高速生长CVD金刚石单晶及应用

文章简要地介绍了近年来国内外CVD金刚石单晶的高速生长和应用进展。实验中采用微波等离子体化学气相沉积（CVD）方法,同质外延高速生长金刚石单晶,通过改变反应腔压强、反应气氛（在CH4/H2中引入氮气N2、二氧化碳CO2、氧气O2、）等,调制单晶生长速率、质量、颜色、表面粗糙度、光谱等特性。利用高温氢等离子体进行退火,可使金刚石单晶的颜色有很大的改善。研制了CVD金刚石单晶刀具,用于金属材料的曲面镜面加工。     

不同衬底材料上外延金刚石的研究

利用自制的5kW微波等离子体化学气相沉积(MPCVD)装置对在不同衬底材料上外延生长的CVD金刚石进行了研究。利用HPHT金刚石、CVD异质形核生长的金刚石及Ia型天然金刚石样品作为籽晶,分析了不同CH4浓度与基片温度对外延CVD金刚石的影响以及通过扫描电子显微镜表征了CVD金刚石外延面的表面形貌。结果发现,HPHT金刚石为籽晶,由于其自身缺陷导致外延效果不佳;CVD异质形核生长的衬底因形核阶段的晶面生长难以控制而使其外延面较粗糙;经打磨的Ia型天然金刚石才是理想的籽晶。当CH4浓度约为10%、基片温度为1020℃时,CVD金刚石的外延生长速率可达到70.0μm/h。     

金刚石薄膜涂层：一种新型固体表面强化方法

阐述了金刚石薄膜涂层的性能及应用前景。用微波等离子体气相沉积 Ｓｉ（１１１）以及ＳＤＡ１００，ｓ人造单晶金刚石的外露面上沉积出了优质金刚石薄膜层。     

常压下在PET基材上合成类金刚石膜的研究

本文介绍了在常压下合成的类金刚石膜(AP-DLC films),并对其阻气性和硬度进行了测量.采用射频等离子体化学气相沉积法(RF-PCVD)可在室温下获得均匀的类金刚石膜(薄膜面积450mm2).薄膜的沉积速率随C2H2体积浓度的增加而增大,平均沉积速率约为12μm/min.最大沉积速率1μm/s,约是低气压等离子体化学气相沉积法下薄膜沉积速率(1～2μm/h)的2000倍.AP-DLC膜(1μm厚)的阻气性是未处理PET基材的5～10倍.采用纳米压痕仪测得AP-DLC膜的显微硬度约为3GPa.薄膜衷面粉状粒子的消除可以提高其显微硬度和表面粗糙度.本文报道了采用RF-PCVD法常压下合成DLC膜的物理性能.同时,总结了PET瓶沉积DLC膜以及常压技术和相关DLC膜的发展,主要研究了薄膜的阻气性和显微硬度.     

利用甲烷/氢微波等离子体CVD工艺在纯钛基底上沉积纳米金刚石薄膜

与微米金刚石薄膜不同,纳米金刚石薄膜表面平滑。因此,在摩擦学应用领域中,纳米金刚石薄膜是最理想的。本研究利用CH4/H2微波等离子体CVD工艺在纯钛上沉积出纳米金刚石薄膜和微米金刚石薄膜。采用的沉积条件为:沉积温度约为1173K;沉积压力为8.0kPa;CH4浓度在0.5 m o l%和5 m o l%之间变化;沉积时间则从4h到12h不等。金刚石薄膜表面用扫描电镜(SEM)观察。在激光拉曼光谱中,微米金刚石薄膜在1332cm-1处有sp3键碳的锐峰。1140cm-1附近的光谱带与纳米金刚石薄膜的特征有关。并用X射线衍射对金刚石薄膜进行了分析。X射线衍射花样证实,纳米金刚石薄膜存在(111)面和(220)面。金刚石薄膜的表面粗糙度随着CH4浓度的增加而减小。但是,甲烷浓度在2 m o l%与5 m o l%之间变化时,金刚石薄膜的表面粗糙度接近50nm。据证实,CH4浓度在2 m o l%和5 m o l%之间,利用CH4/H2微波等离子体CVD工艺可以沉积出纳米金刚石薄膜。     

不同晶粒尺寸对CVD金刚石膜机械性能的影响

采用热丝辅助化学气相沉积（CVD）工艺制备出纳米、微米及细晶粒金刚石膜材料。观察了这三种金刚石膜的表面形貌并对上述金刚石膜的物理机械性能包括抗弯强度和耐磨性进行了实验性研究。结果表明,细晶粒结构的金刚石膜具有最高的抗弯强度．纳米结构的金刚石膜耐磨性最好。综合两个技术指标认为：细晶粒金刚石膜是三种晶粒结构中最佳的刀具制造材料。     

氨气对热阴极CVD法制备纳米金刚石膜的影响

采用直流热阴级化学气相沉积（DC-PACVD）方法,以NH3＋CH4＋H2混合气体作为气源,通过改变氨气浓度,在单晶硅（111）基片上沉积纳米金刚石膜.采用扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和拉曼光谱仪分析了不同氨气浓度下制备的纳米金刚石膜。结果表明：在基体温度为700℃条件下,随着氨气浓度的增大,纳米金刚石膜中的金刚石相含量增加,非金刚石相含量相对减少;晶粒的平均粒度减小。在一定范围内氨气浓度增加,有助于提高纳米金刚石膜质量;在氨气流量达到8 mL/min时,获得了质量最好的纳米金刚石膜,其平均晶粒尺寸约为64 nm、均方根粗糙度约为27.4 nm。并提出了掺氮纳米金刚石薄膜的生长模型,对相应现象给出了解释。     

高温高压Fe-Ni-C-B系中含硼金刚石单晶合成机理研究(下)

采用现代材料分析测试方法,通过对高温高压Fe-Ni-C-B系合成出的含硼金刚石单晶及其金属包覆膜进行系统分析和表征,探寻含硼金刚石合成机理及生长机制。研究发现,添加在金属触媒中的硼以金属-碳-硼化合物的形式溶入金属包覆膜,作为含硼金刚石生长的直接碳/硼源,经金属中间相的催化,析出活性碳/硼原子(团)扩散至正在生长的金刚石单晶表面,促进金刚石的生长。而含硼金刚石则以一种层状生长的方式长大,这种层状生长的台阶来源前期以二维晶核为主,后期则以位错为主。活性碳/硼原子(团)扩散到达金刚石单晶表面,在生长台阶的前端被吸附,转变成为金刚石单晶的一部分。随着台阶的不断扩展,新的生长台阶在刚长成的晶面上继续形成,含硼金刚石单晶则以层状堆叠的方式完成长大过程。     

形核密度对CVD金刚石涂层附着性能的影响

采用热丝化学气相沉积法（HFCVD）在硬质合金基体上进行金刚石的形核生长,使用扫描电镜（SEM）对金刚石涂层形核情况进行分析,研究了不同形核密度对CVD金刚石涂层附着力的影响。结果表明：当碳源浓度达到3%时,表面形核密度最高,约为107/cm2;浓度增大为4%时,形核密度降低。通过压痕实验对比分析得出形核工艺中碳源浓度为3%时沉积的金刚石涂层压痕最浅,压痕直径最小,金刚石涂层具有良好的附着性能。     

CVD金刚石薄膜技术发展现状及展望（上）

简要描述了CVD金刚石薄膜技术的发展历程。介绍了纳米特别是超纳米金刚石膜、CVD金刚石大单晶的技术特点及其应用。超纳米金刚石膜在MEMS（微机电系统）、电化学和生物医学上的应用和CVD金刚石大单晶是当前的研究热点。简言之,金刚石的发展向着更大或者更小的方向深入进行,即＂非大即小＂。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.