长江口细颗粒悬沙浓度垂向分布

在长江口利用“声学悬沙观测系统”观测到大潮四种典型的高时空分辨率细颗粒悬沙浓度声学向分布图和垂线分布曲线，悬沙垂线分布曲线表明：（１）在涨潮地１形，沙２的垂向变化梯度小。（２）在涨急时呈射流形射流顶的悬沙分布达１０ｇ／Ｌ悬浙江省 浓度的垂向变化梯度大。（３）在落潮时从水面到水底悬沙浓度按指数增加，可能代表恒定均流中悬沙处于平衡条件的分布，泥沙垂各扩散系数εＳ在数值上大约是泥沙颗粒沉降速度ωＳ的两部     

长江口南支边滩悬沙级配的现场与室内观测结果的比较分析

根据2005年6月在长江口南支边滩的现场悬沙级配观测数据和悬沙水样的室内粒度分析数据,对分散状态与未分散状态下的悬沙级配的时空分布特征、絮团对悬沙级配的影响及其现场含量等进行了研究。室内粒度分析结果表明,在颗粒分散条件下,悬沙组成较细,以粉砂和粘土为主,悬沙级配的时间和空间变化较小;悬沙级配有明显的垂向分布规律,平均粒径等在垂向上呈线性分布。现场观测结果显示,在颗粒未分散条件下,悬沙组成较粗,粒径大于63μm和4~63μm的颗粒是悬沙的主要成分,悬沙级配在潮周期内变化显著。对比表明,悬沙级配的现场与室内观测结果差异显著,前者明显粗于后者,絮凝作用是造成差异的主因,絮团在现场悬沙中的含量估计超过60%,絮凝作用能够使参加和不参加絮凝作用的泥沙颗粒在絮凝前、后的体积含量发生明显改变。絮团与流速和悬沙浓度的关系复杂,在潮周期内的部分时段里,悬沙平均粒径与流速和悬沙浓度存在较好的线性关系。     

辐射沙洲海域悬沙特征及悬沙浓度垂向运动规律研究

辐射沙洲海域的泥沙特征及运动规律研究是海岸泥沙运动力学研究的重要课题之一,也是江苏省沿海开发关注的热点问题之一。结合辐射沙洲海域大范围准同步实测泥沙资料,就悬沙粒径的平面分布特征及悬沙浓度的垂向运动规律进行了探讨和分析。结果表明,辐射沙洲海域悬沙中值粒径基本属于淤泥质范畴,虽具有沿岸和离岸的分布差异,但粒径变幅不大,基本在0.007mm以下;同时,海域悬沙浓度垂向分布近似满足Rouse分布律,但二者存在一定偏差,难以直接应用Rouse公式来描述辐射沙洲海域的悬沙浓度垂向分布特征。     

ADP与OBS观测悬沙浓度实验对比研究

光学(OBS)和声学方法(ADP/ADCP)进行现场悬沙浓度观测,是目前悬沙浓度变化研究的重要方法.在长江河口,利用ADP、OBS对水体悬浮泥沙浓度进行大、小潮周期现场定点同步观测:(1)在水平方向上,ADP、OBS观测悬沙浓度具有同步峰值变化,但ADP峰值变化要比OBS平缓;(2)在垂向上,从表层到近底层,悬沙浓度逐渐增加,增加幅度在不同特征时刻、不同水层有较大差异;(3)大、小潮期间,ADP、OBS观测的悬沙浓度与传统方法得到的悬沙浓度的平均相对误差都小于20%;(4)ADP声强信号与OBS浊度、ADP与OBS观测的悬沙浓度,分别具有较好的相关性.主要结论,OBS可观测传感器附近的悬沙浓度,具有较高的精确度;ADP在观测不同水层水动力参数的同时,可同步提取不同水层的悬沙浓度信息,并且对周围水动力环境没有干扰;在特征时刻取悬沙水样率定OBS和ADP,也可用OBS率定ADP,ADP和OBS观测悬沙浓度结果可以相互验证.可见,利用声学与光学仪器进行现场联合观测,可以提高现场悬沙浓度观测的时空分辨率和准确度,同时,也为深入研究悬沙浓度变化的机制、机理,以及悬沙通量计算提供了一个有效而可靠的途径.     

椒江河口悬沙浓度时空变化特征分析

2013年12月和2014年6月,在椒江河口各布设6个水文观测站,进行洪枯2季大小潮水文观测,以此实测资料为基础,分析了椒江河口悬沙浓度的时空分布变化特征。结果表明:(1)椒江河口悬沙浓度一般而言枯季高于洪季,大潮高于小潮;(2)纵向分布上,从上游椒江河道向下游椒江口门,再至台州湾海域,悬沙浓度逐渐降低;(3)垂向分布上,椒江河口最大浑浊带内发育有泥跃层是其垂向分布的最显著特点。泥跃层的发育受潮流速、悬沙浓度、盐度的共同影响,枯季较洪季发育显著,枯季小潮时最为发育。     

黄河2009年调水调沙期间河口水动力及悬沙输移变化特征

根据2009年7月黄河第九次调水调沙期间和结束后在黄河口两个站位观测的水文泥沙资料,对调水调沙期间和结束后河口的水动力和悬沙分布特征进行了对比分析,并对潮周期内悬沙输移过程进行了探讨.结果表明:调水调沙期间相比于结束后,落潮动力加强,涨潮动力有所减弱,尤其在水体表层表现明显,河口切变锋类型不同,其出现时间长度亦不同;调水调沙期间含沙量较大,垂向分布较复杂,而结束后含沙量低,垂向梯度变化较小;此外,调水调沙期间河口悬沙在输移过程中以沉降作用为主,并在涨急和落急时刻伴随着底沙的再悬浮,而结束后悬沙浓度降低幅度较大,泥沙再悬浮作用较强.     

江苏大丰潮滩底质与悬沙的粒径组成特征

2002年和2003年夏季在江苏大丰潮滩上采集了表层底质和悬沙样品,分析了潮滩不同部位的底质与悬沙的粒径组成特征及其影响因素.研究结果表明,潮滩表层底质具有明显的空间分带性,底质泥沙的来源和堆积方式（悬沙沉降和推移质输运）以及植被覆盖状况是影响底质空间分布的重要因素.悬沙粒径组成在潮周期内的变化有两种模式,一是稳定型,悬沙级配的时间和空间变化很小;二是双峰型,悬沙级配的时空变化显著,粗细峰强度不断转换.再悬浮、沉降、涨潮时输入潮滩的悬沙和底质级配是影响悬沙粒径组成的主要因子.悬沙与底质在粒径组成上差异明显,再悬浮和沉降是联系二者粒径组成关系的纽带.悬沙沉降对底质的泥沙贡献率从潮滩下部向上部不断增加,在互花米草滩上至少为79%.     

基于有限掺混长度概念的悬沙浓度垂线分布研究

从掺混长度理论的基本假定人手,分析菲克定律解释紊动扩散现象的局限性,根据有限掺混长度概念,对明渠流中悬沙浓度垂线分布进行研究:由垂向紊动强度确定掺混速度,分析水体和泥沙作为不同研究对象时掺混长度的差异,定义水体掺混长度和泥沙掺混长度概念,依据卡门紊流相似假说和水流剪切应力分布特征,确定泥沙掺混长度的垂线分布,考虑浓度对泥沙沉降速度的抑制作用,建立明渠流中悬沙浓度垂线分布模型,并进一步分析浓度和颗粒大小对泥沙掺混长度的影响.计算值和测量值的比较表明,该浓度分布模型能够较好地反映明渠流中悬沙浓度垂线分布特征.     

高浓度悬沙观测的室内标定实验与对比

现场采集河口潮滩不同位置表层泥沙样品,利用自行研制的室内标定装置,采用光学后向散射浊度计(OBS-3A)和声学测沙仪(LISST-ABS)进行高悬沙浓度的室内标定实验。结果显示,光学传感器输出浊度(NTU)值和声学传感器输出后向散射(ACB)值,随着悬沙浓度不断增大都存在最大值或拐点,并随悬沙粒径变化而不同;在小于30μm的细颗粒泥沙环境,光学传感器(OBS-3A)反应敏感,悬沙浓度在10 g/L以下,具有观测精度高优势;相对于光学传感器,声学传感器(LISST-ABS)对悬沙粒径变化相对不敏感,观测数值稳定,在粒径变化较大的极端环境下,观测悬沙浓度变化具有较大优势。     

长江口浑浊带北槽悬沙输运研究

2012年8月和2014年7月在长江口北槽浑浊带进行了大小潮水文泥沙定点连续观测,分析了水沙分布特征,计算了悬沙输运量,并且运用机制分解法,分析各输沙项的作用。结果表明,北槽浑浊带垂向平均含沙量空间分布差异明显,北槽下部最高,中部次之,上部最低。垂向平均含沙量大小潮均值北槽下部为0.72 kg/m~3,中部为0.51 kg/m~3,上部为0.23 kg/m~3;平流输沙在大小潮均起主要作用,大潮平流输沙显著强于小潮。北槽下部小潮期间垂向净环流输沙作用显著,占净输沙的-278.3%;小潮期间,北槽中部和上部平流输沙起主要作用,底层悬沙输运向海。而北槽下部底层悬沙输运受"潮泵效应"影响显著,方向向陆。悬沙输运方式的差异导致小潮期间北槽中下部底层悬沙不能下泄入海。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.