Additive Manufacturing of Magnesium Alloys by Selective Laser Melting Technology: A ReviewEI北大核心CSCD

Selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing technology holds the broad prospect for the preparation of high-performance complex metal components owing to its high processing accuracy, short manufacturing cycle, and high material usage. Magnesium (Mg) alloys are the lightest metal structural material and provide the benefits of low density, substantial specific strength and specific stiffness, good damping and shock absorption performance, and good biodegradability. Thus, it is worthwhile to employ SLM to manufacture Mg alloys, which is predicted to widen the application scope of Mg alloys. In this study, a comprehensive review on SLM of Mg alloys focusing on the preparation of Mg alloy powders, SLM process parameters, metallurgical defects, microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-built state, post-processing, and special equipment developed for SLM of Mg alloys is given. Finally, the future development trends of the SLM of Mg alloys are explored.     

Recent advances in micro-alloyed wrought magnesium alloys: Theory and design

Micro-alloying design of wrought magnesium (Mg) alloys is an important strategy to achieve high mechanical properties at a low cost. In the last two decades, significant progress has been made from both theory and experiment. In the present review, we try to summarize recent advances in micro-alloying design of wrought Mg alloys from both theoretical and pragmatic perspectives, and provide fundamental data required for establishing the relationship between chemical composition and mechanical properties of Mg alloys. We start with theoretical attempts for understanding the mechanical properties of Mg alloys at different scales, by involving first principle calculations, molecular dynamics, cellular automata, and crystal plasticity. Then, the role of alloying elements is discussed for a series of promising Mg alloys such as Mg-Al, Mg-Zn, Mg-RE (rare-earth element), Mg-Sn, and Mg-Ca families. Potential challenges in the micro-alloying design of Mg alloys are highlighted at the end. The review is expected to provide helpful guidance for the intelligent design of novel wrought Mg alloys and inspire more innovative ideas in this field.     

Mechanical and corrosion properties of newly developed Mg–Mn–Ca alloys as potential biodegradable implant materials

Calcium and manganese were selected as alloying elements to develop Mg–2Mn–xCa (x?=?0·8, 1·0, 1·2 wt-%) alloys as potential biodegradable implant materials. The mechanical properties and corrosion mechanism of both as cast and solution naturally age (T4) treated Mg–2Mn–xCa alloys were investigated. The results indicated that the distribution of the second phase dominated the corrosion process. T4 treatment could transfer coarse Mg₂Ca and α-Mn phases into dispersed fine precipitated phases, which improve mechanical and corrosion properties. Mg–2Mn–1·0Ca alloy has the best integrated performance among the developed alloys. This research indicated that T4 treated Mg–2Mn–xCa alloys are a promising candidate used as biodegradable implant material.     

Microstructure and properties of friction stir welded aluminium alloys

Aluminium alloy 7136 belongs to the Al–Zn–Mg–Cu group of aluminium alloys strengthened by precipitation. These alloys offer very good properties, i.e. high strength combined with good corrosion resistance, which makes them suitable for aerospace applications. The limited range of applications of these alloys is due to problems associated with their welding. The Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys are classified as non-weldable. The aim of this study was to determine the quality and properties of friction stir welded (FSW) joints of alloy 7136-T76. This article presents the results of a detailed study into the microstructure and mechanical properties of FSW welds. The paper demonstrates that the FSW method is suitable for joining Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys. The FSW joints are of good quality and high mechanical properties. Tests of joints created at various tool rotation speeds have shown that joints of suitable quality, in terms of microstructure and properties, can be obtained for a relatively wide range of process parameters. The tool rotation speeds applied during the welding process did not have a significant influence on the quality of the welds.     

The influence of copper content on intergranular corrosion of model AlMgSi(Cu) alloys

Application prospects in automotive and aerospace industry have led to extensive studies on AA6xxx alloys in recent years. Varying amounts of Mg, Si and Cu and heat treatments are used to achieve the desired mechanical properties in these alloys. In this investigation, a series of tests have been designed and carried out on model AlMgSi(Cu) alloys to investigate the effects of Cu, Mg and Si composition and heat treatments on the corrosion properties for a range of Cu content levels (0.03, 0.15 and 0.80 wt%, respectively). The results indicate that the localized corrosion susceptibility of the model alloys primarily increased with Cu content. The Si and Mg content and ratio do not appear to have a significant effect on the local corrosion behaviour. Heat treatment can improve the corrosion resistance. However, this effect is small compared to that of the Cu content for the range of model alloys investigated. Intergranular corrosion will occur by micro‐galvanic coupling between the cathodic AlMgSi(Cu) (Q) phase precipitates and the aluminum matrix adjacent to the particles. The increasing susceptibility to intergranular corrosion with Cu content can be attributed to an increased formation of Q phase particles.     

Casting process and comparison of the properties of adapted load-sensitive magnesium alloys

Magnetic magnesium alloys can be utilized as a load sensitive material, in which the inverse magnetostrictive effect is used in order to measure the actual loads in structural components manufactured from such lightweight sensor alloys. To achieve a material which exhibits magnetic properties, Mg is alloyed with ferromagnetic materials like cobalt or samarium-cobalt. Alloying elements commonly used with Mg are utilized to improve the mechanical properties of these alloys, which however may have a slight negative impact on the magnetic sensitivity. In this work, two separate magnetic Mg alloys are compared, each with properties matched to the opposing requirements: (a) high load sensitivity and (b) satisfactory mechanical properties, respectively. The precipitation behavior of the ferromagnetic constituent Co in Mg together with other alloying elements is shown on the basis of SEM images. In addition, the dissolving behavior of the Co powder during the casting process of a binary Mg–Co alloy is investigated. Cyclic loading tests employing harmonic analyses of eddy current signals are utilized in order to verify the alloys’ sensory properties. The mechanical properties are investigated using tensile tests.     

Recent Progress and Development in Extrusion of Rare Earth Free Mg Alloys: A Review

Mg and its alloys are the lightest structural metals available and are extremely attractive for applications as lightweight components, particularly in the automobile, electronic, and aerospace industries. The global market for wrought Mg alloys has steadily expanded over the past decade. And numerous studies have been carried out to meet this increasing demand of high-performance Mg alloys. However, Mg extrusion alloys have had a very limited usage so far. To overcome existing industrial challenges, one desirable approach is the development of low-cost rare earth(RE) free Mg extrusion alloys with superior mechanical properties. This review will introduce the recent research highlights in the extrusion of Mg alloys, specifi cally focusing on low-cost RE-free Mg alloy. The results from both the literature and our previous study are summarized and critically reviewed. Several aspects of RE-free Mg extrusion alloys are described in detail:(1) novel alloying designs including Mg–Al-, Mg–Zn-, Mg–Ca-, Mg–Sn-, and Mg–Bi-based alloys,(2) advanced extrusion techniques, and(3) extrusion-related severe plastic deformation(SPD) processing. Accordingly, considering the large gap in mechanical properties between the current RE-free Mg alloys and high-performance aluminum alloys, new alloy design, processing route control, and recommendations for future research on RE-free Mg extrusion alloys are also proposed. We hope this review will not only off er insightful information regarding the extrusion of RE-free Mg alloys but also inspire the development of new Mg extrusion technologies.     

The heat treatment of Al–Si–Cu–Mg casting alloys

The mechanical properties of aluminium–silicon casting alloys containing Cu and Mg are known to be improved by heat treatment. Over 60 papers are reviewed here in order to clarify the sequences of microstructural changes which occur during heat treatment, and their influence on the mechanical properties. It is shown that the changes occurring during solution treatment are relatively well understood, and that the equilibrium phase diagram can be used to predict the stability of phases at the solution treatment temperature. The influence of quench rate and natural ageing on subsequent artificial ageing needs to be studied further, but some conclusions can be drawn. These include: (1) An increase in quench rate above 4 °C/s gives a small increase in yield strength after ageing, while the concomitant influence on elongation is more complicated and depends on the alloy. (2) Natural ageing is shown to have a large influence on subsequent artificial ageing response of Al–Si–Mg alloys, while there is a significant lack of knowledge for Cu-containing alloys. Artificial ageing of Al–Si–Mg alloys in the temperature range 170–210 °C gives peak yield strengths of the same level, while Cu-containing alloys show a decrease in peak yield strength with increasing ageing temperature. The precipitation sequences in Al–Si–Mg and Al–Si–Cu alloys are relatively well known. In Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloys several precipitation sequences are possible, which need further investigation.     

Cu／Mg比对AA7085显微组织与性能影响

采用熔铸法制备具有不同Cu／MgLk（0．67,1．0,1．06,1．6）的AA7085铝合金。采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、力学性能测试和腐蚀测试研究Cu／Mg比对基体合金显微组织、力学性能和腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,当Cu／Mg比为1．6时,AA7085铝合金具有更好的抑制再结晶能力和抗腐蚀性能。当Cu／Mg比为0．67时,铝合金具有更为优越的力学性能,其抗拉强度与屈服强度分别达到586和550MPa。而当Cu／Mg比为1．0时,合金的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能均下降。     

Mg量对过共晶Al-18%Si合金组织与性能的影响

为改善Al-18％Si组织形貌,利用扫描电镜与金相显微镜观察了不同含Mg量过共晶Al-Mg-18％Si合金的显微组织,并测试相应的力学性能,研究了强化处理的作用。结果表明:镁在过共晶Al-Si合金中的作用是通过热处理来实现,随镁含量的增加,合金的强度稍有增加,但伸长率有所下降。为了提高金相组织与力学性能,Mg量应控制在0．5％-3．0％。     

Development of High Strength and Toughness Non-Heated Al–Mg–Si Alloys for High-Pressure Die-Casting

Based on the 3 factors and 3 levels orthogonal experiment method, compositional effects of Mg, Si, and Ti addition on the microstructures, tensile properties, and fracture behaviors of the high-pressure die-casting Al-x Mg-y Si-z Ti alloys have been investigated. The analysis of variance shows that both Mg and Si apparently infl uence the tensile properties of the alloys, while Ti does not. The tensile mechanical properties are comprehensively infl uenced by the amount of eutectic phase(α-Al + Mg_2Si), the average grain size, and the content of Mg dissolved into α-Al matrix. The optimized alloy is Al-7.49 Mg-3.08 Si-0.01 Ti(wt%), which exhibits tensile yield strength of 219 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 401 MPa, and elongation of 10.5%. Furthermore, contour maps, showing the relationship among compositions, microstructure characteristics, and the tensile properties are constructed, which provide guidelines for developing high strength and toughness Al–Mg–Si–Ti alloys for high-pressure die-casting.     

Effect of Y on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg−4Li−3Al alloys

To obtain magnesium alloys with a low density and improved mechanical properties, Y element was added into Mg−4Li−3Al (wt.%) alloys, and the effect of Y content on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties was investigated by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and tensile tests. The results show that mechanical properties of as-cast Mg−4Li−3Al alloys with Y addition are significantly improved as a result of hot extrusion. The best comprehensive mechanical properties are obtained in hot-extruded Mg−4Li−3Al−1.5Y alloy, which possesses high ultimate tensile strength (UTS=248 MPa) and elongation (δ=27%). The improvement of mechanical properties of hot-extruded Mg−4Li−3Al−1.5Y alloy was mainly attributed to combined effects of grain refinement, solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ31 Mg Alloy Fabricated by Pre-compression and Frustum Shearing Extrusion

The AZ31 Mg alloys were processed by 6% pre-compression and frustum shearing extrusion at various temperatures, and the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the resulting alloys are systematically investigated. The results show that the grain size monotonically increases from 6.4 to 12.6 lm and the texture intensity increases from 6.7 to 9.6with the increase in the extrusion temperature. The combining effect of the pre-twinning and the frustum shearing deformation is found to contribute to the development of the weak basal texture in Mg alloys. The Mg alloy sheet produced at the extrusion temperature of 563 K exhibits excellent mechanical properties. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation for the extruded alloys are 189.6 MPa, 288.4 MPa and 24.9%, respectively. Such improved mechanical properties are comparable or even superior to those of the alloys subjected to other deformation techniques, rendering the pre-compression and frustum shearing extrusion a promising way for further tailoring properties of Mg alloys.     

医用稀土镁合金微观组织特征及力学行为研究进展

近年来,镁合金作为生物医用金属材料受到了广泛关注,但其较差的力学强度极易导致植入物在服役周期内崩塌断裂,严重危及患者生命安全。稀土微复合金化作为当下提高可降解镁合金力学性能的有效措施,在消除镁合金杂质元素、净化熔体的同时,还可以起到促进动态再结晶、形成长周期堆垛有序相等作用。因此,本文从稀土镁合金微观结构转变及其与力学性能的基本关联出发,综述了近年来医用稀土镁合金组织特征及力学性能的研究进展,深入发掘了稀土元素、第二相及镁合金力学性能之间的本质关联,详细阐述了连续动态再结晶对稀土镁合金的强韧化机理,全面叙述了稀土元素诱导长周期堆垛有序结构对镁合金力学性能的影响规律。最后,本文对医用稀土镁合金未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

Modeling of mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-Li-Al alloys based on PSO-BP algorithm

Artificial neural networks have been widely used to predict the mechanical properties of alloys in material research.This study aims to investigate the implicit relationship between the compositions an...     

Microstructure,anticorrosion, biocompatibility and antibacterial activities of extruded Mg−Zn−Mn strengthened with Ca

To find suitable biodegradable materials for implant applications, Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn?xCa (x=0, 0.2 and 0.5, wt.%) alloys were prepared by semi-continuous casting followed by hot-extrusion technique. The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn?xCa alloys were investigated using the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and tensile testing. Results indicated that minor Ca addition can slightly refine grains of the extruded Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn alloy and improve its strength. When 0.2 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% Ca were added, the grain sizes of the as-extruded alloys were refined from 4.8 to 4.6 and 4.2 μm, respectively. Of the three alloys studied, the alloy with 0.5 wt.% Ca exhibits better combined mechanical properties with the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of 334 MPa and 20.3%. The corrosion behaviour, cell viability and antibacterial activities of alloys studied were also evaluated. Increasing Ca content deteriorates the corrosion resistance of alloys due to the increase of amount of effective cathodic sites caused by the formation of more Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃ phases. Cytotoxicity evaluation with L929 cells shows higher cell viability of the Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn?0.5Ca alloy compared to Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn and Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn? 0.2Ca alloys. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus is enhanced with increasing the Ca content due to its physicochemical and biological performance in bone repairing process.     

稀土镁合金铸造和挤压态组织及力学性能研究

制备了3种不同成分的镁-稀土合金,研究稀土(RE)元素铈(Ce)、钕(Nd)和钇(Y)对镁合金铸态组织、力学性能尤其是高温力学性能的影响.采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)仪等对3种镁-稀土合金组织及相组成进行了分析.稀土元素与镁形成的镁-稀土相分别为Mg12Ce、Mg17Ce2、Mg12Nd、Mg24Y5、Mg41Nd5,主要分布在铸态组织晶界.对3种合金的铸态试样进行了室温力学性能及高温力学性能试验,并与挤压态比较,结果显示:在镁合金中,Nd的强化作用优于Ce,在高温时,Nd和Y共同强化作用优于Nd.     

铝含量对AS系列铸造镁合金机械加工性能的影响(英文)

研究铝含量对AS系列铸造镁合金机械加工性能的影响。通过测量切削力和表面粗糙度对镁合金的机械加工性能进行评估。研究合金的微观结构和拉伸性能。结果表明,切削力随着铝含量的增加而增大;AS91镁合金的表面粗糙度和力学性能最高;对力学性能有影响的主要机制是存在金属间相Mg2Si和Mg17Al12。在机械加工镁合金中,切削力随着切割速度的增大而增大。所测得的数据与机械加工合金的力学性能一致。     

Modelling of the Precipitated Phases and Properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloys

The effects of Zn and Mg variations on the precipitated phases and the properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys are investigated in this study. The quantities of stable and metastable phases have been calculated under various Zn and Mg contents by using software package JmatPro. The results show that the amount of the main hardening η (MgZn₂) phase and η′ phase increase with higher Zn and Mg contents. T (AlCuMgZn) phase and metastable counterpart significantly increase with the reduction of Zn contents or the increase of Mg contents. S (Al₂CuMg) phase reduces gradually with the increase of Mg content, while S phase varies only slightly with the Zn content. The precipitation of GP zones is promoted by the increase of Zn or Mg content. The physical and mechanical properties of the alloys have been modelled in such way that increasing Zn or Mg content could reduce electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, while the mechanical properties improve with increasing Zn content and varies markedly as Mg content changes from 2.7 to 2.9 wt.%.     

Pore structure and mechanical properties of directionally solidi ed porous aluminum alloys

Porous aluminum alloys produced by the metal-gas eutectic method or GASAR process need to be performed under a certain pressure of hydrogen, and to carry over melt to a tailor-made apparatus that ensures directional solidif ication. Hydrogen is driven out of the melt, and then the quasi-cylindrical pores normal to the solidif ication front are usually formed. In the research, the effects of processing parameters(saturation pressure, solidif ication pressure, temperature, and holding time) on the pore structure and porosity of porous aluminum alloys were analyzed. The mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloys were studied by the compressive tests, and the advantages of the porous structure were indicated. By using the GASAR method, pure aluminum, Al-3wt.%Mg, Al-6wt.%Mg and Al-35wt.%Mg alloys with oriented pores have been successfully produced under processing conditions of varying gas pressure, and the relationship between the f inal pore structure and the solidif ication pressure, as well as the inf luences of Mg quantity on the pore size, porosity and mechanical properties of AlMg alloy were investigated. The results show that a higher pressure of solidif ication tends to yield smaller pores in aluminum and its alloys. In the case of Al-Mg alloys, it was proved that with the increasing of Mg amount, the mechanical properties of the alloys sharply deteriorate. However, since Al-3%Mg and Al-6wt.%Mg alloys are ductile metals, their porous samples have greater compressive strength than that of the dense samples due to the existence of pores. It gives the opportunity to use them in industry at the same conditions as dense alloys with savings in weight and material consumption.