陶瓷纤维混凝土冲击力学响应及统计损伤本构模型试验研究

采用Φ100mm分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置对陶瓷纤维混凝土的动态力学性能进行研究,并验证了试验结果的有效性;基于IPBS模型(修正平行杆模型),建立考虑应变率效应的混凝土单轴受压统计损伤本构模型,模拟陶瓷纤维混凝土的动态损伤破坏过程。结果表明：陶瓷纤维对普通硅酸盐混凝土的增强增韧效果明显,尤其是在高应变率范围内;SHPB试验过程中应力均匀性和恒应变率加载条件得到了较好地满足;动态损伤本构模型提供曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,能够较为准确地描述陶瓷纤维混凝土破坏前的应力应变关系。     

Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Measurement of Deformation Behavior for NiTi Plate With Stress Concentration Part Under Uniaxial Tensile Loading

Abstract: The aim of this study is to verify the effectiveness of ordinary phenomenological constitutive relation of NiTi shape memory alloy under mechanical loading at a constant temperature, sufficiently. First, finite element analysis is performed by using ordinary phenomenological constitutive relation for rectangular plate with double notch under tensile loading at a constant temperature. Next, uniaxial tensile loading is carried out for 50.5Ni49.5Ti rectangular plate with double notch. At the same time, macroscopic stress–strain curve and local strain distribution are measured by using in‐house measurement system on the basis of digital image correlation. As a result, it is found that the stress–strain curve obtained from finite element analysis is much different from those obtained experimental measurement, especially during stress‐induced martensite transformation. The result can be derived from the phenomena of local strain band behavior arising in NiTi under mechanical loading. The phenomenological constitutive model used in present finite element analysis is constructed under assumptions that the material has isotropic characteristics and shows homogeneous deformation. However, this experimental result suggests that the material itself has anisotropy microscopically. Furthermore, material shows unique inhomogeneous deformation. Also, there is possibility that these anisotropic characteristic and inhomogeneous deformation behaviour may derive from its microstructure. In future, to sufficiently describe the macroscopic stress–strain curve of NiTi we should take into consideration the material microstructure.     

基于A-T模型的长杆弹超高速侵彻陶瓷靶体强度分析

Alekseevskii-Tate(A-T)模型广泛应用于长杆弹超高速冲击的终点效应分析中。A-T模型对于金属弹靶强度有明确的表达式,而对于陶瓷靶体强度尤其是弹体初始冲击速度大于1 500 m/s时还没有统一的结论。基于长杆钨弹超高速(1 500~5 000 m/s)侵彻三种陶瓷(Al N,B4C,Si C)/铝复合靶体的缩比逆弹道实验数据;基于A-T模型,给出了上述陶瓷材料在不同侵彻速度范围内的靶体强度表达式。进一步通过与47发长杆钨弹超高速(1 250~2 500 m/s)侵彻陶瓷(Al N,B4C,Si C,AD85)/RHA钢复合靶体DOP实验数据对比,验证了提出的陶瓷靶体强度表达式的适用性。     

高密度聚乙烯材料在大变形条件下的数值模拟研究

针对高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)在大变形条件下有限元模型不易收敛、本构关系较为复杂的问题,对HDPE片材进行了单轴拉伸试验和数值模拟研究。通过对比试验结果和模型计算结果发现:非线性粘弹性本构模型与小变形条件下HDPE的单轴拉伸试验结果较为吻合,但与大变形条件下的试验结果相差较大;而Kwon模型的计算结果与大变形和小变形条件下的试验结果均较为吻合。同时,对Kwon模型的参数选择进行了优化,得到了100mm/min和150 mm/min拉伸速率下的优化参数,对大变形下片材的数值模拟具有较好的参考价值。此外,通过对条带单元的应力应变分析,可知HDPE条带在单轴拉伸下的应力应变呈不均匀分布,中心点区域是片材最大应力应变的集中点,这也解释了HDPE条带断裂多出现在中心区域的原因。     

Finite element modeling of ballistic impact on multi-layer Kevlar 49 fabrics

This paper presents a material model suitable for simulating the behavior of dry fabrics subjected to ballistic impact. The developed material model is implemented in a commercial explicit finite element (FE) software LS-DYNA through a user defined material subroutine (UMAT). The constitutive model is developed using data from uniaxial quasi-static and high strain rate tension tests, picture frame tests and friction tests. Different finite element modeling schemes using shell finite elements are used to study efficiency and accuracy issues. First, single FE layer (SL) and multiple FE layers (ML) were used to simulate the ballistic tests conducted at NASA Glenn Research Center (NASA-GRC). Second, in the multiple layer configuration, a new modeling approach called Spiral Modeling Scheme (SMS) was tried and compared to the existing Concentric Modeling Scheme (CMS). Regression analyses were used to fill missing experimental data – the shear properties of the fabric, damping coefficient and the parameters used in Cowper-Symonds (CS) model which account for strain rate effect on material properties, in order to achieve close match between FE simulations and experimental data. The difference in absorbed energy by the fabric after impact, displacement of fabric near point of impact, and extent of damage were used as metrics for evaluating the material model. In addition, the ballistic limits of the multi-layer fabrics for various configurations were also determined.     

High-velocity plate impact of metal foams

The ballistic impact of a massive, effectively 1-D plate on an initially stationary foam layer is considered. It is shown that four discrete velocity regimes must be considered. Two of these regimes are of major interest for ballistic impact studies. Regime 2 considers the case when the initial velocity of the plate is lower than the sound velocity of the constitutive material of the foam, but higher than the linear sound velocity of foam. Regime 3 considers the case when the initial plate velocity is lower than the linear sound velocity of the foam; but remains higher than the effective sound velocity for a perturbation in which the amplitude lies in the so-called “plateau region” of the static stress–strain diagram.Analytical solutions for dynamic deformation and energy absorption of foam materials under the plate impact condition for Regimes 2 and 3 are developed. It has been shown that in both cases, a compressive shock wave appears. The physical difference between these two regimes entails not only the creation of a shock front associated with the collapsing foam, but also an acoustic precursor in the case of Regime 3. As a result, the efficiency of energy absorption in Regime 2 depends only on the initial density of the foam, the density of the constitutive material of the foam, and the areal mass of the impacting plate, whereas the efficiency of energy absorption for Regime 3 also depends on the Mach number and the critical stress of the foam.Numerical plate impact simulations have been carried out in impact Regime 2. Explicit finite element analysis is performed using LS-DYNA 960. The time history of dynamic deformation and energy of the impact plate is presented. The numerical prediction is found to be in good agreement with the analytical results.     

Uniaxial Stress-Strain Characteristics of Elastomeric Membranes: Theoretical Considerations,Computational Simulations,and Experimental Validation

This study presents an experimental methodology for the uniaxial stress-strain characterization of urethane and polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) samples, and compares elicited results with an image-based methodology, simulations, and theory. Elicited results at 40% strain yield error differences between the experimentally measured and the simulated strain of ?10 and ?20% for the urethane and PVA samples, respectively. The corresponding stress differences were ?22 and 11%. Experimental stress-strain responses were fitted using a piecewise linear model (urethane) and using a two-parameter Ogden constitutive model (PVA), based on the over-parameterization criterion. This work directly compares experimental and computational methodologies for the characterization of bio-materials and quantifies the elicited errors.     

A viscoelastic continuum damage model and its application to uniaxial behavior of asphalt concrete

An existing viscoelastic constitutive model which accounts for the effects of rate-dependent damage growth is described and applied successfully to characterize the uniaxial stress, constant strain rate behavior of asphalt concrete. The special case of an elastic continuum damage model with multiaxial loading, which is based upon thermodynamics of irreversible processes with internal state variables, is first reviewed and then it is shown how this model has been extended to a corresponding viscoelastic damage model through the use of an elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle. The general mathematical model is next specialized to uniaxial loading. A rate-type evolution law, similar in form to a crack growth law for a viscoelastic medium, is adopted for describing the damage growth within the body. Results from laboratory tests of uniaxial specimens under axial tension at different strain rates are then shown to be consistent with the theory. The discussion of data analysis describes the specific procedure used here to obtain the material parameters in the constitutive model for uniaxial loading and how the method may be generalized for multiaxial loading.     

Computational modeling of the penetration response of a high-purity ceramic

This paper describes computational modeling of the penetration response of a high-purity ceramic, namely the AD-99.5 alumina. This material is the most widely investigated ceramic, and extensive materials testing and ballistic data are available. The model development is based on constitutive relationships inferred from bar impact and plate impact data. The model is then incorporated into the EPIC Lagrangian finite element code. A novel element removal scheme for ceramics is presented, and the code is then used to investigate the penetration response of AD-99.5 alumina in the depth of penetration and semi-infinite configurations. The computations are found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The interface defeat problem is also investigated numerically, and the results are used to suggest an explanation for interface defeat.     

Numerical implementation of strain rate dependent thermo viscoelastic constitutive relation to simulate the mechanical behavior of PMMA

In this work, a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive relation was implemented to describe the mechanical behavior of a transparent thermoplastic polymer polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The quasi-static and dynamic response of the polymer was studied under different temperatures and strain rates. The effect of temperature was incorporated in elastic and relaxation constants of the constitutive equation. The incremental form of constitutive model was developed by using Poila–Kirchhoff stress and Green strain tensors theory. The model was implemented numerically by establishing a user defined material subroutine in explicit finite element (FE) solver LS-DYNA. Finite element models for uniaxial quasi-static compressive test and high strain rate split Hopkinson pressure bar compression test were built to verify the accuracy of material subroutine. Numerical results were validated with experimental stress strain curves and the results showed that the model successfully predicted the mechanical behavior of PMMA at different temperatures for low and high strain rates. The material model was further engaged to ascertain the dynamic behavior of PMMA based aircraft windshield structure against bird impact. A good agreement between experimental and FE results showed that the suggested model can successfully be employed to assess the mechanical response of polymeric structures at different temperature and loading rates.     

Anisotropic viscoplasticity constitutive model for directionally solidified superalloy

Abstract

The macroscopic deformation behaviour of a Ni-based directionally solidified (DS) superalloy was experimentally investigated, and an anisotropic constitutive model of the material was developed. Monotonic and creep tests were performed on uniaxial test specimens machined from DS plates so that the angle between the loading direction and the solidified grain direction varied between 0 and 90°. Tension-torsion creep tests were also conducted to examine the anisotropic behaviour under multiaxial stress conditions. The material exhibited marked anisotropy under elastic and viscous deformation conditions, whereas it showed isotropy under plastic deformation conditions of high strain rates. Then crystal plasticity analyses were carried out to identify slip systems under creep loading conditions, assuming the anisotropic creep behaviour of the DS material. A viscoplastic constitutive model for expressing both the anisotropic elasticity-viscosity and the isotropic plasticity was proposed. The elastic constants were determined using a self-consistent approach, and viscous parameters were modelled by crystal plasticity analyses. The calculation results obtained using the constitutive model were compared with the experimental data to evaluate the validity of the model. It was demonstrated that the constitutive model could satisfactorily describe the anisotropic behaviour under uniaxial and multiaxial stress conditions with a given set of material parameters.     

金属薄靶板冲塞破坏最小穿透能量分析

基于大量弹道极限试验分析和高应变率下材料的简化热塑性本构关系,提出一种计算塑性金属靶板在刚性平头弹亚弹速冲击下冲塞剪切耗能的简化模型,建立了刚性平头弹穿透靶板所需最小能量(最小穿透能量)的无量纲表达式,得到一个计算低碳钢靶板最小穿透能量的半理论半经验公式。介绍并分析讨论了现有金属靶板最小穿透能量经验公式,得到一些有意义的结论。经分析比较,表明本文公式适用性较广、精度较好。     

A Finite-Deformation Constitutive Model of Bulk Metallic Glass Plasticity

A constitutive model of bulk metallic glass (BMG) plasticity is developed which accounts for finitedeformation kinematics, the kinetics of free volume, strain hardening, thermal softening, rate-dependency and non-Newtonian viscosity. The model has been validated against uniaxial compression test data; and against plate bending experiments. The model captures accurately salient aspects of the material behavior including: the viscosity of Vitreloy 1 as a function of temperature and strain rate; the temperature and strain-rate dependence of the equilibrium free-volume concentration; the uniaxial compression stress-strain curves as a function of strain rate and temperature; and the dependence of shear-band spacing on plate thickness. Calculations suggest that, under adiabatic conditions, strain softening and localization in BMGs is due both to an increase in free volume and to the rise in temperature within the band. The calculations also suggest that the shear band spacing in plate-bending specimens is controlled by the stress relaxation in the vicinity of the shear bands.     

基于广义Kelvin链钢管混凝土徐变研究

混凝土徐变是混凝土材料本身固有的一个时变特性,是结构响应中一个重要组成部分,其计算方法通常是建立在单轴试验和理论基础上。为探讨钢管混凝土徐变特性,该文采用自制的压力自平衡混凝土徐变试验装置对混凝土圆柱和圆钢管混凝土柱进行了徐变试验,结果表明:钢管混凝土柱徐变变形要比普通混凝土柱的徐变变形小,在该文试验中两者相差接近50%,这可能是密闭钢管内核心混凝土无法与外界发生水分交换而不发生干燥收缩和干燥徐变以及钢管围压所致。根据粘弹性理论,引入多参数Kelvin链粘弹性元件模型,建立了求解单轴应力状态下混凝土徐变的Volterra型积分方程,模型参数近似表示为连续粘滞谱。通过离散时间变量t和分步积分,进一步得到了单轴应力状态下混凝土徐变应力-应变增量本构模型。依据徐变叠加原理,考虑Poisson效应,进一步将单轴应力状态下混凝土徐变应力-应变增量本构模型拓展到三轴应力状态,用于钢管混凝土徐变分析。对有限元商用软件Ansys进行二次开发,将反映三轴应力状态下混凝土徐变性能的本构方程引入Ansys提供的用户子程序Usermat中,并采用Fortran语言编程,从而实现了钢管混凝土徐变长期性能的有限元分析计算。将有限元数值解与试验结果进行对比分析,发现该文提出的模型是科学的和有效的。该文提出的方法将为混凝土徐变计算提供了另一条有效途径。     

Effect of time and temperature on nonlinear constitutive equation in polypropylene

In order to investigate viscoelastic-plastic properties and discuss a constitutive equation at finite strains in polymer solids, uniaxial compression tests were executed at different temperatures using polypropylen (PP) rods under conditions of constant strain rate, abrupt change of strain rate, stress relaxation, creep loadings and their combination. Several viscoelastic-plastic properties which must be taken into account in the constitutive equation of PP are pointed out, and the experimental data are compared with the numerical results based on the concept of an over stress model. It is found that the model describes the stress-strain behaviours of PP well in the case where the current strain is not below the previous one.     

考虑应变率影响的厚壁筒残余应力场分析

本文针对弹塑性拉压循环加卸载条件下，不同的应变率（１０－４－１０－２ｓ－１）变化，对高强钢（ＰＣｒＮｉ３ＭｏＶ）材料的屈服应力、应变硬化参数和反向屈服应力等参量的影响进行了实验研究，提出了便于理论计算的简化弹塑性本构模型，并假设拉屈服应力与压屈服应力的差值不随应变率的不同而发生变化，这一假定与实验结果相符合，且便于工程计算。针对厚壁筒自紧加工工艺的残余应力场分析问题，用本文提出的模型对厚壁筒在四种不同的应变率条件下进行自紧加工时残余应力场的变化及不同的自紧效果进行了详细的分析和比较，并提出了改进工艺过程和提高自紧效果的建设性意见。     

A temperature dependent creep damage model for polycrystalline ice

We present a continuum damage model for the temperature dependent creep response of polycrystalline ice under a multiaxial state of stress, suited for ice in polar regions. The proposed model is based on a thermo-viscoelastic constitutive law for ice creep and a local orthotropic damage accumulation law for tension, compression and shear loadings. Orthotropic damage is represented by a symmetric second-order damage tensor and its effect on creep is incorporated through the effective stress concept. The unknown model parameters are first calibrated using published experimental data from constant uniaxial stress tests and then predictions are made for constant strain rate and multiaxial loadings. The predicted results are in good agreement with both experimental and numerical results in the literature illustrating the viability of the proposed model. The model is mainly intended for studying the failure mechanisms of polar ice at low deformation rates with depth varying temperature profiles.     

Mechanical characterization and modeling of the deformation and failure of the highly crosslinked RTM6 epoxy resin

The nonlinear deformation and fracture of RTM6 epoxy resin is characterized as a function of strain rate and temperature under various loading conditions involving uniaxial tension, notched tension, uniaxial compression, torsion, and shear. The parameters of the hardening law depend on the strain-rate and temperature. The pressure-dependency and hardening law, as well as four different phenomenological failure criteria, are identified using a subset of the experimental results. Detailed fractography analysis provides insight into the competition between shear yielding and maximum principal stress driven brittle failure. The constitutive model and a stress-triaxiality dependent effective plastic strain based failure criterion are readily introduced in the standard version of Abaqus, without the need for coding user subroutines, and can thus be directly used as an input in multi-scale modeling of fibre-reinforced composite material. The model is successfully validated against data not used for the identification and through the full simulation of the crack propagation process in the V-notched beam shear test.