长输管道和海底管道对接焊缝射线检测验收标准比较分析

通过对射线检测评定标准SY4056－93《石油天然气钢质管道对接焊缝射线照相和质量分级》和DNV1981《海底管道系统规范》第10章节两者之间的比较分析，阐述了长输管道和海底管道工程施工中焊缝射线探伤评定标准之间的实际差别。     

锅炉焊缝的CR和DR技术应用现状和前景

无论是用胶片或X射线电子检测系统，射线照相一直是非常“经典”的无损检测技术。但还是存在不少实际问题，现有射线照相检测技术对钢焊缝中的一些危害性缺陷，检测定性仍然不够理想。     

甲醇合成塔射线检验工艺研究

在制造鲁南工程醇合成塔过程中 ,因工件结构、形状等不利因素 ,其特殊位置接管及封头焊缝实施射线检验时 ,存在很多技术难点。通过现场分析研究 ,利用放射性同位素 (γ源 )照相灵活、便携的特点 ,制订可行的射线照相检验工艺 ,使问题得以最终解决。     

锅炉焊缝的CR和DR技术应用现状和前景

1．前言无论是用胶片或X射线电子检测系统,射线照相一直是非常”经典”的无损检测技术。但还是存在不少实际问题,现有射线照相检测技术对钢焊缝中的一些危害性缺陷,检测定性仍然不够理想。胶片射线照相速度慢、费用大,且有辐射危险,特别是生产量大时,每天要检查成千上万个焊接接头。用图像增强器的射线实时成像（RTR）取代胶片射线照相,运行费用和处理时间大为减少,但常规RTR与胶片射线照相法相比,还是有两个弱点：对比灵敏度低,分辨率有限。     

焊缝超声波手工探伤“双信息”新技术

介绍在普通超声探伤仪上连接两附加装置，以获取探头扫迹和缺陷投影自动记录－所谓“双信息法”的最新技术，此法可减轻人为误差对焊缝超声手工探伤可靠性的影响。近十年来，前苏联及现俄的一些超声检测工作者，对焊缝声手工探伤的可靠性在技术上作了重要探索。众所周知，超声手工探伤有成本低、探伤灵敏度高的优点，但其可靠性受人为因素约制，因而无法与焊缝射线照相检验竞争。为减轻这些人为因素，俄、德已推出一种所谓“双信息”     

环焊缝周向曝光中偏心距的控制

锅炉压力容器环焊缝射线照相周向曝光工作效率高，为保证得到满意的裂纹检出率，着重对周向曝光中偏心距的正确选择加以讨论。     

射线探伤技术的优化问题

本文结合标准和实例，评述锅炉，压力容器射线探伤技术的优化问题。笔者认为，应立足于不断改进的器材条件和对基本理论的深刻理解，根据检验对象，有的放矢，以提高以裂纹类，危险性缺陷的检出灵敏度对着眼点，尽可能将各种工艺因素进行优化组合，从而使射线照相的固有能力得到充分利用和发挥。     

气化炉的无损检测研究

特殊结构焊缝的射线检测 ,倾斜焊缝的超声波 ,K、T、Y节点焊缝的超声波检测 ,内径小于 2 0 0mm的接管角焊缝的超声波检测     

角焊缝断裂产生的原因及防止措施

介绍压力容器在检验时发现角焊缝断裂的概况，分析探讨角焊缝断裂产生的原因主要是焊缝根部和近表面存在缺陷，在交变应力的作用下导致断裂并提出改进方法以防止缺陷产生确保压力容器安全运行。     

射线照相缺陷读谱

1射线照相缺陷“读谱”前期准备 1．1观片 灯射线照相底片必须满足现行法规标准对黑度和灵敏度及标记标识等自身质量要求。为能有效观察射线底片，应使用高强光的观片灯。市售观片灯式样很多，按观片灯屏形状，一般分4种：点式．面式，条式及点面组合式。     

High cycle fatigue strength of butt welded joints of small diameter pipes

Fillet welds are usually used for joints of small pipelines with 2-inch nominal outer diameter or smaller. The fillet welded joints might not be strong enough to withstand the high cycle fatigue produced by steady-state vibrations, because they have inherent crack-like discontinuities in the root portion. The fatigue strength of butt welded joints is believed to be higher than that of fillet welded joints, so that it is desirable to use butt welded joints for small pipelines under steady-state vibrations. However, there are no available data on high cycle fatigue strength of small diameter piping butt welded joints. This paper presents new data on high cycle fatigue strength of butt welded joints in small diameter pipes and development of their fatigue strength reduction factors for design use.     

基于RT技术的小径管焊缝质量控制的试验研究

小径管在电力、石化等行业发挥巨大作用，确保其安全运行非常重要。小径管对接焊缝的最有效的无损检测技术为射线检测。由于小径管自身的特点，其射线检测工艺选取较难。文中通过一系列试验探讨如何正确选择小径管的透照工艺，有效控制其焊缝质量。     

CFD analysis of heat transfer in hexagonal subchannels of super fast reactor in upward flow

A super fast reactor is a fast spectrum, supercritical, water‐cooled reactor. This paper represents CFD analysis of heat transfer in hexagonal subchannels of super fast reactor using FLUENT in ANSYS. The numerical simulation of grid stability was done by considering different mesh sizes and the turbulence model for heat transfer of supercritical water was also carried out and compared with the experimental data. RNG k‐? turbulence model with enhanced wall treatment was considered for simulations. Heat transfer and heat generation rate analysis of the outer surface rod wall is carried out with different subchannels by changing various parameters like boundary conditions and pitch‐to‐diameter ratio. The analyses reveal that the outer surface of the rod wall temperature decreases with increase in pitch‐to‐diameter ratio. Maximum coolant temperature rises in edge subchannels more than corner subchannels. Further analysis is carried out with different mass fluxes. Increases in mass flux has minimal effect on the maximum rod wall surface temperature. Maximum cladding surface temperature for the corner subchannel is less compared to the edge subchannel. Heat generation rate also decreases with increase in pitch‐to‐diameter ratio. This paper also investigates the buoyancy effect on subchannels with varying heat flux as boundary conditions considering constant mass flux.     

某型柴油机换热器设计及仿真分析

设计独立的换热器,降低水下工作柴油机中高负荷工况的排气温度.运用SolidWorks建立换热器模型并进行仿真分析,研究圆柱形换热器4种换热管布置方式对换热器温降与压损的影响.分析结果表明:设计的换热器可将排气温度由550.00℃降低到161.94℃,废气在换热器中的压损为5.95 kPa,降温效果和压损均满足相关工程要...     

Daylight performance of lightpipes

Increasing the use of natural daylight for lighting purposes in buildings can offer large savings in electricity usage, up to 20–30% of total building energy consumption. One solution is the use of lightpipes that can not only bring light into otherwise inaccessible or dimly lit places, but also improve the internal environment without generating excessive heat. The performance of six light pipes has been monitored in three different areas, a workshop, a residential landing, and a small office. The highest illuminance was 1538 lux, obtained underneath the straight lightpipe on the landing, with an aspect ratio of 2.1. The lowest was 41 lux in the darkest corner of the workshop. The average illuminance for the whole landing was 366 lux and a mean internal to external ratio of 0.48%. The results show that lightpipes are proficient devices for introducing daylight into buildings, the most effective lightpipes being straight, short ones with low aspect ratios; consequently, larger diameter lightpipes would probably be more effective. However, the benefits of lightpipes also include energy savings, user satisfaction and a healthier and improved indoor environment.     

压力容器D类焊接接头质量浅析

通过分析压力容器D类焊接接头的结构形式、组织状态、受力条件和缺陷检测等特点，说明D类焊接接头昌压力容器的一个很重要的质量环节，必须予以足够的重视，同时给出问题的解决方案和建议。     

Analysis of the temperature field near a corner composed of dissimilar metals subjected to a current flow

The 2D electro-thermal problem near a corner composed of two dissimilar materials in an angled metal line is analyzed. The line is assumed to be of uniform width and subjected to a steady direct current flow. We show the development work leading to the formulation of the current density and temperature distributions. The parameters affecting the singularities concerning the electro-thermal problem are also discussed. The electrical potential and current density distributions near a corner in an arbitrary angled line are determined, and the temperature field in a point symmetric line which is commonly met in metal interconnection structures is analyzed. In addition, we show that the temperature field solution is also valid for a symmetric line and a right angled line.     

Parallel technique of tube to tubeplate welding applied to plugging of heat exchangers

A brief review of the explosive welding of tubes to tubeplates and of the plugging of heat exchangers is given. The problem of designing a plug for plugging the 1·625 in diameter holes in the reheater of the advanced gas-cooled reactor are discussed and the detailed design of the plug is shown. Results of plugging a five hole simulation tubeplate are given.It is concluded that a satisfactory plug design has been achieved which allows welding of plugs in adjoining holes despite the distortion in these holes after one or more plugs have been welded in position. There remains the problem of providing a shield around the plug being welded to collect debris so as to avoid particles becoming embedded in the wall of the header, and also to reduce the pressure felt by the header. Initial work indicates that this is not an insuperable problem.     

方形旋风分离器内颗粒分布特性的实验研究

应用三维颗粒动态分析仪（3D-PDA）对方形旋风分离器内的两相流场进行测试，得到了颗粒密度和粒径的分布，在1/2进口高度的截面上，正对着分离器进口的右前角处颗粒的粒径明显大于其他地方的颗粒。在分离器中部的截面上，颗粒粒径分布差别不大，但是在分离器的左前解附近颗粒密度稍微高一些，而在右前角附近的颗粒密度较低，颗粒密度分布的差别和脉动速度的分布正好相反。     

A case study [Leader's Corner]

Past "leader's corner" columns have well-chronicled the ongoing need for new engineers in the power industry. Many experienced power engineers have already retired, and this exodus is expected to continue for the next fi ve to ten years. This shortage of new engineers will not only impact power industry employers but will also greatly impact the IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES). Once new engineers enter the power industry, it is essential that we, the members of PES, get this new generation involved. Over the last several years, PES leadership consisting of President Wanda Reder, Past-President John McDonald, VP of Technical Activities Paula Traynor, and I have made an effort to meet with as many technical committees (TCs) as possible. One clear message of concern is the dwindling number of new engineers involved in the TCs in general and specifi cally in the writing of new standards and the affi rmation or revision of existing standards.