共轭亚油酸的生理功效及其在乳品中的强化途径(续)

迄今，尚没有一种分析方法能够完成共轭亚油酸所有异构体的分离和测定工作。共轭亚油酸检测中所采用的方法主要包括：紫外检测法、气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法、气—质联用和核磁共振法，其中13CNMR色谱法是比较好的检测技术，因对每一种共轭亚油酸异构体的2个双键上的4个碳原子有其各自的信号，     

共轭亚油酸的生理活性及制备方法研究进展

旨在为进一步提高共轭亚油酸产量提供理论依据,总结概述了共轭亚油酸的生理活性与制备方法的研究进展。共轭亚油酸是一种天然存在于反刍动物体内的物质,具有降低胆固醇含量、抗癌、抗氧化、提高免疫力等重要生理功能,在减肥、癌症治疗、哮喘治疗等方面发挥了重要作用,在功能性膳食研发领域拥有巨大潜力。由于共轭亚油酸的天然含量与来源无法满足人们日常生活的需求,因此研究更高产率的共轭亚油酸的合成方法一直是热点内容。合成共轭亚油酸的方法主要有生物合成法和化学合成法,生物合成法中的微生物合成法和酶催化异构化合成法是近年来的研究热点。     

富含共轭亚油酸酸奶的特性分析

通过在脱脂乳中分别添加不同浓度的亚油酸进行发酵培养,测定发酵后酸奶的酸度、黏度、保水性、活菌数和共轭亚油酸含量,根据这些特征指标来确定亚油酸的最适添加量。结果表明,亚油酸添加量对酸奶的酸度和保水性影响较小,而酸奶的黏度、活菌数和共轭亚油酸的产量均与亚油酸添加量密切相关。当亚油酸添加量小于0.075%时,酸奶的黏度和活菌数随亚油酸添加量的增加而增加,而当亚油酸添加量大于0.075%时,酸奶的黏度和活菌数均逐渐降低。酸奶中共轭亚油酸的含量随亚油酸添加量的增加而增加,随发酵时间的延长呈现先增加后减少的趋势。综合所有结果后发现,当脱脂乳中亚油酸添加量为0.1%,发酵36 h时,酸奶的黏度为2 700 m Pa·s,酸度为80°T,保水性为45%,活菌数为4.0×108CFU/m L,共轭亚油酸含量达到0.9 mg/m L,可获得品质优良且富含共轭亚油酸的酸奶。     

影响乳酸菌共轭亚油酸产量的因素

我们从乳制品生产常用的乳酸菌中筛选出了共轭亚油酸产量较高的德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(Lactobacillus.delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus)Ldb2.培养基为MRS 培养基时,以该菌株为研究对象,测试不同条件对菌株共轭亚油酸产量的影响.这些条件包括:接菌量、底物浓度、金属离子以及培养时间等.     

新型功能性脂肪酸——共轭亚油酸在食品工业中的应用

新型功能性食品添加剂共轭亚油酸，由于对人体健康所起到的重要作用．在国内外上引起了极大的关注。在查阅大量有关文献资料，以及对共轭亚油酸、共轭亚油酸衍生物及其在食品中的应用，进行了毒理安全、调节血脂、免疫调节、减肥等一系列研究、试验的基础上，本文就共轭亚油酸的特点、在自然界的分布、人工合成、生理活性、在食品工业中的应用进行综述。     

共轭亚油酸在食品工业中的应用前景

共轭亚油酸(CLA)作为一种新型的保健脂肪酸，日益受到人们的关注。在查阅大量文献的基础上，综述了CLA在食品中的分布情况，主要生理活性及合成方法，并对其在食品工业中的应用和研究前景进行了讨论。以期为CLA的应用及开发研究提供较为详细的信息资料。     

产共轭亚油酸乳酸菌的选育及培养基的确定

共轭亚油酸(conjugatedlinoleicacid简称CLA)是一种具有多种生理活性的天然脂肪酸。用气相色谱法对十八株乳酸菌产共轭亚油酸的能力进行比较,发现十四株乳酸菌具有明显的产共轭亚油酸的能力,其中德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(L.delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricus)a2的产量最高,为4.06μg/mL,并且在MRS培养基的基础上确定了乳酸菌产共轭亚油酸的最佳碳源为果糖,氮源为硫酸铵。      

产共轭亚油酸乳酸菌的选育及培养基的确定

共轭亚油酸(conjugatedlinoleicacid简称CLA)是一种具有多种生理活性的天然脂肪酸。用气相色谱法对十八株乳酸菌产共轭亚油酸的能力进行比较,发现十四株乳酸菌具有明显的产共轭亚油酸的能力,其中德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(L.delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricus)a2的产量最高,为4.06μg/mL,并且在MRS培养基的基础上确定了乳酸菌产共轭亚油酸的最佳碳源为果糖,氮源为硫酸铵。     

天然活性物质共轭亚油酸研究

共轭亚油酸是含有共轭双键的亚油酸总称,包括几何异构体和位置异构体。由于其具有 令人瞩目生理活性,如抗癌作用、抗动脉粥样硬化、降血脂、增强免疫力和减肥等作用,引 起了人们的极大兴趣。共轭亚油酸作为一种新的营养元素,在药品和食品领域有着广阔 的应用前景。     

乳酸菌合成共轭亚油酸及其应用研究进展

共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)是一种具有多种生理活性的功能性脂肪酸,在食品、保健品中具有广阔的应用前景。然而,天然来源的CLA含量很低,不能满足人类需求。乳酸菌可以合成CLA,且广泛用于食品加工领域,利用乳酸菌开发富含CLA的功能食品是当今的研究热点。为推动CLA功能食品的研究开发,该文对合成共轭亚油酸乳酸菌的研究进展、合成共轭亚油酸乳酸菌的益生性研究以及将产CLA乳酸菌应用到食品和饲料中的研究现状进行综述,并对利用乳酸菌合成CLA进而应用于功能食品进行展望。     

共轭亚油酸研究进展

共轭亚油酸是天然存在于食品中的亚油酸异构体,具有抗癌、抗氧化、降低血清胆固醇、抑制脂肪积累、促进生长、刺激免疫等作用,是一种新的保健功能脂质。本文对其生理功能、来源等研究情况进行论述。     

Physiological and conjugated linoleic acid-induced changes of adipocyte size in different fat depots of dairy cows during early lactation

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lactation and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on adipocyte sizes of subcutaneous (s.c.) and visceral (VC) fat depots in primiparous dairy cows during the first 105 d in milk (DIM). German Holstein heifers (n = 25) were divided into a control (CON) and a CLA group. From 1 DIM until sample collection, CLA cows were fed 100 g of CLA supplement/d (about 6% of c9,t11 and t10,c12 isomers each), whereas the CON cows received 100 g of fatty acid mixture/d instead of CLA. The CON cows (n = 5 each) were slaughtered at 1, 42, and 105 DIM, and the CLA cows (n = 5 each) were slaughtered at 42 and 105 DIM. Adipose tissues from 3 s.c. depots (tailhead, withers, and sternum) and from 3 VC depots (omental, mesenteric, and retroperitoneal) were sampled. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was done to measure adipocyte area (μm²). Retroperitoneal adipocyte sizes were mostly larger than adipocytes from the other sites, independent of lactation time and treatment. Significant changes related to duration of lactation were limited to retroperitoneal fat: adipocyte sizes were significantly smaller at 105 DIM than at 1 DIM in CON cows. Adipocyte sizes were decreased in s.c. depots from the tailhead at 105 DIM and from the sternum at 42 DIM in CLA versus CON cows, whereas for VC depots, adipocyte sizes were decreased in mesenteric fat at 42 and 105 DIM, and in omental and retroperitoneal fat, at 105 DIM in CLA versus CON cows. Within the CLA group, adipocyte sizes were smaller in the s.c. depot from the tailhead at 105 DIM than at 42 DIM. Adipocyte sizes and depot weights were significantly correlated in s.c. depots (r = 0.795) in the CLA group and in retroperitoneal fat both in the CON (r = 0.698) and the CLA (r = 0.723) group. In conclusion, CLA-induced decreases in adipocyte size indicate lipolytic or antilipogenic effects of CLA, or both effects, on adipose tissue in primiparous dairy cows.     

Effectiveness of oils rich in linoleic and linolenic acids to enhance conjugated linoleic acid in milk from dairy cows

Forty Holstein dairy cows were used to determine the effectiveness of linoleic or linolenic-rich oils to enhance C_18:2cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and C_18:1trans-11 (vaccenic acid; VA) in milk. The experimental design was a complete randomized design for 9 wk with measurements made during the last 6 wk. Cows were fed a basal diet containing 59% forage (control) or a basal diet supplemented with either 4% soybean oil (SO), 4% flaxseed oil (FO), or 2% soybean oil plus 2% flaxseed oil (SFO) on a dry matter basis. Total fatty acids in the diet were 3.27, 7.47, 7.61, and 7.50 g/100 g in control, SO, FO, and SFO diets, respectively. Feed intake, energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield, and ECM produced/kg of feed intake were similar among treatments. The proportions of VA were increased by 318, 105, and 206% in milk fat from cows in the SO, FO, and SFO groups compared with cows in the control group. Similar increases in C_18:2cis-9, trans-11 CLA were 273, 150, and 183% in SO, FO, and SFO treatments, respectively. Under similar feeding conditions, oils rich in linoleic acid (soybean oil) were more effective in enhancing VA and C_18:2cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat than oils containing linolenic acid (flaxseed oil) in dairy cows fed high-forage diets (59% forage). The effects of mixing linoleic and linolenic acids (50:50) on enhancing VA and C_18:2cis-9, trans-11 CLA were additive, but not greater than when fed separately. Increasing the proportion of healthy fatty acids (VA and CLA) by feeding soybean or flaxseed oil would result in milk with higher nutritive and therapeutic value.     

乳酸菌产共轭亚油酸研究现状

共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid, CLA)是十八碳二烯酸的异构体。通过食物摄入的CLA不能达到每日推荐摄入量,而CLA又具有减肥、抗癌、抗Ⅱ型糖尿病等多种生理功能,故CLA逐渐成为研究热点。与化学合成CLA相比,微生物合成CLA更具有优势。乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria, LAB)具有安全性和益生功能,利用乳酸菌合成CLA是一个理想的途径。目前已发现多种产CLA乳酸菌,人们使用乳酸菌发酵油酸、牛乳、植物油合成CLA,并取得了良好的效果。亚油酸异构酶(linoleate isomerase, LAI)对乳酸菌合成CLA起重要作用,但其对乳酸菌合成CLA的作用机理还不明确。一些学者对乳酸菌合成CLA的中间产物进行了研究,发现乳酸菌合成CLA有多种中间产物。乳酸菌合成CLA的代谢机制目前尚不清楚。乳酸菌合成CLA对食品工业有重要意义,也为功能性食品的开发提供了新机遇。本文主要对CLA的生理功能、产CLA乳酸菌、乳酸菌合成CLA的底物、乳酸菌合成CLA的途径进行了概述。     

Feeding soybean oil to dairy goats increases conjugated linoleic acid in milk

A total of 24 Murciano-Granadina dairy goats milked once daily throughout lactation were used to study the effects of including soybean oil (SBO) in the diet on lactational performance and milk fatty acid (FA) content, particularly conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1, TVA). Three weeks after parturition, goats were allocated to 2 balanced groups according to lactation number, body weight, and daily milk yield, and were kept in separate pens. The experiment consisted of a 2-period (28 d each) crossover with 2 dietary treatments: control and SBO (6% as fed in the concentrate). Goats were fed dehydrated fescue (ad libitum), alfalfa pellets (0.5 kg/d), and concentrate (1 kg/d) to which the SBO was or was not added. Forage was fed in the pens, and concentrate was fed individually in 2 equal portions at milking (0900 h) and in the afternoon (1700 h). Final SBO content in the consumed SBO diet was 2.5% (dry matter basis). Diets were isonitrogenous (17.4% crude protein), but their total FA content varied from 2.2% (control) to 4.6% (SBO). There was no effect of SBO on dry matter intake, milk yield, energy-corrected milk, body weight, or body condition score. Compared with the control diet, feeding SBO increased milk fat content (4.57 vs. 5.24%) and yield as well as total solids content. Soybean oil had no effect on milk crude and true protein contents, but it reduced milk casein content (2.48 vs. 2.34%). Short- and medium-chain FA decreased by feeding SBO, whereas long-chain FA increased. Feeding preformed linoleic acid through SBO increased milk concentrations of linoleic, oleic, and stearic FA but reduced levels of linolenic and palmitic FA. As a consequence, feeding SBO decreased the saturated-to-unsaturated FA ratio and the atherogenicity index. Compared with the control treatment, milk contents of cis-9, trans-11 CLA (0.68 vs. 2.03%) and TVA (2.04 vs. 6.41%) in the SBO treatment increased by approximately 200%. In conclusion, feeding a moderate dose of SBO to dairy goats was a useful way to increase milk fat, CLA, and TVA contents in milk and to reduce the atherogenicity index without negative effects on intake, milk yield, and protein content.     

一株植物乳杆菌转化生成共轭亚油酸的特性研究

报道了一株植物乳杆菌(L.plantarumLT2-6)发酵转化亚油酸(LA)生成共轭亚油酸(CLA)的特性研究。微氧环境有利于CLA的生成;温度为37℃、初始pH为7.0、底物LA浓度为0.075%时,菌体生长及CLA生成量较高。时间曲线结果表明,接种后8h,CLA开始生成;发酵24h时,CLA生成量达到最高(0.29g/L),LA转化率为387%。生成的CLA产物主要为cis9,trans11/trans9,cis11-CLA。     

共轭亚油酸的生理功能及提高其在乳制品中含量的途径

概述共轭亚油酸(CLA)的生理功能,及提高其在乳制品中CLA的途径,如选育高产CLA的动物品种、研发新饲料、控制和改进加工条件等.     

Influence of conjugated linoleic acids and vitamin E on biochemical,hematological, and immunological variables of dairy cows during the transition period

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vitamin E as well as their interaction on biochemical and hematological variables and on leukocyte populations and their functionality. We assigned 59 German Holstein cows between the 2nd and 9th lactation to 4 dietary groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design with the factors CLA and vitamin E. Six weeks before calving the cows had a BCS of 3.7 to provoke a higher risk of developing ketosis, which might impair their immune function. Blood samples for analyses were taken on d ?42, ?14, ?7, ?3, 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, and 70 relative to parturition. Furthermore, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured on d ?42, ?7, 1, 7, 14, 28, and 70 relative to calving. Most variables were characterized by a high variation between d 7 antepartum and d 7 postpartum. Treatments did not elicit any effect, with the exception of vitamin E, which increased serum urea concentrations and decreased monocyte percentages. Haptoglobin, aspartate-aminotransferase, red blood cell count, leukocyte percentage and populations, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells were influenced by parity. In conclusion, the impairment of immune function caused by calving was more severe in cows in ≥3rd parity than in younger cows. However, neither vitamin E nor CLA supplementation was successful to stabilize parity or parturition related variance in hematological and immunological traits.     

Chemical, physical, and sensory properties of dairy products enriched with conjugated linoleic acid

Recent studies have illustrated the effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on human health. Ruminant-derived meat, milk and dairy products are the predominant sources of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in the human diet. This study evaluated the processing properties, texture, storage characteristics, and organoleptic properties of UHT milk, Caerphilly cheese, and butter produced from a milk enriched to a level of cis-9,trans-11 CLA that has been shown to have biological effects in humans. Forty-nine early-lactation Holstein-British Friesian cows were fed total mixed rations containing 0 (control) or 45 g/kg (on dry matter basis) of a mixture (1:2 wt/wt) of fish oil and sunflower oil during two consecutive 7-d periods to produce a control and CLA-enhanced milk, respectively. Milk produced from cows fed the control and fish and sunflower oil diets contained 0.54 and 4.68 g of total CLA/100 g of fatty acids, respectively. Enrichment of CLA in raw milk from the fish and sunflower oil diet was also accompanied by substantial increases in trans C18:1 levels, lowered C18:0, cis-C18:1, and total saturated fatty acid concentrations, and small increases in n-3 polyunsatu-rated fatty acid content. The CLA-enriched milk was used for the manufacture of UHT milk, butter, and cheese. Both the CLA-enhanced butter and cheese were less firm than control products. Although the sensory profiles of the CLA-enriched milk, butter, and cheese differed from those of the control products with respect to some attributes, the overall impression and flavor did not differ. In conclusion, it is feasible to produce CLA-enriched dairy products with acceptable storage and sensory characteristics.