Development of a 69kV High-Pressure Gas-Filled Pipe-Type Cable System for an Arctic Environment

A high-pressure gas-filled (HPGF) pipe-type cable system rated 69kV has been developed for operation at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, which is at the North Slope above the Arctic Circle. A minimum ground ambient of -10°C is applicable to the major portion of the circuit which is buried. The cables installed in pipes across a 46 m (150 foot) long bridge, the terminal riser cables and the cable terminals experience a minimum air ambient of -48°C. The cable design for each of these ambient temperatures required special consideration with regard to the insulation structure and impregnant to be employed for the paper insulation. This paper describes the investigation of materials, cable models and prototype cables to achieve the physical and electrical properties required for the application. For the buried cable, a polybutene impregnant having a viscosity lower than normally employed for HPGF cable was used. For the cables exposed to the lower ambient air temperature, a phenylmethyl polysiloxane silicone fluid was selected as the impregnant. A transition joint between the polybutene and silicone impregnated cables was developed. Standard gas-filled terminals were modified for service at the low ambient air temperature. The successful completion of this R&D project has provided a rugged, reliable high voltage cable system suitable for transmitting power in an arctic environment.     

Computerized method for evaluating the suitability of trailingcables

A program to develop models for the enable computer calculation of conductor temperature rise versus time in trailing cables has been initiated. To date, a common model equation has been developed and parameters determined for two round trailing cables typically used on continuous miners, type G-GC, sizes 2/0 AWG and 4/0 AWG, rated 90°C. The resulting cable models have been tentatively confirmed in laboratory trials using repetitive four-level constant-current cycles and triangular currents in which the peak current varied on succeeding cycles. Model refinement and additional laboratory trials are projected using randomly varying current, simulating actual current conditions in mine trailing cables     

基于有限元法的地下电缆群温度场及载流量的仿真计算

结合传热学知识对地下直埋电缆温度场进行分析,构造出热传导方程和边界条件后,采用专业有限元软件建立了3根直埋单芯电缆的温度场模型,计算区域采用三角形单元剖分法。对电缆温度场分布及载流量的确定采用对分法进行迭代求解。通过仿真,分析了影响土壤直埋电缆载流量的各个因素以及各因素对载流量的影响规律,为工程实际提供了参考依据。     

采用MATLAB仿真的变电站高压进线温度场和载流量数值计算

随着电力电缆在输配电线路中的广泛应用,准确确定电力电缆及其周围环境温度场的分布和电缆的载流量对于提高电力电缆的使用率、动态调整负荷具有重要的意义。为此,以地下排管敷设的交联聚乙烯电力电缆为研究对象,其实际模型为1个容量为250MVA、额定电压为230kV的变电站的高压进线。根据传热学和有限元法(finite element method,FEM)基本原理,建立了1种基于有限元法的水泥排管敷设电缆温度场计算模型,并对电缆及其周围环境的求解区域进行复合有限三角形单元剖分,即对电缆区域进行较密集的网格划分,而对电缆周围的土壤区域则进行较为稀疏的网格划分,以提高程序的运算精度和运行速度。结果表明:用MATLAB软件仿真,从而得到电缆及其周围环境的温度场分布,迭代计算了排管敷设交联聚乙烯电缆的载流量。证明使用有限元的方法分析地下电缆温度场,为电力工程中电缆载流量确定提供了一个比较可靠的计算方法。     

空气敷设下10kV三芯电缆应急时间计算

当10 kV三芯电缆因故障或检修而需要加载较大的应急负荷时,在电缆导体温度达到最高温限值之前,电缆允许过载的应急时间为多长,是电力部门极其关注和亟待解决的问题。为此以空气敷设的10 kV三芯电缆为研究对象,建立了电缆本体及空气介质的暂态热路模型,并将其等效简化为一阶RC暂态热路模型,计算了10 kV三芯电缆热时间常数,推导出空气敷设三芯电缆在应急负荷下应急时间的计算公式,并设计了空气敷设电缆在不同初始负荷下的应急温升实验,通过对比实测和理论计算数据,验证了该模型和应急时间计算公式的可靠性,可为应急状况下指导电力负荷调度和控制电缆检修工作的时间提供重要参考。     

Electrical aging of extruded dielectric cables: review of existingtheories and data

Despite the huge amount of data on so-called electrical aging of extruded HV cables, the fundamental phenomena responsible for it or evolving with aging time, are still far from well understood. It is therefore not surprising why it is so difficult to predict reliable cable lifetimes in service from accelerated aging experiments in the laboratory. The objective of this paper is to review critically the existing theories of electrical aging of solid dielectric materials. A relatively large number of models and theories exist but none of the most often used is known to yield reliable life predictions. One conclusion is that there is a need for a more comprehensive model of electrical aging of extruded dielectric cables. In order to develop this model, an extensive review of existing literature data was undertaken. This paper summarizes the data collected from more than 200 papers on aging of PE, XLPE and EPR cables. It appears that cable breakdown strength should not be plotted on log field vs. log time graphs to yield long-time (i.e. low-field) values, since results obtained over a long time period do not obey an inverse power law. In fact, high-field results are better described by an exponential relation between time and field. The models of Simoni, Montanari and Crine seem to give the best fit to experimental results obtained under a wide variety of experimental conditions. It is also shown that the lower field limit for the exponential regime with XLPE cable is in the 8 to 15 kV/mm range, which corresponds to the onset of strong charge injection. The influence of environment, insulation nature and morphology, and testing temperature are discussed     

基于有限元温度场仿真的排管敷设电缆及新增电缆的位置优化

电缆排管敷设设计之初就考虑到了通过增加电缆回路满足后期增容要求。电缆原始及新增位置不同时,断面温度场和载流量也不同,故有必要对电缆原始及新增位置进行优化。以3×4排管敷设配电电缆为例,建立温度场有限元模型,对比温升试验与有限元计算结果,验证了有限元模型的有效性;基于该模型,在各回路加载相同电流前提下,以发热最严重电缆线芯温度最低为依据,对原始6回路及新增1回路进行位置优化。仿真研究表明,电缆分布越分散温度场分布越均匀,发热最严重电缆线芯温度越低;最优新增电缆位置与原电缆位置有关,因而建议在电缆位置优化时应考虑后期电缆回路的增加。     

Short-Term Transient Temperature Calculations and Measurements for Underground Power Cables

A time-dependent heat transfer model based on the complete Fourier integral was developed for calculating cable temperatures during short-term transient conditions. A cyclic heat transfer calculation is used to obtain the initial temperature-time profile of the cable before the transient loading begins. The short-term transient model uses a lumped parameter formulation for the different cable regions and the Fourier integral to approximate the transient heat loss profile. Calculated conductor, jacket, and conduit temperatures show reasonable agreement with experimental results for a number of short-term transient tests with cables in a typical duct bank arrangement.     

Ampacity of cables in single open-top cable trays

A mathematical thermal model that can predict the operating temperatures for cables when there is load diversity in single, horizontal, open-top cable trays is presented. The model accommodates two different loading scenarios-one in which the heat load is distributed evenly across the cable tray cross-section and a second one which concentrates the heavily loaded cables along the center-line and surrounds them with more lightly loaded cables. The second model is designed to yield a maximum cable temperature and to account for the load diversity that exists in a realistically operated tray. Temperature predictions provided by the model are compared with previous laboratory cable tray experiments and with data collected during a four year study in which cable temperatures were measured in an operating nuclear plant. Reasons for differences between the field data and the computer results are discussed. The model is used to evaluate the conservatism in the ICEA P54-440 as a result of load diversity     

Ampacity of cables in single covered trays

A mathematical thermal model is developed to predict the operating temperatures of cables in a single covered tray when there is load diversity in the power cable bundle. The model accommodates two different loading scenarios: one in which the heat is distributed evenly across the cable tray cross section; and one which concentrates the heavily loaded cables along the centerline, while surrounding them with more lightly loaded cables. The temperature predictions provided by the model are compared to data found in other IEEE papers, data collected in laboratory measurements, and new data from a four-year study of cable trays in an operating nuclear plant. Reasons for differences between the field data and the computer results are discussed. The model is used to evaluate the conservatism in the available Codes and Standards. A derating factor is introduced that is defined in terms of the ampacity of power cables in open-top trays. The derating factor accounts for the added thermal resistance present when a cover is placed over the cables, trapping a layer of stagnant air on top of the cable mass. The computer model is then used to predict values for the derating factor as a function of cable depth. The derating factor is shown to be independent of the composition of cables in the tray. The presence of a cover is shown to reduce the ampacity based on an uncovered tray by up to 25 percent depending on the depth of the cables in the tray     

电力电缆带电燃烧的数值模拟技术研究进展

电力电缆隧道火灾严重影响了电力系统的安全性,成为威胁城市电网安全的重要问题,因此研究电力电缆带电燃烧的机理至关重要。由于实际的电缆隧道长达数十公里,很难进行全尺寸的带电燃烧实验,因此数值模拟是目前研究电缆隧道火灾的重要方法。介绍了模拟电力电缆燃烧的2种数值模型:区域模型和流体动力学模型,重点介绍了两种模型的原理和发展现状。研究结果表明区域模型和流体动力学模型在电力电缆带电燃烧的数值模拟技术已经取得了一定的进展,但是目前电力电缆火灾的数值模拟模型主要关注的是火灾引发后的动态过程,未将电力电缆的电气失效过程与火灾的发展过程联系起来,电力电缆带电燃烧的数值模型还有待进一步改进。     

500 kV充油海底电缆运行状态综合在线监测系统研究

海南联网系统500 kV海底电缆运行环境复杂多变,会直接影响到海底电缆的运行状态.为了有效掌握海南联网系统三相31 km海底电缆的运行状态,研究充油海底电缆运行状态综合在线监测技术至关重要.文中根据海底电缆实际运行监测要求,结合充油海底电缆捆绑通信光缆的这一特殊结构,开展了基于布里渊光时域分析的分布式光纤温度传感技术研究,建立了基于IEC 60287热路模型的充油海底电缆的温度热场分布的热路模型,研制了500 kV充油海底电缆运行状态综合在线监测系统,完成了系统的现场安装及挂网运行.该系统能实时监测海底电缆的温度、油流以及油压等运行参数,通过海底电缆温度、油流以及油压历史数据分析,表明系统可实时监测海底电缆的运行状态及稳定可靠运行.     

500 kV充油海底电缆导体温度分布式光纤传感监测及应用

依据海南联网系统500 kV海底电缆捆绑特殊海底光缆的实际情况,通过分布式光纤传感技术结合经有限元仿真模型优化的IEC60287热路模型的方法可以监测海底电缆内部的温度分布。在实验室中搭建岸上模拟实验平台,利用中压电缆捆绑光纤的结构进行捆绑电缆岸上模拟实验。同时,将经验证的温度监测方法应用于海南联网系统500 kV海底电缆,以C相空气段为例监测捆绑电缆光单元的温度。采用有限元仿真计算电缆表面的温度,根据电缆表面的温度基于热路模型推导出对应的导体温度,得到电缆导体在实际运行过程中的温度变化。岸上模拟实验测量的导体温度与数值计算得到导体温度的误差低于1.77%, 验证了海底电缆导体温度监测方法的准确性。     

电缆群排管敷设形式下的分流运行优化方法

夏季地下排管电缆聚集运行温度异常,电缆温度过高会加速电缆绝缘材料的老化,热量累积到一定程度,还可能引起起火事故。为降低地下排管中电缆运行温度,提出了电缆群排管敷设形式的优化方法。基于有限元法计算地下排管中电缆群运行温度场,建立了电缆群敷设形式优化计算模型。以电缆群中最高温电缆的温度降到最低为目标函数,电缆群中总载流量不变为约束条件,对电缆群中温度较高的电缆进行分流优化计算。通过Comsol Multiphysics软件仿真计算的结果可见,与未优化之前相比,采用优化方法后排管中最高温电缆的导体芯温度降低了约11%,电缆群最大温差降低了3.6℃,增加了电缆群温度场分布的均匀度,优化效果显著。     

复杂环境中海底电缆温度场及载流量模型研究

载流量是海底电缆运行调度的重要参数,受最高允许工作温度所制约,建立考虑复杂海洋环境中洋流影响的海底电缆温度场及载流量模型具有重要意义。针对传统解析法计算复杂、仅适用于特定敷设环境等问题,根据电 热 流多场耦合理论,基于有限元分析技术分别建立了埋设和铺设两种敷设方式下的高压三芯交联聚乙烯(XLPE)海底电缆温度场及载流量分析模型,并研究了洋流流速及温度对海缆载流量的影响。研究结果表明,所建模型与传统解析法相对误差在5%以内;相同环境因素下,铺设海缆稳态载流量比埋设高出200~330 A不等,且两者变化率在低流速时更灵敏,但不受洋流温度所影响;此外,短时应急载流量允许运行时间与其大小及初始缆芯温度成反比关系。     

排管电缆群布置方式的联合优化方法研究

电缆群不同的布置方式会影响其温度场的分布,进而对其载流量产生影响。文中以3×4排管敷设配电电缆群为对象,利用COMSOL和MATLAB建立电缆群温度场联合仿真模型,以等负荷电缆群中最热电缆线芯温度最低为依据优化多回路电缆群的布置。在多回路所有布置方式电缆群温度仿真计算的基础上,最终确定电缆群的最优布置方式以及新增电缆最优布置方式。结果显示电缆群布置方式优化能显著提高电缆群载流能力,降低运行温度,对电缆的长期安全经济运行有重要意义。     

Measurement technique for high frequency characterization of semiconducting materials in extruded cables

Knowledge on the dependence of wave propagation characteristics on material properties and cable design is important in establishing diagnostic methods for cable insulation. In this study, a high frequency measurement technique to characterize the semi-conducting screens in medium voltage cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables has been developed. The frequency ranges from 30 kHz to 500 MHz. The influence of the experimental set-up, sample preparation methods, pressure and temperature are investigated. A dielectric function is developed for the semiconducting screens and this is incorporated into a high frequency model for the cable. The propagation characteristics obtained from the high frequency cable model are compared with those obtained from measurements made on the same cables.     

基于Dolph-Chebyshev窗的电力电缆中间接头定位诊断

提出一种基于Dolph-Chebyshev窗的配电电缆中间接头定位改进方法.根据电缆传输线模型说明频域反射法(frequency domain reflectometry,FDR)的定位原理,建立定位仿真模型进行验证,通过仿真对比分析选择基于Dolph-Chebyshev窗的FDR改进方法;同时搭建电缆总长为20 m、...     

Analysis of the Combined Effects of Load Cycling, Thermal Transients, and Electrothermal Stress on Life Expectancy of High-Voltage AC Cables

In this paper, a procedure is presented for the life estimation of high-voltage cables subjected to electrothermal stress due to applied voltage and load cycles. Thermal transients that affect cable insulation as a consequence of cyclic current variations are modeled by means of the well-known CIGRE two-loop thermal network analog. The effect of the relevant cyclically varying electrothermal stress is accounted for via the cumulative damage law of Miner. The life fractions lost during each step of the load cycle are evaluated by resorting to a proper combined electrothermal life model holding for cable insulation. The model is considered within its due probabilistic framework for associating life with residual reliability and failure probability. The procedure is applied to high-voltage ac EPR- and XLPE-insulated cables, subjected to stepwise-constant daily load cycles. The application shows that life is very sensitive to load cycles, as well as to thermal transients and to the synergism between electrical and thermal stress. Thus, none of these factors should be neglected for an accurate estimate of life expectancy of high-voltage cables in real service conditions.