Effects of Common Structural Rules on hull-girder reliability of an Aframax oil tanker

This paper aims at quantifying the changes in notional reliability levels that result from redesigning an existing Aframax tanker to comply with the Common Structural Rules (CSR) for double-hull oil tankers. The probability of structural failure is calculated using the first-order reliability method. The evaluation of the wave-induced load effects that occur during long-term operation of the ship in the seaway is carried out in accordance with the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)-recommended procedure, while transfer functions are calculated using the sink–source 3D linear method. The still-water loads are defined on the basis of a statistical analysis of loading conditions from the loading manual. The ultimate collapse bending moment of the midship cross section, which is used as the basis for the reliability formulation, is evaluated by progressive collapse analysis and by a single-step procedure according to CSR. The reliability assessment is performed for “as-built” and “corroded” states of the existing ship and a reinforced ship complying with CSR. It is shown that the hull-girder failure probability of an Aframax tanker is reduced several times due to the reinforcements according to CSR. Sensitivity analysis and a parametric study are performed to investigate the variability of results with the change of parameters of pertinent random variables within their plausible ranges. Finally, differences between load combination approaches by Ferry-Borges and Castanheta method and Turkstra's rule are investigated.     

危旧预应力混凝土箱梁承载性能足尺试验

为获得危旧混凝土桥梁的真实承载性能,通过对足尺危旧预应力混凝土小箱梁进行抗弯和抗剪承载性能试验,研究危旧预应力混凝土小箱梁受力退化行为。通过足尺危旧预制箱梁残余承载能力试验,量测分析了试验梁的荷载、挠度、应变、裂缝宽度等,对危旧小箱梁的残余抗弯、抗剪极限承载能力及刚度进行了分析,得出危旧预制箱梁抗弯、抗剪受力性能及破坏机理。将足尺试验结果与承载力计算值以及公路—I级设计内力值进行比较,分析危旧混凝土小箱梁的实际承载性能。引入损伤折减系数,建立危旧混凝土箱梁极限承载力计算公式。试验结果表明：结构损伤降低了箱梁的承载性能,试验梁在未开裂阶段的挠度不满足公路桥规对活载刚度的验算要求,抗弯足尺试验得到的抗弯承载力与抗弯承载力计算结果基本相同,比主梁设计内力弯矩值高70%;抗剪足尺试验结果比主梁设计内力剪力值分别高32%和37%;引入损伤折减系数后的抗弯、抗剪承载力计算公式可以较准确的评估危旧混凝土小箱梁的承载能力,可为我国大量现役混凝土小箱梁的评估与维护提供参考。     

波纹钢腹板体外预应力箱梁混凝土块式转向装置力学性能研究

针对波纹钢腹板体外预应力箱梁结构的力学和构造特点,采用有限元分析与试验研究相结合的方法,研究用于波纹钢腹板体外预应力箱梁的混凝土块式转向装置的承载机理、受力特点、破坏形态、极限承载力等力学特性。试验和有限元分析的结果吻合良好。研究结果表明,转向装置对混凝土翼缘板的局部影响集中在转向块与梁体连接的部分及附近区域内,混凝土块式转向装置的破坏由受拉区混凝土受拉破坏和环向钢筋受拉屈服引起,环向钢筋的受力表现出明显的偏心受拉构件的受力特点。     

改进响应面法计算钢筋混凝土框架体系可靠度

钢筋混凝土框架结构体系可靠度是评定结构抗震性能的重要指标,也是对既有结构进行加固的评估基础。以框架底层柱端极限弯矩承载力作为参考变量可有效评估框架结构体系可靠度,该方法采用Pushover静力推覆分析,通过研究框架结构底层柱端极限弯矩承载能力对Pushover曲线的影响规律,由Pushover曲线上的基准点推广得到结构失效响应面,从而计算出结构体系可靠度。应用该方法对一榀钢筋混凝土框架进行了体系可靠度计算,计算结果与直接响应面法和蒙特卡洛法分析结果进行对比,结果表明,该方法计算快捷,且能够很好地评估出框架体系抗震可靠度。     

火灾作用后钢管混凝土构件侧向撞击性能研究

建立火灾作用后钢管混凝土(concrete-filled steel tube,CFST)构件的侧向撞击数值模型以分析构件的抗撞击性能,并对模型的准确性进行了验证.分别对比了不同受火时间后构件的跨中挠度、撞击力和截面弯矩时程曲线,分析了受火后构件的弯矩和剪力分布形态.通过吸能系数和火灾后动态弯矩提高系数对受火后构件的抗...     

Spectral fatigue damage assessment of tanker deck structural detail subjected to time-dependent corrosion

The paper presents a spectral fatigue damage analysis of a double hull tanker structural detail accounting for corrosion wastage over time. The cyclic load of the wave-induced vertical bending moment, analysis using a strip theory on the frequency domain, is considered for two loading conditions. The influence of sea environment parameters and operational profiles including the use of different scatter diagrams, and wave variance spectra have been analyzed. The effect on the time-dependent cumulative fatigue damage as a function of corrosion deterioration is calculated.     

Bending analyses for 3D engineered structural panels made from laminated paper and carbon fabric

This paper presents analysis of a 3-dimensional engineered structural panel (3DESP) having a tri-axial core structure made from phenolic impregnated laminated-paper composites with and without high-strength composite carbon-fiber fabric laminated to the outside of both faces. Both I-beam equations and finite element method were used to analyze four-point bending of the panels. Comparisons were made with experimental panels. In this study, four experimental panels were fabricated and analyzed to determine the influence of the carbon-fiber on bending performance. The materials properties for finite element analyses (FEA) and I-beam equations were obtained from either the manufacturer or in-house material tensile tests. The results of the FEA and I-beam equations were used to compare with the experimental 3DESP four-point bending tests. The maximum load, face stresses, shear stresses, and apparent modulus of elasticity were determined. For the I-beam equations, failure was based on maximum stress values. For FEA, the Tsai-Wu strength failure criterion was used to determine structural materials failure. The I-beam equations underestimated the performance of the experimental panels. The FEA-estimated load values were generally higher than the experimental panels exhibiting slightly higher panel properties and load capacity. The addition of carbon-fiber fabric to the face of the panels influenced the failure mechanism from face buckling to panel shear at the face–rib interface. FEA provided the best comparison with the experimental bending results for 3DESP.     

拉弯荷载下钢管杆塔内外法兰设计计算方法

针对内外法兰在拉弯荷载下的力学行为及承载力计算方法进行研究。基于平截面假定推导了半解析计算方法,并将该方法的计算结果与非线性有限元分析结果进行了比较验证。通过研究旋转轴、中性轴和承载力随轴向拉力变化,揭示了其在拉弯荷载下的受力特征。最后对一系列内外法兰的承载力进行计算和分析,总结了拉弯荷载下的设计计算方法。研究表明,内外法兰的抗弯承载力随拉力的增加而减少。与有限元分析相比,半解析计算方法具有足够的计算精度,更高的计算效率。论文所提出的设计计算方法较传统刚性法兰承载力计算理论更为准确和可靠,为内外法兰设计计算提供了依据。     

钢-混凝土组合桥梁研究及应用新进展

某大桥次边跨及中跨主梁为钢-UHPC组合梁,钢-UHPC组合梁的桥面板首次采用一种通过PBL剪力键将8 mm平钢板与15 cm的UHPC层连接起来的新型组合桥面体系。为了探究该桥新型钢-UHPC组合桥面板抗负弯矩性能与安全性,完成了2块足尺模型的静力性能试验,进行了桥梁整体受力和桥面板局部受力计算,以及桥面板抗负弯矩极限承载力构成分析。结果表明：UHPC名义开裂强度达8.90 MPa以上,其值远大于实桥荷载作用下UHPC层上缘的纵桥向最大拉应力,组合桥面板负弯矩抗裂性能良好,能满足工程需求;组合桥面板抗负弯承载力的计算,UHPC受拉本构宜采用三折线模型,抗负弯承载力简化计算的UHPC受拉区等效均布应力折减系数可取0.76,抗负弯承载力状态的受压钢板受力仍处于线弹性阶段,抗负弯破坏模式与抗正弯明显不同,为受拉钢筋拉断;PBL剪力键能保证了钢板与UHPC板整体共同受力;组合桥面板在负弯矩作用下的延性良好,裂宽增长缓慢,UHPC的名义极限强度达名义开裂强度的4.1倍以上,到达极限荷载后,组合板承载力没有明显下降。

     

Fatigue reliability analysis for vibroseis baseplates

High precision vibroseis are widely used in oil and gas exploration. The key component of a vibroseis is its baseplate, suffered from complicated external load. Cracks could be generated in the baseplate, and fractures could occur in the welding parts of baseplates because of an extreme loading. This failure not only reduces the baseplate life significantly, but also affects the quality and precision of the signal excitation seriously. The objective of this work is to study the fatigue behavior of the baseplate by the finite element analysis (FEA) and fatigue reliability analysis. At first, the solid model of the baseplate is built, and the dynamic characteristics are analyzed by FEA based on the orthogonal design scheme. Then the stress distribution and peak area of baseplate are obtained under a series of loadings, thereby producing the stress‐time data of the risky areas. With the S–N curve and the Palmgren–Miner cumulative damage theory, we could therefore predict the baseplate life, and then its fatigue reliability is calculated with the Kriging response surface method. The sensitivity of fatigue reliability with respect to the design parameters is also obtained, and this provides useful information about the importance of design parameters to the fatigue reliability, therefore resulting in the new design that would lead to longer baseplate life, higher quality of the seismic signal excitation, smaller signal distortion and higher accuracy of oil and gas exploration ultimately.     

船体箱形截面梁设计及抗爆性能分析

在船体构件上应用箱形梁设计,能提高结构的纵向强度,具有利于保护重要管道和线缆、提高建造速度、利于质量控制和方便维修等优点。但是,国内外目前都是局部运用箱形梁结构,并未全船性设计使用,在此以某常规船体为基础,针对提高船舶抗爆性能和保持生命力的设计要求,全船性使用箱形梁。这种船体结构使钢制箱形梁承担全部的总强度,而船体型线和必要的使用刚度由轻质高强的复合材料板材来保证,实现局部强度与总体强度的解耦。在ABAQUS软件中基于声固耦合法,对船体水下爆炸响应进行分析,证实箱形梁结构具有较好的抗爆性能。最后对船体箱形梁进行优化设计,进一步提高抗爆能力。     

3D机织复合材料卫星桁架接头的抗弯刚度研究

为了研制高性能复合材料卫星桁架接头,采用三维有限元分析技术,分析了三维整体织物增强的碳纤维卫星桁架接头三通制件的等效抗弯刚度和内部应力分布,并与制件的三点弯曲实测结果进行了对比.结果表明:三通制件的等效抗弯刚度可以用有限元软件快速、方便、准确地计算出来,并可提供制件任意部位的应力分布状态,为优化制件结构设计提供理论依据.弯曲破坏实验的破坏载荷未能真实地反映接头的最大抗弯破坏承载能力,3个方管的根部应力尚未达到材料的破坏极限.     

Experimental and numerical evaluation of bending and tensile behaviour of carbon-fibre reinforced SiC

The tensile and bending strength of the Liquid Silicon Infiltrated (LSI) ceramic–matrix composite (CMC), C/C–SiC, were investigated in varying orientations relative to the 0°/90° woven carbon fibres. The ratio of bending to tensile strength was about 1.7–2 depending on the loading direction. The non-linear stress–strain behaviour under tensile load and the linear elastic behaviour under compression load were included in the finite element analysis (FEA) of bending behaviour. The bending failure of the CMC-material was modelled by Cohesive Zone Elements (CZE) accounting for the directional tensile strength and Work of Fracture (WOF). The WOF was determined by Single Edge Notched Bending (SENB) tests. Comparable results from FEA and bending test were achieved. It was demonstrated that the failure of C/C–SiC at room temperature may be described by a macroscopic fracture mechanical FE-approach. The presented approach could also be adapted for the design of CMC-components and structures.     

钢-UHPC组合梁与钢-普通混凝土组合梁抗弯性能对比试验研究

采用超高性能混凝土（UHPC）板与钢梁结合的钢-UHPC组合梁,具有自重轻、抗裂性和耐久性好的优点,对于钢-混凝土组合梁的发展具有重要意义。为了解钢-UHPC组合梁与钢-普通混凝土组合梁抗弯性能的差别,本文以某钢-普通混凝土简支组合梁桥为工程背景,进行了钢-UHPC组合梁桥的试设计,在此基础上,制作钢-UHPC组合梁和钢-普通混凝土组合梁模型进行抗弯性能的对比试验研究。结果表明,两种组合梁的受力特点类似,破坏模式均表现为钢梁底板先屈服,然后桥面板顶部混凝土被压碎。在极限抗弯承载力相等的情况下,钢-UHPC组合梁的桥面板厚度可以减小28%,且延性更好。钢-UHPC组合梁桥面板的剪力滞效应、钢梁与桥面板间的水平相对滑移均小于钢-普通混凝土组合梁。此外,钢-UHPC组合梁弹性阶段抗弯刚度与钢-普通混凝土组合梁相差不大,但由于组合梁总高度减小,后期刚度小于钢-普通混凝土组合梁刚度。研究结果可为钢-UHPC组合梁的进一步研究与工程应用提供参考。     

钢管混凝土哑铃形截面拱空间受力性能试验研究

进行了钢管混凝土哑铃形拱的面外受力性能试验,与钢管混凝土单圆管拱的面外试验进行了对比,采用经试验验证的有限元模型进行了面外极限承载力的参数分析。研究结果表明：模型拱面内以受压为主,而面外则是以跨中受面外弯矩为主,模型拱最后发生了整体面外失稳破坏,破坏时在跨中与拱脚截面材料进入塑性;模型拱的受力状态中,面外弯矩所占比重最大,约为71%~78%;其面外极限承载力小于面内极限承载力,下降的幅度与面内外荷载比、面外刚度以及截面类型有关;腹腔高度和宽度的增大引起哑铃形截面刚度和极限承载力增大,腹腔高度增大33%或宽度增大50%,模型拱的面外承载力增加约11%~17%或10%~14%;钢管混凝土哑铃形截面拱面外承载力计算方法的构筑中面外抗弯刚度是决定性参数,同时要综合考虑面内抗弯刚度和抗扭刚度的影响;而分支屈曲荷载与极限承载力的比值分析表明,实际工程中钢管混凝土哑铃形截面拱面外屈曲系数大于4是有安全保障的。     

简支矩形深受弯箱梁静力性能试验研究

由于城市土地用途改变,冲沟回填筑路,原架空箱涵被掩埋并承受较大的附加土压力和车辆荷载,荷载工况的改变导致管道结构存在破坏风险。对山地城市排水干管常见的深受弯钢筋混凝土架空箱梁进行了模型静力加载试验,分析了此类箱梁的破坏形式、剪力滞效应和抗剪性能,讨论了现行有关设计规范对于箱涵抗弯承载力计算之不足,并对箱梁进行了非线性有限元模拟分析。研究表明:竖向均布荷载作用下,跨高比接近5的简支矩形深受弯箱梁的最终破坏为弯曲破坏。跨中截面无明显剪力滞现象,开裂前1/4跨截面剪力滞效应较明显,开裂后剪力滞效应逐渐削弱。箍筋作为主要的抗剪部件,在斜裂缝出现后承担着大部分剪力。非线性有限元模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。对于按简支结构设计的排水箱涵在回填前应进行加固措施,避免排水箱涵过早开裂,影响管道的正常使用。     

随机车辆荷载下三塔悬索桥钢箱梁疲劳关键断面分析

泰州大桥为世界首座千米级三塔悬索桥,建立泰州大桥的三维全桥模型,通过简化的车辆荷载模型,将随机车流加载于大桥有限元模型上,计算泰州大桥主梁不同位置竖向位移和弯矩的振动响应值,分析车流作用下大桥主梁应力变化最大位置,从而确定主梁的疲劳分析的关键位置。     

Analysis of dowelled timber to timber moment-resisting joints

Dowelled joints, widely used in timber structures, are designed to transfer shear forces and bending moments between timber members. The anisotropic non-linear behaviour of the timber beneath the fasteners controls the stiffness of these joints. At the ultimate load-carrying capacity, the failure modes result from the shear stresses induced by the load distribution among the fasteners. The paper presents the experimental results obtained for beam to column joint with or without reinforcement using glued plywood plates. Based on these results, a two-dimensional finite element model was developed in two stages to describe the three-dimensional behaviour of the joint. At the single fastener scale, the model considers the non-linearity induced by the timber embedding and the fastener bending. At the structural scale, the modelling approach considers the timber as an elastic orthotropic material whereas each fastener is modelled by two non-linear springs. The elastic-plastic behaviour of each spring element is defined by the local scale model defined in two perpendicular directions. The load distribution among the fasteners is compared to the analytical results according to design rules. Considering the global load displacement curves, the results show that the modelling approach provides a good estimation of the structural response.     

水下爆炸作用下弹塑性船体梁整体运动模型及损伤特性

针对水下爆炸作用下舰船整体运动响应的理论预报问题,将船体结构简化为等截面直梁,以炸药在船体梁中部正下方爆炸工况为研究对象,将水下爆炸载荷压力曲线划分为5个典型阶段,建立了冲击波和气泡联合作用下船体梁整体运动的简化理论模型,分别研究了船体梁全弹性和弹塑性运动模式,特别分析了梁进入塑性运动后反复加载、卸载的响应过程,最后结合船体梁模型水下爆炸实验结果对该理论方法进行了验证,同时对比分析了爆距、梁长等参数变化对梁整体运动响应的一般影响特性。研究表明：所建立的水下爆炸作用下船体梁整体运动响应理论模型能够反映船体梁发生整体弹性和塑性运动时的响应特征;当水下爆炸近距发生于梁中部正下方,且爆炸气泡第一次脉动频率与梁一阶湿频率相近时,船体梁更容易发生整体中垂损伤。