析了熔覆层的物相组成及显微组织,测试了熔覆层沿层深方向的硬度分布,分别在室温（24℃）,300,600℃测试了熔覆层和Ti6Al4V合金基体的干滑动磨损性能。结果表明:熔覆层的平均硬度约1 100HV_{2 N},约为基体的3倍;室温时,由于高硬度增强相TiC和增韧相γ-NiCrAlTi固溶体的综合效应,激光熔覆γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC复合层的摩擦系数和磨损率比Ti6Al4V合金基体的显著降低,熔覆层具有较好的耐磨减摩性能,磨损机理主要为黏着磨损;300,600℃时,熔覆层被氧化,耐磨性减弱,磨损机理主要为黏着磨损和塑性变形。     

基底材料对NiCrBSiC合金激光熔覆层组织和磨损性能的影响

采用横流CO2激光在45钢和TC4钛合金表面熔覆NiCrBSiC合金涂层,利用XRD,SEM和TEM分析了激光熔覆层的微观组织,测试了激光熔覆层的硬度和摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,NiCrBSiC合金激光熔覆层的组织和性能与基底材料的种类密切相关.45钢表面激光熔覆层由γ-Ni,Ni3B,Cr7C3和CrB相组成,硬度在HV800～900之间;TC4合金表面激光熔覆层由γ-Ni,Ni3B,TiC和TiB2相组成,硬度在HV900～1100之间.TC4合金表面NiCrBSiC激光熔覆层的摩擦系数和质量磨损率分别低于45钢表面NiCrBSiC激光熔覆层的摩擦系数和质量磨损率.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层中析出相热力学模拟计算

采用横流CO2激光器在TC4合金表面熔覆Ni基合金涂层,对激光熔覆层的微观组织、析出相、各合金元素在γ-Ni和M23C6相中含量变化进行了研究.结果表明,熔覆层可分为三个区:熔覆区、结合区和基体热影响区.熔覆区由γ-Ni,TiB2,TiC,M23C6和Ni3B相组成,其中,TiB2,TiC和M23C6细小颗粒均匀分布于γ-Ni初晶上,共晶组织由γ-Ni和Ni3B组成.为揭示TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层在3500～500K温度范围的相组成及组织变化规律,利用Thermo-Calc软件及相应Ni基合金数据库对TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层凝固过程中各析出相进行了热力学计算分析,研究了熔覆层中γ-Ni,TiB2,TiC,M23C6和Ni3B各相相对含量和B,C,Cr,Fe,Ni,Ti元素在γ-Ni和M23C6相中的含量随温度变化关系,为TC4合金表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层成分设计和工艺优化提供理论依据.     

Laser cladding composite coatings by Ni–Cr–Ti–B4C with different process parameters

To investigate the effect of laser process parameters on microstructure and properties of composite coating, the composite coatings were manufactured by laser cladding Ni–Cr–Ti–B₄C mixed powder on Q235 mild steel with different process parameters. The coatings are bonded with the substrate by remarkable metallurgical binding without cracks and pores. The composite coatings are consisted of in situ synthesized solid solution Ni–Cr–Fe, intermetallic compound (IMC) Ni₃Ti, Cr₂Ti, and ceramic reinforcements TiB₂, TiC. Results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the ceramic reinforcements became coarser with higher specific energy (E_s). There were independent ceramics TiB₂, TiC, eutectic ceramic TiB₂–TiC in coatings, and eutectic alloy–ceramic was detected. Compared with the substrate, the microhardness of coatings was increased significantly, and the maximum microhardness of coatings was approximately five times as high as the substrate. The wear resistance of coatings was improved dramatically than the substrate. Compared to the coatings with lower E_s, higher E_s led to lower microhardness and worse wear resistance ascribing to more Fe diffused into the coating from the substrate.     

Effect of nano-CeO2 on microstructure properties of TiC/TiN+nTi(CN) reinforced composite coating

TiC/TiN+TiCN reinforced composite coatings were fabricated on Ti?C6Al?C4V alloy by laser cladding, which improved surface performance of the substrate. Nano-CeO₂ was able to suppress crystallization and growth of the crystals in the laser-cladded coating to a certain extent. With the addition of proper content of nano-CeO₂, this coating exhibited fine microstructure. In this study, the Al₃Ti+TiC/TiN+nano-CeO₂ laser-cladded coatings were studied by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The X-ray diffraction results indicated that the Al₃Ti+TiC/TiN+nano-CeO₂ laser-cladded coating consisted of Ti₃Al, TiC, TiN, Ti₂Al₂₀Ce, TiC_0·3N_0·7, Ce(CN)₃ and CeO₂, this phase constituent was beneficial to increase the microhardness and wear resistance of Ti?C6Al?C6V alloy.     

In-situ TiC Reinforced Composite Coating Produced by Powder Feeding Laser Cladding

A Ni-base alloy composite coating reinforced with TiC particles of various shapes and sizes on medium carbon steel substrate was produced by multilayer laser cladding. The chemical compositions, microstructures and surface morphology of the cladded layer were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and X-ray diffractometry （XRD）. The experimental results showed that an excellent metallurgical bonding between the coating and the substrate was obtained. The microstructure of the coating was mainly composed of γ-Ni dendrites, a small amount of CrB, Ni3B, M23C6 and dispersed TiC particles. Much more and larger TiC particles formed in the overlapping zone, which led to a slightly higher microhardness of this zone. The maximum microhardness of the coating was about HV0.21200. The effects of the laser processing parameters on the microstructures and properties of coating were also investigated.     

Effect of nano-CeO2 on microstructure properties of TiC/TiN+TiCN-reinforced composite coating

TiC/TiN+TiCN-reinforced composite coatings were fabricated on Ti–6Al–4V alloy by laser cladding, which improved surface performance of the substrate. Nano-CeO₂ was able to suppress crystallization and growth of crystals in the laser-cladded coating to a certain extent. With the addition of proper content of nano-CeO₂, this coating exhibited fine microstructure. In this study, Al₃Ti+TiC/TiN+nano-CeO₂ laser-cladded coatings have been studied by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. X-ray diffraction results indicated that Al₃Ti+TiC/TiN+nano-CeO₂ laser-cladded coating consisted of Ti₃Al, TiC, TiN, Ti₂Al₂₀Ce, TiC_0·3N_0·7, Ce(CN)₃ and CeO₂, this phase constituent was beneficial in increasing microhardness and wear resistance of Ti–6Al–6V alloy.     

激光熔覆原位自生TiC颗粒增强镍基复合涂层的组织与耐磨性

采用预置粉末法在45钢表面进行激光熔覆镍基Ni60A+x%(SiC+Ti)(质量分数,下同)复合粉末涂层的实验研究。使用往复式磨损试验机对不同涂层材料的熔覆层进行干摩擦磨损实验,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)观察和分析熔覆层的显微组织与磨损形貌。结果表明:复合粉末通过原位反应生成弥散分布的TiC颗粒增强复合涂层,随着(SiC+Ti)含量的增加,颗粒状TiC的尺寸和数目逐渐增加;复合粉(SiC+Ti)含量达到60%时,微观组织有气孔和夹杂缺陷;复合粉(SiC+Ti)含量为48%时,熔覆层耐磨性最佳;复合涂层的磨损主要为磨粒磨损,机理为微观切削和挤压剥落。     

Ni–TiC coating deposited on Ti–6Al–4V substrate by thermal spraying and laser remelting of Ni-clad graphite powder

A process of thermal spraying and laser remelting of a Ni-clad graphite powder to form a coating on Ti–6Al–4V substrate was carried out. A good coating without cracks and pores was obtained. The microstructure of the coating was examined using SEM and EDS. The coating mainly consists of austenitic nickel as matrix and TiC dendrite as reinforcement. During the laser remelting process, a reaction between C and Ti occurred, which lead to an in-situ synthesis of TiC reinforcement in the coating. The microhardness of the coating was measured using a Vickers hardness tester. The average microhardness of the composite coating is HV 1000 and it is two times greater than that of the Ti–6Al–4V substrate.     

Y2O3对钛基激光熔覆层组织及性能的影响

针对Ti811钛合金硬度低、耐磨性差的问题,以TC4粉、Ni45A粉和Y₂O₃粉为原料,采用同轴送粉激光熔覆技术在Ti811钛合金表面进行了激光熔覆制备耐磨复合涂层的实验,分析了熔覆层的组织和相组成,测试了熔覆层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损等力学性能。研究表明:复合涂层组织由枝晶TiC、依附生长于枝晶TiC表面的纳米颗粒TiC、生长于基体表面的等轴球形（近球形）TiC、金属间化合物Ti₂Ni、增强相TiB、TiB₂及基体α-Ti组成,所有生成相呈均匀弥散分布状态;涂层中等轴球形（近球形）TiC和Y₂O₃构成了复合相结构,经二维点阵错配度计算表明,Y₂O₃的（111）晶面与TiC的（110）晶面的二维点阵错配度δ=6.54%,因此Y₂O₃可作为TiC的有效异质形核核心细化晶粒;涂层的显微硬度处于HV_0.5 655~700之间,较Ti811基材提高了约1.6~1.8倍;涂层的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损,摩擦磨损性能较基材显著提升。      

304不锈钢激光原位合成自润滑涂层的宽温域摩擦学性能

由于304不锈钢在中、高温下摩擦学性能较差,制约了其在重要摩擦运动副零部件上的应用。为改善304不锈钢的摩擦学性能,以Ni60粉末为增韧相,WS2为合成润滑相的前驱化合物,TiC为高硬度耐磨相,采用高能激光束在其表面原位合成自润滑耐磨复合涂层。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机和探针式材料表面磨痕测量仪表征涂层和基体的物相、微观结构、显微硬度与表面形貌,并系统研究涂层和基体在20,300,600,800℃下的摩擦学性能及其磨损机理。结果表明:涂层主要由Cr0.19Fe0.7Ni0.11,Ti2SC,Fe2C,Cr7C3,CrS和WS2组成;涂层的平均显微硬度(302.0HV0.5)略高于基体(257.2HV0.5),但涂层上部区域的硬度(425.4HV0.5)约为基体的1.65倍;涂层在所有等温摩擦学实验中摩擦因数和磨损率均低于基体,300℃时涂层润滑效果最好,摩擦因数为0.3031,600℃时涂层耐磨效果最好,磨损率为9.699×10^-5 mm^3·N^-1·m^-1。     

Ti6Al4V合金激光原位合成自润滑复合涂层高温摩擦学性能

为提高Ti6Al4V合金的高温摩擦学性能,采用激光熔覆技术在其表面原位合成多相混杂金属基高温自润滑耐磨复合涂层,熔覆粉末的成分为Ni60-16.8%TiC-23.2%WS_2(质量分数,下同),系统地研究复合涂层的显微组织、物相结构及其在20,300,600,800℃下的摩擦学性能和相关磨损机理。结果表明:复合涂层的显微硬度(701.88HV_0.5)约为基体(350 HV_0.5)的2倍;由于原位合成固体润滑相(Ti_2SC/TiS/NiS/TiO/TiO_2/NiCr_2O_4/Cr_2O_3)和硬质相(W,Ti)C_1-x/TiC/Cr_7C_3的协同作用,复合涂层的耐磨减摩性能明显优于基体。随着温度升高,涂层和基体的摩擦因数和磨损率均呈下降趋势,在800℃时复合涂层和基体的摩擦因数分别为0.32和0.43,磨损率分别为1.80×10^-4,2.92×10^-5mm/Nm。在800℃下塑性变形、分层和氧化磨损为基体主要磨损机理,复合涂层以氧化磨损和轻微的黏着磨损为主。