Vakuumkomponenten aus Aluminium für UHV und XHV

Vacuum components made of aluminium for UHV and XHV – Mechanical properties, weldability and outgassing behaviour The mechanical strength of 6000 Al alloys is sufficient to produce stable CF cutting edges. To obtain the necessary mechanical strength, the maximum temperatures of the material must not be exceeded during manufacturing and application. The suitability of these aluminium alloys for use in UHV and XHV was proven in series of measurements on cutting edge geometry. In addition, the article explains how reproducible process parameters during welding ensure the production of vacuum-tight weld seams with clean root formation, whereby special welding parameters ensure the compliance with temperature restrictions to preserve the quality of the cutting edges. Comparative tests on aluminium and stainless steel chambers show that UHV conditions can be achieved in a shorter time and – due to lower bakeout temperatures – with less energy input by using aluminium as material. The mechanical strength of 6000 Al alloys is sufficient to produce stable CF cutting edges. To obtain the necessary mechanical strength, the maximum temperatures of the material must not be exceeded during manufacturing as well as application. The suitability of these aluminium alloys for use in UHV and XHV could be proven in series of measurements on cutting edge geometry.     

Vakuumkomponenten für UHV und XHV aus Aluminium

Vacuum components of aluminum for UHV and XHV — weldability and outgassing behavior It has been shown that present‐day aluminum alloys possess sufficient stability to produce aluminum CF flanges for multiple tightening cycles. In order to preserve the mechanical strength it is vitally important that the critical limiting temperature of the materials is not exceeded both during the production process and later in the application. Reproducible welding parameters guarantee vacuum tight welding seams with neat root formation. It could be verified experimentally that critical temperatures in the knife edge area will not be exceeded in case of design according to material properties and special welding parameters. Comparative measurements of identically designed vacuum chambers of stainless steel and aluminum proved that UVH conditions can be achieved much faster and with less energy input (lower bakeout temperature) with aluminum than with stainless steel.     

电离规的新进展

介绍了传统热阴极电离规和冷阴极电离规的发展历程和研究现状、新型场发射阴极(微尖型阴极和碳纳米管阴极)在电离规中的应用、小型化电离规的发展和国内在超高/极高真空电离规研究方面取得的成果和现状。重点回顾了碳纳米管阴极电离规和小型化电离规在近年来取得的重大成就。由于碳纳米管具有长径比大、曲率半径小、机械特性强、导电性好和优异的场发射特性,使得其作为电离规阴极有望解决传统冷阴极电离规在低压下不能放电的困难和传统热阴极电离规的热出气效应,从而为极高真空测量提供一种解决途径。     

Finite Elemente Methode (FEM) Analyse in der Vakuummechanik

Finite element method analysis in vacuum mechanics In engineering sciences the finite element method (FEM) is widely accepted as standard for the simulation of solid body characteristics. Modern FEM‐Software, used with a CAD‐system, enables the optimization of mechanical systems in an early development stage. Vacuum‐mechanic engineers can use FEM to adapt vacuum vessels on specific mechanical and thermal requirements. The use of aluminum alloys for vacuum components, especially vessels for UHV / XHV, needs to consider the mechanical properties of aluminum. FEM is an easy to use method to enable this, regarding safety and low cost aspects. In the context of the new development and advancement of vacuum‐flange‐systems, FEM can be conducive to gain important insight to their functionality. Assembly parameters and operating conditions can be derived with such investigations. The following article describes the basic principles of an FEM‐analysis and presents the respective procedure using examples of vacuum mechanics.     

超高/极高真空校准研究进展

本文概述了在超高/极高真空校准方面的研究进展.介绍了采用分子束法、压力衰减法、流导调制法以及分流法校准超高/极高真空规的原理、校准系统的结构及性能,并分析了它们的优缺点.从中可以看出,近年来随着真空材料处理技术、容器内表面处理技术和真空获得技术的进展,在10~(-10)Pa～10~(-8)Pa压力范围的超高/极高真空校准技术也取得了可喜的进展,校准系统的研制、维护成本日趋低廉,校准方法更为简单,校准结果更为准确.     

锰在7000系铝合金中的作用及机理

介绍了过渡族金属元素锰在铝中的固溶度变化特点及锰的存在形式;重点讨论了过渡族元素锰对7000系高强铝合金时效行为和力学性能(拉伸强度、延伸率、断裂韧性及抗应力腐蚀性能等)的有益作用及作用机理.铝合金中添加一定量的锰,不影响铝合金的时效动力学,但却明显提高铝合金的强度,对铝合金韧性(延伸率和断裂韧性)、抗应力腐蚀性能等有一定的作用.在现代高强铝合金的研发中,锰已成为一种重要的合金化元素.     

加载速率对点阵铝力学行为及吸能特性的影响

目的研究基体材料和加载速率对点阵铝力学性能和吸能特性的影响规律。方法针对工业纯铝、6063铝合金为基体的点阵铝在3种不同的加载速率下进行压缩力学试验。结果加载速率从2mm/min增加到250 mm/min时,点阵纯铝的屈服强度增加了2 MPa,点阵6063铝合金的屈服强度增加了7.6 MPa;加载速率从250 mm/min增加到500 mm/min时,点阵纯铝的屈服强度变化不大,而点阵6063铝合金的屈服强度增加了8.2 MPa;当加载速率一定时,点阵6063铝合金的屈服强度要大于点阵纯铝。结论点阵6063铝合金的力学性能和单位体积吸能随着加载速率的增大而增大,并且点阵6063铝合金的力学性能和吸能特性要大于点阵纯铝。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–8Li–xAl–0.5Ca alloys

The effect of the Al content on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Mg–8Li–xAl–0.5Ca alloys is investigated. The experimental results show that an as-cast Mg–8Li–0.5Ca alloy is mainly composed of α-Mg, β-Li and granular Mg₂Ca phases. With the addition of Al, the amount of α-Mg phase first increases and then decreases. In addition, the intermetallic compounds also obviously change. The microstructure of the test alloys is refined due to dynamic recrystallisation that occurs during extrusion. The mechanical properties of extruded alloys are much more desirable than the properties of as-cast alloys. The as-extruded Mg–8Li–6Al–0.5Ca alloy exhibits good comprehensive mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength of 251.2?MPa, a yield strength of 220.6?MPa and an elongation of 23.5%.     

High‐Strength Nanotwinned Al Alloys with 9R Phase

Light‐weight aluminum (Al) alloys have widespread applications. However, most Al alloys have inherently low mechanical strength. Nanotwins can induce high strength and ductility in metallic materials. Yet, introducing high‐density growth twins into Al remains difficult due to its ultrahigh stacking‐fault energy. In this study, it is shown that incorporating merely several atomic percent of Fe solutes into Al enables the formation of nanotwinned (nt) columnar grains with high‐density 9R phase in Al(Fe) solid solutions. The nt Al–Fe alloy coatings reach a maximum hardness of ≈5.5 GPa, one of the strongest binary Al alloys ever created. In situ uniaxial compressions show that the nt Al–Fe alloys populated with 9R phase have flow stress exceeding 1.5 GPa, comparable to high‐strength steels. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that high strength and hardening ability of Al–Fe alloys arise mainly from the high‐density 9R phase and nanoscale grain sizes.     

Al、Mo含量对铸造钛合金力学性能的影响

运用正交实验 ,考察了Al、Mo含量对Ti Al Mo 1Zr系铸造钛合金力学性能的影响。试验结果表明 :随Al、Mo含量提高 ,铸造合金的强度增加 ,塑性和冲击韧性降低 ,但Al、Mo的交互作用却使合金塑性提高 ,强度和冲击韧性降低     

Innovativer Bayard‐Alpert Sensor mit ausgetrickster Röntgengrenze

Innovative Bayard‐Alpert gauge beats the X‐ray limit In this contribution typical problems that arise when using Bayard‐Alpert (BA) vacuum gauges at UHV and XHV chambers regarding measurement range, accuracy, and reproducibility are discussed. Besides others BA gauges deliver a minor residual current that is inherent to the design of the sensor and that defines the lower measurement limit of the gauge. An investigation of the basic physical processes that contribute to the residual currents in BA gauges yields a novel approach to minimize the residual current in BA gauges directly in the sensor. Experimental results of a new BA gauge with a compensation of the residual current (BARION® XHV) show an extended lower measurement limit by two decades downto XHV and a significantly increased accuracy in the pressure range 10^?9…10^?11 mbar. Due to a respective design, furthermore, an improved reproducibility is ensured.     

Structure and properties of rapidly solidified Mg-Al alloys

Three binary Mg-Al alloys containing nominally 5, 15, and 30 at % Al were prepared in the ingot and rapidly solidified flake conditions using the twin roll technique. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrochemical behavior of the extruded alloys in both the conditions were investigated. The hardness, tensile strength, and corrosion resistance increased with increasing Al content. Further, the hardness, tensile strength, and corrosion resistance of the rapidly solidified alloys were superior to the ingot-metallurgy alloys and this is attributed to the microstructural refinement and increased homogeneity in the rapidly solidified alloys.     

四极质谱计在真空检漏中的应用

介绍了使用四极质谱计进行真空检漏的原理和方法,分别对超高和极高真空系统做了检漏实验研究，并取到了满意的结果。四极质谱计检漏有检漏仪检漏无法比拟的优点，适合在真空工程中推广应用。     

Fe3Al金属间化合物的研究

本项目在Ｆｅ３Ａｌ的加工工艺和用合金化改善Ｆｅ３Ａｌ的性能上取得了重大进展。目前已形成了具有不同特性的Ｆｅ３Ａｌ基合金的成分配方系列，以及可以制备各种Ｆｅ３Ａｌ型材和大型铸锭和段坯的工艺路及完整的工艺参数。     

Simultaneous improvement in the strength and corrosion resistance of Al via high-energy ball milling and Cr alloying

The corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline aluminium (Al) and Al–20 wt.%Cr alloys, synthesized by high-energy ball milling followed by spark plasma sintering, were investigated. Both alloys exhibited an excellent combination of corrosion resistance and compressive yield strength, which was attributed to the nanocrystalline structure, extended solubility, uniformly distributed fine particles, and homogenous microstructure induced by high-energy ball milling. This work demonstrates the possibilities of developing ultra-high strength Al alloys with excellent corrosion resistance, exploiting conventionally insoluble elements or alloying additions via suitable processing routes.     

Joint effect of quasicrystalline icosahedral and L12-strucutred phases precipitation on the grain structure and mechanical properties of aluminum-based alloys

Dispersoid hardening is a key factor in increasing the recrystallization resistance and mechanical strength of non-heat treatable aluminum-based alloys.Mn and Zr are the main elements that form dispersoids in commercial Al-based alloys.In this work,the annealing-induced precipitation behavior,the grain struc-ture,and the mechanical properties of Al-3.0Mg-1.1 Mn and Al-3.0Mg-1.1 Mn-0.25 Zr alloys were studied.The microstructure and the mechanical properties were significantly affected by annealing regimes after casting for both alloys.The research demonstrated a possibility to form high-density distributed quasicrystalline-structured I-phase precipitates with a mean size of 29 nm during low-temperature annealing of as-cast alloys.Fine manganese-bearing precipitates of Ⅰ-phase increased recrystallization resistance and significantly enhanced the mechanical strength of the alloys studied.The estimated strengthening effect owing to Ⅰ-phase precipitation was 150 MPa.Due to the formation of L12-structured Al3Zr dispersoids with a mean size of 5.7 nm,additional alloying with Zr increased yield strength by about 90 MPa.The L12-phase strengthening effect was estimated through the dislocation bypass looping and shearing mechanisms.     

Microstructure and mechanical property of high strength Mg–Sn–Zn–Al alloys

This paper aims to reveal the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast and hot-rolled Mg–Sn–Zn–Al based alloys. Three alloys, Mg–5Sn–2Zn (TZ52), Mg–5Sn–2Zn–2Al (TAZ522) and Mg–5Sn–5Al–1Zn–0.2Mn (TAZM5510) alloys were studied. The results revealed that the as-cast alloys showed fine dendritic structures. The TAZM5510 alloys exhibited moderate yield strength of 98?MPa with good elongation of ～15%, which was comparable to several commercially used Mg die-castings. Mechanical properties were significantly improved after multi-pass rolling. The TZ52 sheet showed a high yield strength of 277?MPa with excellent ductility exceeding 30%, and the TAZM5510 sheet exhibited the highest tensile strength of 386?MPa while keeping desirable elongation of 16.6%. These sheets are termed as strong and ductile Mg–Sn–Zn–Al wrought alloys.     

电子束熔丝沉积4043/4074铝合金的组织与力学性能

目的 研究电子束熔丝沉积Al-Si合金的微观组织与力学性能以及后续热处理的影响。方法 采用电子束熔丝沉积快速成形技术,分别对直径2 mm的4043和4047铝合金丝材进行增材制造成形,研究样品在不同方向上的微观组织与力学性能以及后续热处理的影响。结果 打印态的4043和4047合金的致密度分别为99.81%和99.88%,热处理后略有降低,分别为98.94%和99.77%。打印态样品中含有一些由硅颗粒和杂质相组成的条带状微观组织。打印态样品中含有近似等轴状与棒状的两类细小Si颗粒。打印态样品在长、宽、高3个方向上的拉伸强度相当,4043合金的抗拉强度为120~127 MPa,伸长率为12%~30%;4047合金的抗拉强度为151~155 MPa,伸长率为15%~30%。经热处理后,样品的强度略有降低,但伸长率显著提升。结论 通过控制EBF3参数,可以获得致密无缺陷的具有良好力学性能的块体Al-Si合金样品,其力学性能可通过后续热处理进一步调控。     

Effect of Si content on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Si–Mg alloys

Microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast and as-extruded Al–Si–Mg alloys with different Si content are investigated by tensile test, microstructure observation. High density of Si particles in the Al alloys can induce dynamic recrystallization during hot extrusion and it becomes more matured with an increase in the density of Si particles. The tensile strength of as-cast and as-extruded alloys can be improved with the increase of Si content and hot extrusion make the elongation of alloys increase dramatically. Considerable grain refining effect caused by recrystallization occurred during hot extrusion of S2 (equivalently commercial A356 alloy) and S3 (near eutectic alloy) alloys plays an important role in the improvement of elongation. A good combination of strength and elongation for the as-extruded S3 alloy indicates that near eutectic Al–Si alloys can be hot-extruded to produce aluminum profiles with high performance.     

Tensile and fatigue evaluation of Ti–15Al–33Nb (at.%) and Ti–21Al–29Nb (at.%) alloys for biomedical applications

In this work the fatigue and tensile behavior of Ti–15Al–33Nb (at.%) and Ti–21Al–29Nb (at.%) was evaluated and compared to that for other titanium-based biomedical implant alloys, in particular Ti–6Al–4V (wt.%). The mechanical properties of interest were fatigue strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation-to-failure. Fatigue stress versus life curves were obtained for tests performed at room temperature in air as well as in Ringer's solution at R = 0.1 for maximum stresses between 35% and 90% of the ultimate tensile strength. The results indicated that the fatigue strength and lives and elastic modulus of these alloys is comparable to that for Ti–6Al–4V (wt.%). Considering the data scatter and deformation behavior, the Ringer's solution did not significantly affect the fatigue behavior. Heat treatment reduced the tensile strength and this corresponded to a reduction in the fatigue strength. The tensile strength of the as-processed Ti-Al-Nb alloys was slightly lower than that for Ti–6Al–4V (wt.%), and the Ti–15Al–33Nb (at.%) exhibited lower strengths and higher elongations than Ti–21Al–29Nb. Based on the current results, it is proposed that titanium–aluminum–niobium alloys will be of considerable future interest for biomedical applications.