影响填充床酶反应器酸解合成结构脂质因素研究进展

结构脂质因具有独特营养和生理功能而引起人们关注;填充床酶反应器酸解合成结构脂质具有工艺简捷、酶利用率高、副反应较少,适于连续化生产等优点而成为研究热点。该文概述影响填充床酶反应器酸解合成结构脂质主要因素,为其实现工业化生产提供参考。     

基于响应面法优化酿酒黄水酶促酯化条件的研究

优化了酿酒黄水的酶促酯化条件。以乙醇体积分数、pH、红曲酯化酶活力和反应时间为因子,应用响应面法得到了总酯产量达最大时的工艺条件。由多重回归分析和方差分析的结果可知,实验数据与所得二次多项式方程的拟合度较高。由从数学模型得到的3-D响应面图所确定的黄水酶促酯化的最优条件为:乙醇体积分数22.64%,pH2.77,红曲酯化酶活力283.00mg/100mL,反应时间为20d。在（32±0.2）℃条件下,黄水发酵液中的总酯含量由发酵前的（0.82±0.06）g/L提高到（6.90±0.14）g/L。      

Interesterification of milkfat with soybean oil catalysed by Rhizopus oryzae lipase immobilised on SiO2‐PVA on packed bed reactor

The potential of the lipase from Rhizopus oryzae immobilised on SiO₂‐PVA to catalyse the interesterification of the milkfat with soybean oil in a packed bed reactor running on continuous mode was evaluated. The reactor operated continuously for 35 days at 45 °C, and during 12 days, no significant decrease in the initial lipase activity was verified. Interesterification yields were in the range from 35 to 38%wt, which gave an interesterified product having 59% lower consistency in relation to non‐interesterified blend. Results showed the potential of the lipase from Rhizopus oryzae to mediate the interesterification of milkfat with soybean oil in packed bed reactor, attaining a more spreadable product under a cool temperature. The biocatalyst operational stability was assessed and an inactivation profile was found to follow the Arrhenius model, revealing values of 34 days and 0.034 day^?1, for half‐life and a deactivation coefficient, respectively.     

茶鲜叶酶促氧化合成茶黄素研究

以春季政和大白一芽二叶茶鲜叶匀浆液为酶源,以单位质量茶鲜叶原料酶促氧化合成茶黄素的量为考察指标,比较研究政和大白茶、秀红、碧香早3种茶鲜叶原料酶促氧化合成茶黄素的效率,优化筛选最优茶鲜叶原料酶促合成茶黄素工艺技术参数,以期为茶黄素的高效制备提供参考。结果表明,政和大白茶鲜叶原料最适合于酶促氧化合成茶黄素,其最优工艺技术参数为酶源用量0.6g酶液/100mL、酶促反应时间120min、温度35℃、pH值5.2,在该参数下,茶黄素的合成量达2.72mg/g.鲜叶,说明所得工艺技术是一种利用茶鲜叶原料酶促氧化高效制备茶黄素的方法。     

酶法合成单脂肪酸甘油酯的反应体系研究进展

由于反应条件温和、选择性高、安全环保,酶法合成单脂肪酸甘油酯近年来受到了科学家们的广泛关注。单脂肪酸甘油酯的酶法合成工艺关键在于反应过程中酶活性的保持以及反应底物的混溶性,即酶催化反应体系的选择与调控。文中重点介绍了常见的酶催化反应体系在酶法合成单脂肪酸甘油酯中的应用研究进展,主要包括有机溶剂体系、反胶束体系、无溶剂体系、超临界流体体系和离子液体体系等。最后,对酶法合成单脂肪酸甘油酯的反应体系作了总结和展望。     

抗氧化剂没食子酸的酶法转化生产研究

没食子酸及其衍生物是一种重要的抗氧化剂,可以用作食品添加剂,也可作为化工原料,用于医药工业、饲料工业、化妆品等工业.没食子酸的传统生产方法是酸水解法和碱水解法,而近年来,微生物发酵法和酶转化法研究正在兴起.黑曲霉B0201直接生料固体发酵五倍子原料,未能检测到没食子酸产物.如果先采用生料固体发酵生产单宁酶,然后再用酶法制备没食子酸却是可行的.研究结果表明,分步制备没食子酸反应4h,0.5L反应液中积累了3.83g的没食子酸.没食子酸的制备过程为:生料发酵生产单宁酶--单宁酶的提取--酶法制备没食子酸,初步构建了一种微生物酶分步制备没食子酸的工艺.     

水活度对全细胞脂肪酶GZUF36催化合成1,3-甘油二酯中的影响

1,3-甘油二酯是一种健康油脂,并且可用来合成药物的中间材料,但其在天然油脂中含量有限。所以本文用黑曲霉GZUF36全细胞脂肪酶法甘油解合成了1,3-甘油二酯,重点探讨了影响其合成的关键因素:水活度。控制水活度的方法包括用饱和盐溶液平衡酶粉、水合盐平衡反应体介质、水合盐控制水活度水合盐分别预平衡酶粉和反应介质。结果表明,水活度显著地影响1,3-甘油二酯的产量和脂肪酶对1,3-甘油二酯的选择性。过高或过低的水活度都不利于全细胞脂肪酶GZUF36催化甘油解反应合成1,3-甘油二酯,水活度过低会导致酶活力不高,水活度过高则易使催化反应向水解方向进行。当用aw=0.58的水合盐分别预平衡酶粉和反应介质时,1,3-甘油二酯的得率和脂肪酶对1.3-甘油二酯的选择性都为最优,分别是26.100%和83.056%。本文为进一步优化全细胞脂肪酶GZUF36催化的选择性合成1,3-甘油二酯中的反应体系奠定了基础。     

Optimizing bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> in the stirred packed reactor using Box-Behnken design and desirability function

A stirring bioreactor packed with a carbon fiber textiles (FT) biofilm formed by Bacillus subtilis was used to produce vanillin from ferulic acid. Biofilm formation was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The interactive effects of three variables on vanillin molar yield (M) and conversion efficiency of ferulic acid (E) were evaluated by response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal conversion conditions with a maximum overall desirability D of 0.983 were obtained by a desirability function. Considering the actual operation, the confirmation tests were performed using the slightly modified optimal conditions (initial ferulic acid concentration 1.55 g/L, temperature 35°C, stirring speed 220 rpm). The results showed that M and E were 57.42 and 93.53%, respectively. This was only 1.03% and 1.87%, respectively, different from the predicted values, confirming the validity of the predicted models. These revealed that the stirred packed reactor could be successfully used in vanillin bioconversion from ferulic acid.     

Reduction of the native microflora on alfalfa sprouts during propagation by addition of antimicrobial compounds to the irrigation water

Alfalfa and other types of sprouts are known to harbor large populations of native microorganisms. As some of these microbes may be causes of reduced shelf life of the product (plant pathogens and other spoilage organisms) and sprouts may, on occasion, harbor bacteria pathogenic towards humans, the addition of antimicrobial compounds to the irrigation water may be warranted. In this study, we tested the efficacy of several antimicrobial compounds for reducing the native microbial populations on alfalfa sprouts during propagation. These compounds included H2O2, peroxyacetic acid+hydrogen peroxide (Tsunami 100), acidified NaClO2, NaClO2 (Aquatize), EDTA, Na3PO4 and NaOCl. When added to the irrigation water at vanous concentrations, none of the antimicrobial compounds reduced the levels of any class of native microflora by more than 1 log10 without evidence of phytotoxicity.     

Knowledge synthesis to support risk assessment of climate change impacts on food and water safety: A case study of the effects of water temperature and salinity on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oysters and harvest waters

Global climate change is expected to have multiple impacts on food and water safety. Knowledge synthesis methods can provide a credible and robust assessment of the evidence on these potential impacts to inform risk assessments. To illustrate the utility of these methods to synthesize data for a case study scenario of one of the potential impacts of climate change on food safety, and to inform a complementary risk assessment model, we conducted a systematic review of the effects of water temperature and salinity on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oysters and harvest waters. We searched four bibliographic databases for literature then two independent reviewers screened 953 citations for relevance and extracted data from 120 relevant articles. Sufficient data for meta-analysis were provided in 19 articles. Random-effects meta-analysis, a quality-of-evidence assessment, and meta-regression (where applicable) were conducted on unique data subsets reporting correlation coefficients for the relationships of interest. A positive correlation was identified between water temperature and V. parahaemolyticus in oysters (r = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.68) and water (r = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.70). However, both analyses were significantly heterogeneous (I² = 74% and I² = 75%, respectively), which was not explained by the variables evaluated in meta-regression. No consistent relationship was identified for water salinity. A low and very low quality-of-evidence was identified for the water temperature and salinity relationships, irrespective of sampling media. Due to insufficient reporting and availability, we were unable to perform meta-analysis on regression coefficients for direct inclusion in the risk assessment model. However, the synthesis process provided a structured and transparent evaluation of the evidence to confirm associations between water temperature and V. parahaemolyticus densities, indicate no consistent association between salinity and V. parahaemolyticus densities, and compile available regression coefficients. Future synthesis research could evaluate other effects of climate on food and water safety to inform additional risk assessments.     

Superior effect of isostearyl isostearate on improvement in stratum corneum water permeability barrier function as examined by the plastic occlusion stress test

Dry skin is a major dermatological problem and consumer research indicates that although current moisturizers are effective they are not completely meeting consumer expectation. Several technological approaches have been taken but influencing stratum corneum (SC) lipid phase behaviour as a novel water permeability barrier‐enhancing and moisturizing mechanism has only been started to be investigated recently. Both the long periodicity SC lipid lamellar phase and the orthorhombic lipid packing state have been proposed to define optimal SC water permeability barrier properties. Several lipophillic moisturizers have been tested for their ability to modify SC lipid lateral packing namely glyceryl monoisostearate (GMIS), isopropyl isostearate (IPIS) and isostearyl isostearate (ISIS) of which IPIS and ISIS are reported to induce the orthorhombic phase. Despite the improvements in the lateral packing of SC lipids, these ingredients have been shown not to improve transepidermal water loss. However, using a novel skin surface water loss method we have observed for the first time significant improvements in SC water permeability barrier function for ISIS compared with IPIS, GMIS and petrolatum. However, using synthetic membranes and measuring water vapour transport rates we showed that the isostearyl esters were not occlusive like petrolatum. As the effects of ISIS were not because of what would be considered as true occlusion, we propose that the differences in the SC water permeability barrier properties from use of ISIS to the other ingredients tested are because of its reported effects on SC lipid phase behaviour. Further studies probably using spectroscopic approaches, however, will be needed to specifically test this hypothesis in vivo.     

Contribution of temporal dominance of sensations performed by modality (M-TDS) to the sensory perception of texture and flavor in semi-solid products: A case study on fat-free strawberry yogurts

This study aimed to perform Temporal Dominance of Sensations by modality (M-TDS) combined with a multi-intake approach to investigate texture and flavor perception in semi-solid products. Trained panelists (n = 15) evaluated fat-free strawberry yogurts enriched with functional proteins involving texture modifications. As yogurt is a semi-solid product, its in-mouth residence time is short. A multi-intake approach was therefore expected to give more reliable information about the sensory properties perceived by panelists. The two modalities of texture and flavor were analyzed separately to characterize the effect of added proteins. Trials were made according to an experimental design with two factors (protein type and concentration) and three levels each. Different statistical treatments, taking or not the temporality of attributes into account, were performed on standardized and non-standardized data. The implementation of M-TDS was essential to highlight differences of flavor perception in addition to the more evident texture modifications. The study of sensory trajectories evidenced that texture modifications, induced by the use of different whey proteins, slightly modified the perception of flavor and sweetness. The global flavor perception of the samples varied with the number of spoons, which particularly impacted the taste attributes. This study highlighted the importance of using M-TDS when studying texture and flavor in semi-solid products, and the relevance of the multi-intake approach to characterize flavor perception. This methodology enabled panelists to evidence both marked texture differences and subtler flavor modifications, and these useful data were emphasized by combining different statistical treatments.     

Effect of temperature, pH, and water activity on biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica enteritidis PT4 on stainless steel surfaces as indicated by the bead vortexing method and conductance measurements

An assay was developed in an effort to elucidate the effect of important environmental parameters (temperature, pH, and water activity [aw]) on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces. To achieve this, a modified microbiological technique used for biofilm studying (the bead vortexing method) and a rapid method based on conductivity measurements were used. The ability of the microorganism to generate biofilm on the stainless surfaces was studied at three temperatures (5, 20, and 37 degrees C), four pH values (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.4), and four aw values (0.5, 1.5, 5.5, and 10.5% NaCl). Results obtained by the bead vortexing method show that maximum numbers of adherent bacteria per square centimeter (106 CFU/cm2) were attained in 6 days at 20 degrees C. Biofilm formation after 7 days of incubation at 20 degrees C was found to be independent of the pH value. In addition, the high concentration of sodium chloride (10.5% NaCl, aw = 0.94) clearly inhibited the adherence of cells to the coupons. Conductance measurements were used as a supplementary tool to measure indirectly the attachment and biofilm formation of bacterial cells on stainless steel surfaces via their metabolic activity (i.e., changes in the conductance of the growth medium due to microbial growth or metabolism). Results obtained by conductance measurements corresponded well to those of the bead vortexing method. Furthermore, we were able to detect cells that remained attached on the metal surfaces even after vortexing via their metabolic activity. The results, except for demonstrating environmental-dependent Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation, indicated that traditional vortexing with beads did not remove completely biofilm cells from stainless steel; hence, conductance measurements seem to provide a more sensitive test capable to detect down to one single viable organism.     

Influence of proteolysis of milk on the whey protein to total protein ratio as determined by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used to determine the whey protein to total protein ratio in raw and UHT milk samples with different degrees of proteolysis caused by storage. In raw milks, the analysis of samples taken at regular times demonstrated the influence of proteolysis in the whey protein to total protein determination, which was overestimated after 4 d of storage. In UHT milks, the overestimation of the whey protein to total protein ratio took place after 30 or 60 d of storage. However, the ratios alphaS1-CN/beta-CN and alphas1-CN/kappa-CN permitted detection of the samples of raw or UHT milk with degraded proteins. The distorted capillary electrophoretic pattern obtained for UHT milks made necessary an integration of the electropherograms in a "valley-to-valley" way. Results for raw milk samples were identical when "valley-to-valley" was compared to standard integration techniques. This CE method could be considered an alternative method to derivative spectroscopy for the determination of the whey protein to total protein of milk and could be used to detect samples with proteolysis.     

环境友好催化剂酸性皂土催化1,1-二乙酸酯合成反应的研究

利用对环境友好的酸性皂土做催化剂,糠醛与乙酸酐发生缩合反应合成了1,1-二乙酸酯,产率高达86.6%。实验结果表明,酸性皂土催化该反应具有价廉无污染、选择性高、反应条件温和、反应时间短、后处理简单、易回收、可重复利用等优点。