水电机组一次调频优化分析

一次调频是确保电力系统频率稳定的主要途径之一,目前国内许多水电厂都按系统要求投入一次调频.引入一次调频积分电量,采用西北电网实测网频数据,对公伯峡水电厂4号水轮机进行建模仿真,分析了水电机组一次调频的关键参数开度死区、频率死区设置对积分电量的影响,结果表明,通过调整开度死区、频率死区提高水电厂经济效益是可行的,为水电厂通过一次调频获得最大效益提供了参考依据.     

基于非线性建模的水电机组动态特性仿真研究

考虑到大型机组突增突减负荷的频繁出现以及新能源不稳定性对水电机组一次调频带来的挑战,建立能准确反映机组动态性能的仿真模型显得尤为重要。水轮机调节系统具有非最小相位、强非线性特点,需对其包含的大量非线性因素进行针对性研究和处理。针对水轮机调节系统各组成部分,综合考虑各因素建立了相应数学模型,重点建立了随动系统精细化模型、水轮机外特性数学模型,最终建立了水轮机调节系统整体非线性数学模型。基于建立的模型,进行甩负荷及一次调频仿真,通过与真机数据进行对比分析,证明了模型可高精度、准确反映机组甩负荷及一次调频动态特性,为水电机组动态特性研究提供了新的技术手段。     

混流式水电机组一次调频性能指标试验研究

混流式水电机组因运行水头变幅较大,且不同水头下的出力特性差异,会导致在调速器开度闭环模式下的一次调频动态调节品质差异较大.通过某机组在不同水头下一次调频试验,计算其动态响应试验指标与考核指标比较,发现负荷调整幅度、调频响应时间等指标不能完全满足电网调度的要求,分析其原因和存在的问题,提出了优化建议,供水电机组安全稳定运...     

水轮机调速器在功率闭环调节模式下的一次调频试验

水轮机调速器一般采用开度调节模式,但对于灯泡贯流式水轮发电机组采用功率闭环调节模式具有更快的响应速度和更小的超调量。洪江水电厂6号机调速器采用功率闭环调节模式,在一次调频的试验过程中,对其调节系统静态和动态性能进行了认真的检测,优化了一次调频参数,检验了机组的一次调频能力。     

水电机组一次调频性能优化研究

为满足电网对水电机组一次调频的要求,对水电机组一次调频典型问题及影响因素进行了分析。提出了一种水电机组一次调频性能的优化方法,详细分析了水轮机调速器开度控制模式和功率控制模式下的PID参数优化方法,提出根据偏差变化自行调整PID参数大小,并改变一次调频计算死区,同时针对一次调频和AGC协调控制策略提出了合理建议。研究结果表明以功率调节作为优先控制模式,可保证一次调频与AGC的有机统一;通过调速系统硬件改造及内部程序实现,可完成一次调频性能优化和改进。经600 MW水电机组实际工程验证,一次调频性能得到改善,对水电机组一次调频性能优化有一定的借鉴意义。     

水电机组一次调频试验探讨

水电机组一次调频试验是优化和考核机组一次调频性能最直接、有效的方式,但目前该试验还无统一的方法,且一次调频方面的资料与规定大多是相对火电机组而言,有的规定对水电机组不一定合适.文中分析了发电机组一次调频的作用和现行水电机组一次调频的试验方法、考核指标;结合某水电站机组的一次调频试验,具体分析了调速器参数对水电机组一次调频性能的影响,并认为水电机组一次调频性能考核试验应规定具体的试验方法.     

水电机组一次调频若干问题的探讨

目前所有关于电网一次调频方面的资料与规定几乎都是就火电机组一次调频而言的，偶尔涉及一点水电机组一次调频的内容，其观点和方法也往往是套用火电机组的习惯，这就容易产生误导，十分不利于水电机组一次调频工作的进一步开展。本文将就水电机组一次调频的若干问题，从概念与历史回顾、控制目标、与AGC协调、稳定性等方面展开探讨。     

棉花滩水电站一次调频关键技术研究

一次调频是水轮机调速器的重要功能,对维护电力系统的稳定起着重要的作用。针对水电机组一次调频现状,本文分析了棉花滩水电机组的调速器一次调频调节模式,并通过建立的水电机组非线性仿真模型,对调速器一次调频参数进行了优化,最后对一次调频的部分参数和评价指标提出了修改建议,并提出了新的出力保证系数考核方法。     

水电机组一次调频贡献电量影响因素研究

采用数值仿真的方法开展了水电机组一次调频贡献电量的影响因素分析,建立了水电机组一次调频仿真数学模型,采用实际电网频率变化过程作为调速器频率输入,分别对调速器在开度模式和功率模式下的一次调频过渡过程进行了仿真计算,分析了调速器参数、水轮机非线性特性及水流惯性时间常数对一次调频贡献电量的影响。通过研究可知: 增大调速器 PID 参数或降低调差率可提升一次调频贡献电量,水轮机在最小水头下一次调频贡献电量明显偏低,调速器开度模式下水轮机水头和负荷变化对一次调频贡献电量的影响更大。而且,水流惯性时间常数 Tw 越大一次调频贡献电量越小。研究成果明确了调速器参数、水轮机特性以及水流惯性对水电机组一次调频贡献电量的影响规律,对水电机组的优化运行具有重要的指导意义。     

水电机组一次调频贡献电量影响因素研究

采用数值仿真的方法开展了水电机组一次调频贡献电量的影响因素分析,建立了水电机组一次调频仿真数学模型,采用实际电网频率变化过程作为调速器频率输入,分别对调速器在开度模式和功率模式下的一次调频过渡过程进行了仿真计算,分析了调速器参数、水轮机非线性特性及水流惯性时间常数对一次调频贡献电量的影响。通过研究可知:增大调速器PID参数或降低调差率可提升一次调频贡献电量,水轮机在最小水头下一次调频贡献电量明显偏低,调速器开度模式下水轮机水头和负荷变化对一次调频贡献电量的影响更大。而且,水流惯性时间常数Tw越大一次调频贡献电量越小。研究成果明确了调速器参数、水轮机特性以及水流惯性对水电机组一次调频贡献电量的影响规律,对水电机组的优化运行具有重要的指导意义。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.