固体超强酸催化剂SO_4~(2-)/V_2O_5-TiO_2-La_2O_3的制备及其酯化性能研究

采用化学共沉淀法制备出了三元固体超强酸催化剂SO_4~(2-)/V_2O_5-TiO_2-La_2O_3,并通过合成乙酸乙酯的酯化探针反应考察了影响SO_4~(2-)/V_2O_5-TiO_2-La_2O_3三元固体酸催化剂催化活性的制备因素。结果表明SO_4~(2-)/V_2O_5-TiO_2-La_2O_3固体超强酸催化剂的最佳制备条件为:组分比例n(V_2O_5)∶n(TiO_2)∶n(La_2O_3)=1∶1∶1,焙烧温度500℃,焙烧时间3 h,乙酸乙酯合成酯化率为98.31%。     

固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+)催化剂的制备和催化性能的研究

采用共沉淀法制备固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+),并通过十四酸正丁酯酯化反应的酯化率考察催化剂制备因素对催化活性的影响。结果表明固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+)催化剂的最佳制备条件为:沉淀pH=9、n(La~(3+)/Ti~(2+))=1∶6、硫酸浸渍浓度为1.8 mol/L,焙烧温度为500℃、焙烧时间为3 h,十四酸正丁酯合成的平均酯化率均98%。     

水热改性SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2催化剂的制备及其对酯化反应的催化性能

通过水热改性氢氧化锆制备了SO42-/ZrO2固体酸催化剂。以冰乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应为探针反应,确定了固体超强酸的最佳制备条件。分别考察了浸渍硫酸浓度、硫酸浸渍时间和焙烧温度等对催化活性的影响。并以水热改性和未经水热改性氢氧化锆制备SO42-/ZrO2固体超强酸做了对比实验,采用XRD、BET对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明:水热改性氢氧化锆制备SO42-/ZrO2固体酸催化剂的最佳条件是:浸渍硫酸浓度为0.5mol/L,浸渍时间是120 m in,焙烧温度500℃。乙酸正丁酯较佳的合成工艺条件是:反应温度105~110℃,反应时间2 h,n(正丁醇)∶n(冰乙酸)=2∶1,催化剂用量占反应投料总质量的0.27%,冰乙酸的酯化率达99.1%。催化剂重复使用4次后催化活性降低5%。     

SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2固体超强酸的制备及催化性能

采用沉淀浸渍法制备了SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2固体超强酸催化剂,利用Hammett指示剂、红外光谱仪和粉末X射线衍射仪对其进行表征。以乙酸正丁酯的合成为探针反应,考察硫酸浸渍浓度、焙烧时间和焙烧温度对其催化活性的影响。结果表明,SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2固体超强酸具有较好的催化活性,当硫酸浸渍浓度为1.0mol·L~(-1)、焙烧温度为600℃、焙烧时间为3h时,SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2超强酸的催化活性最高,酯化反应的酯化率达到97%。     

S_2O_8~(2-)/ZrO_2-Al_2O_3-TiO_2固体超强酸的制备及催化活性研究

本文采用单因素实验法,研究了固体超强酸催化剂S2O82-/ZrO2-Al2O3-TiO2的制备工艺。结果表明,S2O28-/ZrO2-Al2O3-TiO2的最佳制备条件为:n(Zr)∶n(Al)∶n(Ti)=1∶3∶1,(NH4)2S2O8浸渍液浓度0.5mo.lL-1,浸渍时间2h,焙烧温度300℃,焙烧时间6h。此外,用红外光谱对固体酸进行了结构表征,以乙酸正丁酯的酯化反应对其酸催化活性进行了初步研究。     

SO42-/Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2固体超强酸的制备及催化活性研究

采用化学共沉淀和单因素法制备新型固体超强酸催化剂SO2-4/Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2,研究得到催化剂的最佳制备条件为:n(铁)、n(铝)、n(硅)=1∶2∶1,陈化时间6 h,浸渍硫酸浓度0. 75 mol/L,浸渍时间40 min,焙烧温度500 ℃,焙烧时间5 h.用红外光谱对固体酸进行了表征,以乙酸正丁酯的酯化反应对其催化活性进行了初步研究.     

SO_4~(2-)/γ-Al_2O_3固体超强酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以氢氧化铝、氢氧化钠和硫酸铵为原料,制备SO42-/γ-Al2O3固体超强酸,并将其用于催化酯化合成乙酸正丁酯。研究了浸渍液浓度、焙烧温度、催化剂用量、反应时间和酸醇摩尔比对酯化率的影响。结果表明,浸渍液浓度为1 mol/L、焙烧温度500℃、催化剂用量5%、反应时间3.5 h和酸醇摩尔比1∶2.5,酯化率达到95.7%。气质联用色谱仪对所得产品进行定性分析,无副产物,催化剂具有较好的选择性。     

新型钒系固体超强酸S_2O_8~（2-）/V_2O_5催化剂的制备研究

以NH4VO3为原料,（NH4）2S2O8为浸渍液,添加一定量Fe2O3,用沉淀-浸渍法制备出新型S2O82-/V2O5-Fe2O3固体超强酸催化剂。以合成乙酸苄酯作为探针反应,考察不同制备条件下超强酸的催化活性。研究发现,最优条件为：V2O5与Fe2O3的摩尔比为n（V2O5）∶n（Fe2O3）=1.0∶1.0,浸渍液浓度为1.5 mol/L,焙烧温度350℃,焙烧时间3 h效果最佳,催化剂的活性最好。     

SO_4~(2-)/γ-Al_2O_3固体超强酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以氢氧化铝、氢氧化钠和硫酸铵为原料,制备SO42-/γ-Al2O3固体超强酸,并将其用于催化酯化合成乙酸正丁酯。研究了浸渍液浓度、焙烧温度、催化剂用量、反应时间和酸醇摩尔比对酯化率的影响。结果表明,浸渍液浓度为1 mol/L、焙烧温度500℃、催化剂用量5%、反应时间3.5 h和酸醇摩尔比1∶2.5,酯化率达到95.7%。气质联用色谱仪对所得产品进行定性分析,无副产物,催化剂具有较好的选择性。     

S2O82-/ZrO2-TiO2固体超强酸催化剂的制备及其酯化性能

利用共沉淀和低温陈化法制备S2O82-/ZrO2-TiO2固体超强酸作为合成硬脂酸正丁酯的催化剂.通过XRD、FT-IR和SEM对催化剂进行表征,考察n(Zr)∶n(Ti)、焙烧温度、浸渍液浓度和浸渍时间对催化剂催化活性的影响,以酯化合成硬脂酸正丁酯实验为探针,同时考察反应温度和n(硬脂酸)∶n(正丁醇)对酯化率的影响.结果表明,在n(Zr)∶n(Ti) =2∶2、浸渍液(NH4)2S2O8浓度0.5 mol·L-1、浸渍时间6h、焙烧温度500℃、n(硬脂酸)∶n(正丁醇)＝1∶3、催化剂用量0.2 g、反应温度120℃和反应时间3h条件下,酯化率可达98.69％.     

钕-铝系稀土色料的研制

通过钕-铝系列色料合成实验,分析不同配比及不同矿化剂等对色料呈色效果的影响,确定最佳工艺方法。对实验结果进行XRD及色度分析,确定其主晶相为钕酸铝,试样的明度均在70以上,色彩鲜艳亮丽。     

Phase equilibrium in binary La2O3-Dy2O3 and ternary CeO2-La2O3-Dy2O3 systems

Cerium oxide doped with oxides of rare earth elements is a multifunctional material, a wide range of uses which is associated with its unique physicochemical properties. Phase diagrams of multicomponent systems are the physicochemical basis for the creation of new materials with improved characteristics.In this work, phase equilibria in ternary CeO₂–La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ and binary La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ systems in the whole concentration range were studied. No new phases have been identified in these systems. An isothermal section of the phase diagram of the CeO₂–La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ system at a temperature of 1500 °С is constructed. No new phases have been detected in the system. It was found that in the studied ternary system solid solutions are formed on the basis of (F) modification of CeO₂ with structure of fluorite type, monoclinic (B), cubic (C) and hexagonal (A) modifications of Ln₂O₃.In the La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ binary system (1500–1100 °С) three types of solid solutions are formed: based on hexagonal modification A-La₂O₃, monoclinic modification B-Dy₂O₃ and cubic modification C-Dy₂O₃ separated by two-phase fields (A+B) and (B+C), respectively. The boundaries of the regions of homogeneity of solid solutions based on A-La₂O₃ are determined by compositions containing 35–40, 20–25, 15–20 mol% Dy₂O₃ at 1500, 1250, 1100 °C, respectively. From the obtained data it follows that the solubility of Dy₂O₃ in the hexagonal modification of lanthanum oxide is 39 mol% at 1500 °C, 23 mol. % at 1250 °C and 16 mol% at 1100 °C. The limits of existence of solid solutions based on monoclinic B-modification are determined by compositions containing 30–35, 65–60 (1250 °С), 35–40, 55–60 (1100 °С) 40–45, 70–75 (1500 °C) mol% Dy₂O₃.In the studied system, with a decrease in temperature from 1500° to 1100°C, there is a decrease in the solubility of La₂O₃ in the crystal lattice of cubic solid solutions of C-type from 16 to 10 mol%.     

Polycrystalline In2O3 and In2O3/Y2O3 photoanodes

Single crystal In₂O₃ shows promise as a photoanode for the decomposition of water. Because of various difficulties in the preparation of the single crystal material, two simple techniques were developed for the preparation of polycrystalline In₂O₃ anodes. One method involves the thermal decomposition of the nitrate while the other utilizes the chemical vapour deposition technique. Voltammograms and photoresponse spectra of these anodes are compared to the single crystal material. Among other observations, it is noted that the quantum efficiencies of the thermally decomposed films are comparable to the single crystal material. It is also shown that the on-set potential can be shifted to more negative values by forming the mixed oxide In₂O₃/Y₂O₃.     

Fe2+/H2O2体系O2生成路径

掌握Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系O₂的生成路径,可为避免H₂O₂无效分解,开发经济高效的Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系利用技术指明方向。采用添加自由基捕获剂的方法,探究Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系内各种自由基对O₂生成速率的影响,进而确定O₂的生成路径。结果表明:Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系内不会产生大量O₂^-·,O₂^-·不是生成O₂的主要反应物质;O₂^-·被全部捕获后,体系中仍产生大量O₂^-·,但此时无O₂生成,证明生成O₂的反应由·OH和HO₂·两种自由基直接参与。分析认为反应·OH+HO₂·-H₂O+O₂是体系内O₂生成的主要路径。控制Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系定向生成·OH,抑制HO₂·的产生,是提高Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系中H₂O₂利用率的有效手段。     

Na2O-Al2O3-Fe2O3系烧结过程中铝、铁的反应行为

以Al2O3, Fe2O3和Na2CO3为原料,对Na2O-Al2O3-Fe2O3系烧结过程中的反应行为进行了详细研究. 基于溶出率与时间、温度的关系,证明Na2O×Al2O3和Na2O×Fe2O3的生成反应动力学都服从Zhuralev-Lesokin-Tempelman模型,表观活化能分别为186.59和80.92 kJ/mol,表明Na2O×Fe2O3比Na2O×Al2O3在动力学上更易形成;Al2O3易与Na2O×Fe2O3反应形成Na2O×Al2O3和Fe2O3,在1273 K烧结30 min,所得熟料Al2O3溶出率达98.51%;Fe2O3对Na2O×Al2O3的形成有双重作用,在1273 K下可加速Na2O×Al2O3的形成,超过1323 K,促使Na2O×Al2O3分解成Na2O和b-Al2O3,且随着温度升高或时间延长,分解程度增高,从而导致熟料中Al2O3溶出率显著降低.     

H2O2 / O3, H2O2 / UV And H2O2 / Fe2+ Processes For The Oxidation Of Hazardous Wastes

Activated hydrogen peroxide produces very reactive OH-radicals which destroy hazardous contaminants in water. The principles and different methods of activation are described. Results from laboratory studies show the numerous applications of this new technology. A successful scaleup of laboratory tests to an industrial level is discussed. Finally, a cost estimate for treating different types of water with hydrogen peroxide is presented.     

Propylene metathesis over Re2O7/Al2O3-B2O3 catalysts

A series of alumina aluminum borate (AAB) with various Al/B molar ratios were prepared by the coprecipitation method. The supported rhenium oxide catalysts with various contents of Re₂O₇ were also prepared by the impregnation method with perrhenic acid. The catalytic activity and stability of Re₂O₇/AAB catalysts for the reaction of propylene metathesis were tested in a fixed-bed microreactor. It was found that Re₂O₇/AAB is more active, stable and regenerable than Re₂O₇/Al₂O₃ for propylene metathesis. The optimum Al/B molar ratio was found to be in the range of 4–10.