磷改性ZSM-5分子筛的水热稳定性

选取n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)为45、150、250的磷改性ZSM-5分子筛样品,在800℃和100%水蒸气气氛下分别水热处理4、8和17 h,得到一系列高温水热老化后的磷改性ZSM 5分子筛样品。采用XRD、XRF、BET、NH3-TPD、³¹P NMR、²⁷Al NMR表征方法研究这些老化样品的磷氧化物状态变化及骨架铝配位、物相、孔结构和酸性变化情况。通过脉冲微反实验考察这些老化样品的甲醇制丙烯（MTP）反应催化性能稳定性。结果表明,ZSM 5的n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)对磷改性作用和水热稳定性有重要影响,提高水热老化温度和延长老化时间会明显加剧磷氧化物的迁移、缩合及与骨架铝的配位成键作用。低n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)时,四配位骨架铝容易转变为与磷有配位关系的各类缺陷位骨架铝和六配位非骨架铝;高n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)时,尤其在n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)为150时,存在大量骨架铝既具有很高的抗磷氧化物配位成键能力,又具有很好的抗水蒸气水解能力,具有更高的反应催化活性和水热稳定性。提高水热处理温度还具有疏通磷改性ZSM-5分子筛孔道的作用,低n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)的磷改性ZSM-5分子筛的比表面积和孔体积有部分恢复,高n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)的微孔部分比表面积有所增加。不同n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)磷改性ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度均随水热老化温度提高和老化时间延长而下降;酸量和酸强度均随水热老化温度升高而急剧下降,但随水热老化时间延长保持相对稳定,n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)为150的磷改性ZSM 5分子筛的酸性最稳定。n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)为150的磷改性ZSM-5分子筛经过800℃和100%水蒸气老化4 h后具有优异的MTP催化性能,如高反应活性、高丙烯选择性和烃产物组成稳定性。     

IM-5分子筛的合成

系统地考察了晶种、n(NaOH)/n(SiO₂)、n(MPPBr₂)/n(SiO₂)和n(H₂O)/n(SiO₂)对合成IM-5分子筛的影响,并采用²⁷Al MAS NMR、²⁹Si MAS NMR和TEM表征手段探讨了IM-5分子筛的晶化机理。结果表明,添加晶种和降低体系的n(H₂O)/n(SiO₂)能有效缩短晶化时间;n(NaOH)/n(SiO₂)和n(MPPBr₂)/n(SiO₂)是影响IM-5分子筛合成过程中杂晶相生成的重要因素,适当调节可有效抑制方沸石(ANA)、丝光沸石（MOR）杂晶的生成;通过优化合成条件,晶化时间可由14 d缩短至6 d,得到高结晶度的纯相IM-5分子筛。     

小晶粒Y分子筛的合成及其加氢裂化性能

考察了碱度、晶化时间、陈化时间对无模板剂合成小晶粒NaY分子筛的影响关系,确定了最佳合成条件为n(Na₂O)/n(SiO₂)=0.92、n(H₂O)/n(Na₂O)=21.7、陈化时间24 h、于100℃下晶化时间12 h。对所合成小晶粒Y分子筛进行组合改性,改性分子筛具有高结晶度、高硅/铝比、酸性适中和二次孔发达等特点。将改性小晶粒Y分子筛应用于加氢裂化催化剂中,并对所制备的催化剂进行活性评价。结果表明,所制备催化剂的反应温度比工业参比剂低5℃;喷气燃料收率稍高于工业参比剂;柴油的十六烷值指数和低温性能均好于工业参比剂;尾油的BMCI值比工业参比剂降低约一半。     

低硅X分子筛的合成研究

为了合成结晶度较高的纯低硅X分子筛,系统研究了合成体系的硅铝比[n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)]、碱硅比[n(Na₂O+K₂O)/n(SiO₂)]、水碱比[n(H₂O)/n(Na₂O+K₂O)]、钾碱比[n(K₂O)/n(Na₂O+K₂O)]及老化温度、晶化温度对产物性质的影响规律,采用X射线衍射、甲苯动态吸附、X射线荧光光谱、固体核磁共振、扫描电镜对产物进行表征。结果表明：随着合成体系硅铝比、碱硅比、水碱比、钾碱比、老化温度、晶化温度的升高,所得低硅X分子筛的结晶度和合成产物的甲苯吸附容量均呈先升高后降低趋势;合成体系优选的硅铝比为2.05、碱硅比为3.25、水碱比为17、钾碱比为0.23、老化温度为50～80℃、晶化温度为95℃,所得低硅X分子筛的形貌为0.5～1.5μm晶粒聚集的球体,硅铝比为2.0,不含非骨架铝。     

低水体系合成X型分子筛及其硅/铝比与碱度的定量关系

采用不同含水量(n(H₂O)/n(SiO₂))和碱度(n(M₂O)/n(H₂O),M为K和Na)的钾-钠体系水热合成X型分子筛,采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、²⁹Si魔角旋转固体核磁和²⁷Al魔角旋转固体核磁等手段对X型分子筛进行表征,并对Ba²⁺交换X型分子筛进行混合碳八芳烃静态吸附评价。结果表明：当合成体系n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)为2.8时,随着n(H₂O)/n(SiO₂)从21增加到60,获得纯相X型分子筛的n(M₂O)/n(SiO₂)范围从1.3逐渐增大至3.1。保持合成体系n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)不变,X型分子筛n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂...     

以Si-Al凝胶、高岭土水热晶化合成多级孔道催化材料

以硅铝凝胶为模板剂,在高岭土制浆过程中加入,经喷雾、焙烧后,在水热条件下晶化合成含有NaY分子筛和基质的多孔复合材料。采用X射线衍射法、N₂ 静态吸附法对所合成的样品进行分析表征,考察了硅铝凝胶的加入量对NaY分子筛相对结晶度、n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)以及复合材料孔道分布的影响。结果表明,随着硅铝凝胶加入量的增加,晶化产物在介孔范围内的孔容及比表面积均有较大幅度的提高,介孔分布也更为集中;当加入凝胶质量分数为10％时,介孔的孔容及比表面积达到最大,在20％时有所下降。在凝胶加入量为10％时,可以得到BET比表面积为480 m²/g、总孔容为0.41 mL/g、介孔孔容为0.22 mL/g、介孔比表面积为98.9 m²/g、结晶度为51.0％、n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)为5.09的含有NaY分子筛和基质的多孔复合材料。     

ZSM-5/MCM-41介孔硅铝分子筛担载Pd和Pt制备加氢脱硫催化剂

将ZSM-5溶于偏硅酸钠水溶液,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵作模板剂,用水热合成法自组装合成了具有较强酸性和不同SiO₂/Al₂O₃摩尔比(n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃))的ZSM-5/MCM-41介孔硅铝分子筛（记为ZM(x),x=n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)）。以二苯并噻吩（DBT）质量分数为0.8%的十氢萘溶液为模型化合物,考察了Si-MCM-41和ZM(x)担载的Pd和Pt催化剂催化加氢脱硫（HDS）反应的活性。结果表明,担载Pt和Pd不会破坏ZM(x)的介孔结构;DBT在Pd催化剂上主要通过加氢路径脱硫,而在Pt催化剂上则直接脱硫和加氢2条反应路径并重;Si-MCM-41为载体的催化剂HDS活性较低并且失活较快,以ZM(x)为载体的Pd和Pt催化剂加氢活性、加氢脱硫活性、加氢裂化活性及稳定性都有显著提高;ZM(x)担载的Pt和Pd催化剂催化HDS反应的活性可能与其活性组分分散度以及载体的B酸和L酸比例（B/L）有关,具有较好的活性组分分散度和较高B/L比例的ZM(60)担载的Pd和Pt催化剂表现出最佳的加氢脱硫活性和稳定性。     

无钠Beta分子筛的合成

以硅铝胶为原料,在无碱金属体系中水热合成了Beta分子筛。研究了硅铝胶的物理化学性能、添加NaOH和不同n(TEAOH)/n(SiO₂)等因素对Beta分子筛结晶度、形貌和铝分布的影响。结果表明,以适宜物理化学性能的硅铝胶为原料,可以在低模板剂用量(n(TEAOH)/n(SiO₂)=0.10)下合成Beta分子筛。无钠Beta分子筛的形貌规整,铝分布均匀。在苯与乙烯烷基化反应中,与有钠体系合成的分子筛相比,采用无钠Beta分子筛作为催化剂,在较低空速下可得到较高的乙苯选择性。     

晶种诱导合成FER分子筛催化1-丁烯骨架异构化反应

采用晶种诱导的方法,在无有机结构导向剂的条件下合成了高结晶度的FER分子筛,考察了晶种用量和晶化时间对分子筛结晶度的影响,并在较优条件下对合成的分子筛进行催化1-丁烯骨架异构化反应性能评价。结果表明：在初始投料摩尔比n(Na₂O)∶n(Al₂O₃)∶n(SiO₂)∶n(H₂O)为0.18∶0.033∶1∶30、晶化温度为160 ℃的条件下,随着晶种加入量增加和晶化时间的延长,分子筛样品相对结晶度增加;在较优晶种添加质量分数为15%、晶化时间为72 h条件下,合成的分子筛相对晶种结晶度达100.1%。以最优条件下晶种合成分子筛为催化剂, 1-丁烯为原料,在反应温度350 ℃、质量空速2.0 h^-1、常压的反应条件下,连续运行600 h,1-丁烯平均转化率大于38%,异丁烯平均选择性大于90%,催化剂反应活性和稳定性均良好。     

富含高岭石结构的煤矸石活化及合成NaY分子筛

以煤矸石为原料,在无模板剂和无添加剂的条件下,采用“高温焙烧-碱熔-碱溶-晶化”过程水热合成NaY分子筛。采用XRF、TG、XRD、SEM、N₂吸附-脱附曲线、NH₃-TPD等手段对高温热处理的煤矸石及合成的NaY分子筛进行表征。结果表明：煤矸石中的高岭石相在600～800℃生成无定型偏高岭石相,随着碳酸钠与煤矸石质量比的增加或碱熔温度的升高,硅铝酸钠的晶相含量先增多后减少;加入质量分数0.1%～2.0%的NaY分子筛晶种提高了产物分子筛样品的相对结晶度和比表面积;增加NaOH浓度导致NaY分子筛硅/铝比下降;提高投料硅/铝摩尔比(n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)=6～30)使得NaY分子筛硅/铝比和相对结晶度先增大后减小。当晶种加入质量分数0.5%、投料n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)为20且NaOH浓度为3 mol/L时,合成的NaY分子筛n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂...     

Effect of synthesis conditions on the properties of nanocrystalline faujasites

The effect of crystallization parameters on the properties of nanocrystalline zeolites Y has been studied to optimize the synthesis conditions. Zeolites Y are prepared by the three-stage hydrothermal crystallization with a gradual rise in synthesis temperature from room temperature to 60°C using the Na₂O/SiO₂ ratio in the reaction mixture and the number and duration of individual synthesis stages as variable synthesis parameters. It has been shown that an increase in the Na₂O/SiO₂ molar ratio in the reaction mixture above 9.6 leads to a change in the crystallization selectivity and causes formation of zeolite X with a crystal size of 200 nm as a crystalline product. An increase in the duration of the synthesis stage at 60°C is accompanied by increase in the crystal size and entails formation of an analcime impurity phase. A decrease in the duration of reaction mixture aging stages at 25 and 38°C leads to an increase in the zeolite Y nanocrystal sizes and a decrease in the crystalline product yield. It has been found that a pure zeolite Y phase with a nanocrystal size of 320–350 nm and a SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of 3.6–4.2 is formed during the three-stage synthesis from a (7.2–9.6)Na₂O · Al₂O₃ · 14.4 SiO₂ · 290 H₂O reaction mixture with a yield of 0.60–0.88 g/g of reaction mixture.     

Influence of synthesis parameters on the crystallinity and Si/Al ratio of NaY zeolite synthesized from kaolin

Well-crystallized high-silica NaY zeolites (Si/Al>2.5) were prepared from a reaction mixture consisting of metakaolin, sodium silicate solution and seed solution via optimization of the mixture composition and reaction conditions. The transformation from kaolin to high-silica NaY zeolite was confirmed by XRD, SEM and IR techniques. Subsequently, the influence of synthesis parameters, i.e. initial SiO₂/Al₂O₃, initial Na₂O/SiO₂, initial H₂O/SiO₂, aging time of the seed solution, crystallization temperature and crystallization time, on the NaY growth was investigated in terms of crystallinity and Si/Al ratio. The results showed that the effects of initial SiO₂/Al₂O₃, initial Na₂O/SiO₂ and initial H₂O/SiO₂ on the crystallinity and Si/Al ratio of NaY zeolite are similar to those observed in the conventional syntheses of NaY zeolites only using sodium silicate solution as silicon source. However, due to the use of metakaolin as the main silicon and aluminum sources in the present study, a long crystallization induction period of 20 h was achieved, which can be attributed to the dissolution of metakaolin. In addition, different from the conventional syntheses of zeolite NaY, pure NaY zeolites (i.e. without NaP zeolite impurity) were still obtained even at 120 °C because of the use of a large quantity of seed solution (23 wt%) in the reaction mixture. As the aging time of the seed solution increased from 3.5 h to 22 h, the relative crystallinity of the NaY zeolite first increased sharply and then reached a plateau, while the Si/Al ratio first increased rapidly up to a maximum value of 2.75 corresponding to an aging time of 6.5 h, and then decreased sharply with the aging time.     

采用含氟体系制备NaY分子筛膜

采用二次生长法,在含氟体系中制备了高渗透气化性能的NaY分子筛膜。比较了含氟体系和无氟体系中NaY分子筛的晶化过程和NaY分子筛膜的渗透气化性能,并对晶化时间和溶胶硅/铝摩尔比(n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3))进行了优化。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDX)表征了NaY分子筛膜层晶体结构。结果表明,合成体系中添加NH4F,可有效抑制分子筛膜层中P型分子筛杂晶的形成。含氟体系中合成的NaY分子筛膜比无氟体系合成的NaY分子筛膜具有更高的渗透气化性能。在n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=25、晶化时间为6.5h条件下,合成的5根NaY分子筛膜应用在75℃、水/乙醇质量比10/90体系中的平均渗透通量和平均分离因子分别为(5.3±0.3)kg/(m2.h)和63±3。     

Product distribution and catalytic performance of nano-sized H-ZSM-5 zeolites in the methanol-to-aromatics (MTA) reaction

A study of the effect of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio on the activity and selectivity of H-ZSM-5 catalyst in the reaction of methanol to aromatics (MTA) has been carried out in this work. Aluminosilicate zeolite (ZSM-5) zeolites with different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratios were successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio of the prepared ZSM-5 zeolite particles could be easily controlled by changing the ratio of tetraethylorthosilicate to aluminum nitrate nonahydrate. The effect of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio on the activity of nano-sized H-ZSM-5 zeolites in the MTA reaction was studied. The H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with low SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratios shows remarkable selectivity toward aromatics and benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) in the MTA reaction.     

海泡石原位晶化合成NaY分子筛的晶化动力学过程

 以海泡石为原料,在不同温度、不同时间下原位晶化合成 NaY 分子筛。采用晶化温度为100℃时不同晶化时间下晶化样品中固相成分和液相成分中活性 SiO₂、Al₂O₃和 Na₂O 的质量,得到 S 型晶化曲线。通过设计模型计算得出海泡石原位合成 NaY 分子筛成核诱导期活化能、成核过渡期活化能和晶体生长期活化能：成核诱导期活化能 E₁=115.9 kJ/mol,指前因子 A=36.7;成核过渡期活化能 E₂=123.5 kJ/mol, InA₂=41.9; 晶体生长期活化能 E_3(n=2)=29.47 kJ/mol, InA₃=9.53。从而以动力学的角度说明了其晶化过程。     

纳米NaY分子筛的合成优化

以工业级水玻璃为硅源,在无模板剂、无导向剂、无添加剂的条件下,成功地合成了粒径小于100 nm的NaY分子筛,并采用XRD、FT IR、SEM、粒度分析、N2吸附 脱附、ICP、29Si和27Al NMR等手段对其进行表征。考察了合成体系中n(Na2O)/n(Al2O3)、n(H2O)/n(Al2O3)及初始凝胶陈化温度与陈化时间对NaY分子筛晶粒大小的影响,并与常规工业NaY进行比较。结果表明,增大n(Na2O)/n(Al2O3),有利于减小NaY分子筛的晶粒尺寸,但同时也降低了其 相对结晶度,当n(Na2O)/n(Al2O3)大于17时,导致NaY分子筛向P型分子筛转变;降低n(H2O)/n(Al2O3),有利于生成小晶粒NaY分子筛,但当n(H2O)/n(Al2O3)低于240时,就会出现P型杂晶。NaY分子筛的平均粒径随着初始凝胶陈化温度的升高而减小,但当陈化温度达到70℃时, 得到P型分子筛产物;随着初始凝胶陈化时间的延长,NaY分子筛的粒径逐渐变小,陈化时间长于5 h时,就会出现P型杂晶。在n(Na2O)/n(Al2O3)为16、n(H2O)/n(Al2O3)为360、65℃陈化4 h的优化合成条件下,合成了平均粒径在80 nm左右且粒度分布较窄的NaY分子筛,其骨架nSi/nAl=218。     

Ethane aromatization on Ga-Pt pentasil zeolites

Ethane aromatization on gallium-and platinum-modified pentasil zeolites (ZSM-5) with different framework constitutions was studied. The optimal zeolite composition and reaction conditions were determined and the synergistic effect of the promoters was revealed. The dependence of the catalyst activity on the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio was established. The highest yield of aromatic hydrocarbons (～30%) and the highest selectivity for their formation from ethane (～63%) were attained on the (2%Ga–0.3%Pt)/HZSM-5 bimetallic catalyst having SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 30.     

Preparation and characterization of NaY zeolite in a rotating packed bed

NaY Zeolite was synthesized in a rotating packed bed (RPB) for the first time. A Si-Al gel with a specific composition was used as the structure-directing agent. The as-synthesized NaY Zeolite was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and specific surface area (BET). The characterization result showed that the NaY Zeolite had a particle size of approximately 200 nm, n(Si02)/n(Al203) ratio of 5.03, crvstallinitv of 96% and specific surface area of 714 m2/g. The experimental results indicated that the structure of NaY Zeolite was related to the synthesis conditions (such as reactors, crvstalhzation time and so on). The micromixing efficiency was proven to be the most important factor for synthesis of NaY Zeolite in the high-gravity environment in RPB.     

复合SiO2-WO3催化剂的制备、表征及氧化脱除苯并噻吩性能

 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO₂-WO₃催化剂,并采用XRD、FT-IR、BET、TG-DTA等方法对催化剂进行表征。以苯并噻吩(BT)为模型化合物,H₂O₂为氧化剂,考察了催化剂的活性元素、制备方法、n(W)/n(Si)和焙烧温度对其催化氧化脱硫活性的影响。结果表明,W的引入降低了SiO₂的比表面积,SiO₂-WO₃催化剂中W的主物相为WO₃。在以W为活性组元,且n(W)/n(Si)为0.1时,500℃焙烧得到的SiO₂-0.1WO₃催化剂具有最好的催化脱硫活性。在模拟油20 mL、催化剂SiO₂-0.1WO₃用量0.04 g、n(H₂O₂)/n(S)为15.9、乙腈/模拟油体积比0.3、65℃反应60 min的条件下,苯并噻吩模拟油脱硫率可达99.3%。