Nd:YAGCW激光热传导焊Ⅰ.温度场三维解析计算

激光热导焊是激光焊接中一种重要的焊接模式 ,广泛应用于薄件的焊接中。焊接温度场以其为焊接过程最直接的外在表征而成为焊接过程研究的一种常用的研究手段。通过连续波激光热导焊温度场解析计算对激光热导焊进行了研究 ,建立了激光热导焊温度场的三维解析模型 ,并讨论了利用模型对焊缝熔合线进行计算。最后基于焊缝熔合线尺寸试验值和计算值的比较对温度场解析模型进行了验证 ,验证试验结果表明所建立的激光热导焊温度场三维解析模型能够较为准确地计算出焊缝熔合线的尺寸     

激光能量和辅助气体对切割能力影响的数值模拟

采用旋转高斯激光体热源和氧气流量控制的氧铁燃烧反应放热复合热源,基于计算流体力学建立了能够反映激光切割中激光能量、辅助气体和切缝之间相互作用的多相流模型.利用该模型对以氧气和氮气为辅助气体的激光切割过程进行了数值模拟,通过改变激光功率和辅助气体压力,研究了热输入和辅助气体流场对激光切割能力的影响,并对两种辅助气体的切割结果进行了比较和分析.结果表明,所采用的计算模型较好地模拟出激光功率和辅助气体对激光切割能力的影响,并对切缝形状进行预测.     

TC4钛合金激光焊缝形貌与残余应力数值分析

针对激光深熔焊特点,采用均匀体热源模型、双椭球热源模型和组合热源模型,对TC4钛合金CO₂激光深熔焊的焊缝形貌和残余应力进行了数值模拟与试验.结果表明,在进行激光深熔焊焊缝形貌与残余应力数值计算中,应根据激光焊接热输入选择激光热源模型,并提出了均匀热源模型适合较大热输入,双椭球热源模型适合中等热输入,而组合热源模型适合较小热输入的选择原则;组合热源模型和双椭球热源模型均能体现热输入随深度的递减变化,焊缝轮廓呈现圆锥形和钉子形;均匀体热源的上下表面的残余应力分布基本一致,而双椭球热源和组合热源模型的下表面残余应力明显低于上表面.     

激光+GMAW复合热源焊接过程热-力耦合数值分析

从宏观的焊接热过程出发,根据激光+GMAW复合热源焊接的特点,提出了适用于复合热源焊接的“双椭球体＋峰值递增圆柱体”组合式体积热源分布模式;建立了激光+GMAW复合热源焊接过程的有限元模型,数值计算了焊接温度场和焊缝横截面的形状尺寸,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,证明了组合式体积热源模型的合理性和适用性. 采用焊接温度场的计算结果,进一步对复合热源焊接和GMAW的焊接变形和残余应力进行了数值模拟和对比分析. 结果表明,在焊缝熔深基本相同的情况下,复合热源焊接的焊接热输入、焊缝熔宽、焊接变形和高应力区域范围等均比GMAW小. 研究结果印证了激光+GMAW复合热源焊接工艺的优越性,并为焊接工艺参数的优化提供了基础理论数据.     

激光熔覆数值模拟过程中的热源模型

综述了几种可用于激光熔覆过程中温度场和应力场数值模拟的热源计算模型,并对其进行分析比较.指出采用有限元法,利用计算软件来实现熔覆过程中热源的添加是目前常用的优选方法.在此基础上考虑到粉末、基体、光源三者的相互作用提出了新的激光熔覆热源计算模型.关于激光熔覆热源模型的探讨为建立更加准确的激光熔覆计算模型,深入研究熔覆过程中的应力场与变形场提供帮助.     

激光+GMAW复合热源焊流体流动数值分析模型

基于FLUENT软件,建立了适用、高效的激光+GMAW复合焊流体流动数值分析模型. 将电弧热输入视为双椭球热源模型,采用基于小孔尺寸的锥体热源模型描述激光热流分布;将金属填充过程视为液态金属从熔池上部边界以一定速度流入熔池过程,并通过对液态金属流速施加时间脉冲函数,模拟熔滴的过渡频率;模型简化了小孔的计算过程,主要考虑熔池中存在的弯曲小孔对流体的影响. 利用FLUENT软件,对激光+GMAW复合热源焊熔池流体流动及小孔形态进行了模拟计算和分析. 结果表明,模型能够合理反映小孔及复合焊流体流动模式的主要特征,且提高了计算效率.     

基于体壳耦合模型的钛合金薄板激光焊接变形分析

针对钛合金薄板激光焊接变形的数值模拟提出了一种高效体壳耦合模型,即在近缝区采用实体单元以充分表征焊接过程中板材厚度方向的热/力学不均匀性,在远离焊缝区采用壳单元建模以减小单元数量,在两种单元的界面建立接触并采用MPC算法进行焊接变形计算. 采用体壳耦合模型与三维实体模型分别计算了0.8 mm厚TC1钛合金激光焊接变形. 结果表明,两种模型的计算值均与试验测量值相近,但体壳耦合模型耗时仅为三维实体模型的30%左右,表明体壳耦合模型在保证计算精度的前提下能显著提高计算效率.     

激光深熔焊中匙孔形成过程的动态模拟

为了准确的模拟出激光深熔焊接中匙孔变化的动态过程,根据匙孔内激光的能量吸收机制,采用射线跟踪法产生热源,建立了激光深熔焊接过程中气、液、固三相统一的数学模型,并采用了VOF方法追踪自由液面,模型中考虑了表面张力、热浮力和反冲压力的作用,通过数值计算得到了匙孔变化的动态过程与相应的温度分布.结果表明,匙孔形成的主要驱动力是反冲压力,在加热初期,激光主要用来加热金属基体,随着激光辐照时间的增加,熔池表面温度急剧升高,金属进而汽化,产生匙孔.针对304不锈钢的工艺试验表明计算结果与实际相符合.     

GGLS法在选区激光烧结数值模拟中的应用

为准确模拟选区激光烧结过程中的温度场,有效预测零件的热应力和变形,在经典Galerkin有限元法推导选区激光烧结过程的三维温度场计算模型基础上,提出了Galerkin Gradient Least-Squares(GGLS)稳定有限元法的三维温度场计算模型,分别采用两种方法模拟了激光烧结过程中的温度场分布.模拟结果表明...     

铝合金T型接头激光+GMAW复合热源焊温度场的有限元分析

从宏观传热学出发,综合考虑焊缝横断面形状特点及接头形式对焊接热流的影响,建立了适用的T型接头激光+GMAW复合热源焊的组合式热源模型.利用双椭球体热源模型描述电弧热流和熔滴热焓,采用热流峰值指数递增-锥体热源模型表征激光热输入,并通过坐标系转换的方法旋转热源模型,以考虑焊枪倾斜对焊接热流分布的影响,推导出适用于T型接头复合焊的热源模型表达公式,从而简化了T型接头焊接数值模拟中的模型加载过程.将所建立的模型用于不同焊接条件下铝合金T型接头激光+GMAW单侧双面焊接焊缝形状和尺寸的模拟计算,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,从而证明了模型的准确性和适用性;利用该模型计算了铝合金T型接头复合焊近缝区不同位置的热循环曲线,分析了铝合金T型接头复合焊热循环特征,为其组织和性能的预测奠定了基础.     

Micro scale 3D FEM simulation on thermal evolution within the porous structure in selective laser sintering

A micro scale 3D finite element model (FEM) with consideration of powder arrangements was developed by selective laser sintering (SLS), where a multi-layer powder stacking model with cubic powders interlaced each other was established to describe the porous powder bed. All the powders directly exposed to laser irradiations were loaded with the Gaussian function of heat flux, and the non-linear thermal conductivity and specific heat owing to temperature change and phase transformation were considered. Comparison between the modeling and experiment indicated that both the simulated length of the sintered piece and shrinkage depth of the powder bed agreed well with the experiment data. The temperature field of laser sintering was intermittent in the micro scale due to the discretely distributed particles with maximum temperature produced in the top layer of the powder bed, and two primary ways of bonding were found in the powder bed during laser sintering.     

铸造硅砂选择性激光烧结工艺参数研究

对铸造硅砂的选择性激光烧结进行了试验研究。采用三维数字显微镜观察了烧结试样的微观形貌。系统研究了激光功率、扫描速度、搭接量、光斑直径、粉末配比等工艺参数对烧结试样尺寸精度和烧结质量的影响,分析了烧结质量的影响因素及提高质量的对策。获得了选择性激光烧结砂型试样。     

选择性激光烧结翘曲变形模拟

建立了烧结过程的温度场、弹性应力应变场的有限元计算模型,开发了C++模拟软件,模拟了选择性激光烧结(SLS)过程的温度、残余热应力的演化,以及最终的翘曲变形.提出的改进移动热源加载算法提高了计算速度.研究结果表明:激光烧结过程中温度场不均匀,导致了热应力的产生,进而使制件变形,制件的上下部分收缩不一致,从而向上翘曲.随...     

3D FE simulation for temperature evolution in the selective laser sintering process

A thermal model of selective laser sintering (SLS) has been developed. The model allows for the non-linear behavior of thermal conductivity and of specific heat due to temperature changes and phase transformations. The temperature evolution and the formation of the sintered part are simulated by a 3D finite element analysis based on continuous media theory. It is shown that the effect of sintering has a strong influence on thermal evolution through changing the thermal properties of the material. The results of the model were experimentally tested and confirmed by temperature measurements.     

选择性激光烧结金属粉末瞬态温度场模拟

局部输入的集中移动热源造成了选择性激光烧结过程中温度场分布不均衡且不稳定,因此研究其温度场对掌握烧结过程中温度动态分布规律具有重要意义。在考虑了热传导、热辐射和热对流,材料的非线性热物性参数和相变潜热的作用下,建立了水雾化Fe多道烧结的三维有限元模型,采用ANSYS参数化设计语言(APDL)实现移动的高斯热源的加载。模拟结果表明:激光烧结过程中,在光斑中心前端存在着较大的温度梯度;光斑中心的温度高于金属粉末的熔点,烧结过程存在液相;粉床内部温度场在深度方向呈漏斗状阶梯分布,随烧结深度的增加,粉床内部的温度和温度梯度迅速衰减;同一烧结道各点的最高温度相对稳定,但随着烧结道的增加,各点最高温度都有小幅度增加的趋势,这是温度累加的结果。     

选择性激光烧结硅砂的实验研究

对间接选择性激光烧结硅砂进行了实验研究，通过对烧结后硅砂显微组织的观察，得出了硅砂烧结的机理。分析了激光功率、扫描速度、搭接量、光斑直径、粉末成分配比等工艺参数对烧结试样尺寸精度和烧结质量的影响，并得出了优化的工艺参数。烧结成形了一些砂模，经后处理后可用于铸造生产。     

激光烧结工艺参数对Fe-16%Ni合金致密度的影响

采用激光烧结成形技术研究了不同工艺参数对Fe-16%Ni金属粉末选区激光烧结成型件微观结构和致密性的影响。结果表明,随着脉冲宽度、扫描速度和铺粉厚度的增加,烧结后试样的密度先增加然后减少,随着扫描间距的增加,烧结后试样的密度减小。当脉冲宽度0.7 ms,扫描速度1000 mm/min,铺粉厚度0.15 mm,扫描间距0.15 mm时,烧结成型件成型质量较好。     

Microstructural evolution during direct laser sintering of multi-component Cu-based metal powder

A multi-component Cu-based metal powder was chosen for direct laser sintering. The powder consists of a mixture of high-purity Cu powder, pre-alloyed CuSn and CuP powder. Liquid phase sintering with complete melting of the binder （CuSn） but non-melting of the cores of structural metal （Cu） proves to be a feasible mechanism for laser sintering of this powder system. The microstructural evolution of the sintered powder with variation of laser processing parameters was presented. High sintering activities and sound densification response were obtained by optimizing the laser powers and scan speeds. Using a high laser power accompanied by a high scan speed gives rise to baUing effect. At a high laser power with a slow scan speed the sintering mechanism may change into complete melting/solidification, which decreases the obtainable sintered density. The role of additive phosphorus in the laser sintering process is addressed. Phosphorus can act as a fluxing agent and has a preferential reaction with oxygen to form phosphatic slag, protecting the Cu particles from oxidation. The phosphatic slag shows a concentration along grain boundaries due to its light mass as well as the short thermal cycle of SLS.     

Influence of microstructure on the thermophysical properties of sintered SiC ceramics

The specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of porous SiC ceramics sintered using two kinds of SiC powders (fine and coarse) have been investigated for sintering temperatures in the range 1700–2000 °C. Sintered SiC has a porous structure with approximately 30–40 vol.% porosity. Thermal diffusivity was measured by the laser flash method. The thermal diffusivities and thermal conductivities of sintered SiC ceramics increased with increasing sintering temperature. The specific heat decreased slightly with increasing sintering temperature. The thermal diffusivities and thermal conductivities of SiC sintered from coarse powder were higher than those of SiC sintered from fine powder. The thermal conductivity of samples increased markedly with increasing grain size.     

Modeling of the beam transportation behavior in selective laser transmission sintering the translucent core–shell composite powder

In the paper, selective laser transmission sintering the 2%PF/silica sand core–shell composite powders was studied based on a developed optical model by using a Zemax optical design program. The construction of the powder bed was made by the particle stacking model with the composite particle assumed as a three-component optical system. It showed that simulation results agreed well with the experimental data. A focus point after the first layer particle was produced by the translucent spherical lens of particles and then laser beam was quickly diverged by subsequent particles along the beam transportation path. The occurrence of the vaporization at the focus point had little effect on the whole properties of the sintered sample because of its relatively small size. Since no melting pool was produced in the sintering process owing to the thin polymer binder, the rearrangement of the powder bed was not remarkable which led to a constant porosity of the powder bed before and after laser sintering. Laser transmission sintering of core–shell composite powders was basically “contaction” sintering, where particles near to each other as well as within the beam transportation path had an opportunity to sinter together.