不同退火工艺下TWIP钢微观组织及力学性能演变

摘要：以在650℃温轧的Fe-24Mn-2Al-1Si-0.05C TWIP钢为研究对象,通过金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、室温拉伸等实验手段,研究温轧TWIP钢在回复退火、部分再结晶退火、高温短时退火以及高温退火等不同退火工艺下其微观组织及力学性能的演变。结果表明,随着退火工艺的改变,实验钢的微观组织由回复退火时包含高密度位错、形变孪晶等的变形晶粒逐渐向高温退火时的无畸变再结晶晶粒转变;而部分再结晶退火时,实验钢的微观组织由未再结晶区的变形晶粒和细小的再结晶晶粒混合组成。随退火工艺的改变,实验钢拉伸前、后的硬度变化趋势为先下降然后基本不变最后上升;实验钢的变形机制逐渐由位错滑移为主向孪生滑移为主转变。     

TWIP钢室温静态拉伸下的组织形态和变形机制

在室温下对退火Fe-24Mn-1Si-1.5Al-0.045CTWIP钢进行了不同程度的拉伸变形,采用JEM-2100透射电子显微镜对变形后的组织形貌进行表征和分析。研究结果表明:在变形初期,晶粒内存在着大量位错,它们相互缠结,呈胞状结构。在此阶段,位错滑移为主要变形机制。随着变形量的增加,形变孪晶在晶界等处形成,孪生机制被激活,孪生和滑移机制相互竞争。双孪生系统在大多数晶粒内先后被激活,孪生和滑移机制相互交割,起到动态细化晶粒的作用,使强度显著提高。在变形后期,试验钢的变形机制主要是TRIP效应,以及孪生与滑移的相互作用而诱发了去孪生机制,层状组织出现,孪晶特征减弱,从而导致样品的局部变形和失效。     

TWIP不锈钢层错能计算、塑韧性和耐蚀性能研究

添加Cr元素设计具有形变诱导孪生效应(twinning-induced plasticity,TWIP)的高强不锈钢,采用亚点阵晶格模型运用Matlab计算得到设计合金层错能(stacking fault energy,SFE)为37.65 mJ/m2.通过(900～1 200)℃×1 h热处理发现晶粒尺寸、退火孪晶数...     

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Evolution During Deformation of Fe–Mn–C TWIP Steel

The mechanical and deformation microstructure properties of the Fe–Mn–C TWIP steel was investigated by means of tensile experiment, in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).The results showed that the sample has excellent mechanical with tensile strength of the steel is about 1140 MPa and the yield strength is higher than 480 MPa, while the elongation is above 57%, the true stress–strain curve from tension tests exhibited repeated serrations and its strain‐hardening rate is constantly changing. It is found that there were different deformation mechanisms at different deformation stages result in the unique true stress–strain curve. Dislocation slip dominated the initial deformation and with the accumulation of deformation stress concentration reached the twin shear stress resulting in twin shear, which lead to TWIP effect. As the strain capacity increased continually, the parallel twins can no longer rotate and shear deformation occurred, which lead to the forming of shear bands. The intercoordination of slip deformation, twin deformation, and shear deformation mechanism make the TWIP steel show high strength and high plasticity.     

汽车用高锰TWIP钢的研究现状

高锰TWIP钢的塑性机制与其堆垛层错能有关。采用试验法和热力学计算法确定TWIP钢层错能的研究结果存在差异,TWIP效应与层错能的对应关系也未达成一致。高锰TWIP钢凝固温区宽,凝固时容易形成疏松、偏析等铸态缺陷。铸态TWIP钢高温时的断面收缩率均低于40%,可能导致连铸弯矫时开裂。水平连铸和双辊薄带连铸在TWIP钢生产上具有突出优势。TWIP钢的热轧温度区间窄,与其固相线温度低和高温塑性差有关。冷轧后连续退火温度和退火时间也尚在摸索之中。Fe-Mn-Si-Al系TWIP钢的强化机制以孪晶形成动态细化晶粒为主,而Fe-Mn-C-(-Al)系TWIP钢中动态应变时效可能是主导作用。TWIP钢的延迟断裂敏感性可通过Al合金化来改善,其主要机制是在试样表层下形成的α-Al2O3层阻止氢的渗入。     

高速冲击条件下TWIP钢组织和性能的研究

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆技术分析了TWIP钢在冲击载荷下应变速率对其性能的影响,采用金相(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)等方法对其变形前后的显微组织进行了研究。结果表明:高应变速率下,TWIP钢的应力-应变曲线存在响应时间,并且在中间阶段出现了波浪形的应力起伏。TWIP钢变形前后都是奥氏体单相组织,形变孪晶与静态变形条件下的相比,较易于多个孪晶系生成,孪晶的宽度、数量增加,间距减小。孪晶与位错的交互作用、孪晶与孪晶的相互作用、特别是多次孪晶的出现是使TWIP钢得到强化的主要变形机制。     

Effects of Aluminum Addition on Tensile and Cup Forming Properties of Three Twinning Induced Plasticity Steels

In the present study, a high Mn twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel and two Al-added TWIP steels were fabricated, and their microstructures, tensile properties, and cup formability were analyzed to investigate the effects of Al addition on deformation mechanisms in tensile and cup forming tests. In the high Mn steel, the twin formation was activated to increase the strain hardening rate and ultimate tensile strength, which needed the high punch load during the cup forming test. In the Al-added TWIP steels, the twin formation was reduced, while the slip activation increased, thereby leading to the decrease in strain hardening rate and ultimate tensile strength. As twins and slips were homogeneously formed during the tensile or cup forming test, the punch load required for the cup forming and residual stresses were relatively low, and the tensile ductility was sufficiently high even after the cup forming test. This indicated that making use of twins and slips simultaneously in TWIP steels by the Al addition was an effective way to improve overall properties including cup formability.     

Residual Stress Analysis in Deep Drawn Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steels Using Neutron Diffraction Method

In Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels, delayed fracture occurs due to residual stresses induced during deep drawing. In order to investigate the relation between residual stresses and delayed fracture, in the present study, residual stresses of deep drawn TWIP steels (22Mn-0.6C and 18Mn-2Al-0.6C steels) were investigated using the finite element method (FEM) and neutron diffraction measurements. In addition, the delayed fracture properties were examined by dipping tests of cup specimens in the boiled water. In the FEM analysis, the hoop direction residual stress was highly tensile at cup edge, and the delayed fracture was initiated by the separation of hoop direction and propagated in an axial direction. According to the neutron diffraction analysis, residual stresses in 18Mn-2Al-0.6C steel were about half the residual stresses in 22Mn-0.6C steel. From the residual strain measurement using electron back-scatter diffraction, formation of deformation twins caused a lot of grain rotation and local strain at the grain boundaries and twin boundaries. These local residual strains induce residual stress at boundaries. Al addition in TWIP steels restrained the formation of deformation twins and dynamic strain aging, resulting in more homogeneous stress and strain distributions in cup specimens. Thus, in Al-added TWIP steels, residual stress of cup specimen considerably decreased, and delayed fracture resistance was remarkably improved by the addition of Al in TWIP steels.     

形变孪晶的消失与退火孪晶的形成机制

 等径角挤压变形奥氏体不锈钢的退火研究表明,层错与形变孪晶是在回复阶段开始退化与消失的,层错的退化与消失主要是由于相邻亚晶以及内部形成的新亚晶以凸出机制逐渐吞并层错的结果。孪晶的退化与消失包括两个方面原因：相邻亚晶以凸出机制逐渐吞并形变孪晶;孪晶板条以合并机制逐渐减少板条数量而使板条扩宽,最终宽板条的孪晶界面由于位错的运动而消失。退火孪晶形成于回复阶段,是大角度界面的迁移结果。     

ECAP过程中TWIP钢的组织演变

 研究了 TWIP钢（30Mn-3Si-3Al）在等径角挤压冷变形过程中的组织演变。试验结果表明：经1道次变形后,产生大量10～40 nm宽的形变孪晶,同时出现的微观剪切带对孪晶进行了切割。随着道次的增加,孪生系统增多,形变孪晶相互交割,孪晶板条出现弯曲和断裂;同时剪切带的数量和宽度都增加,产生相互交错并切割孪晶板条,使基体的细化面积增大。4道次变形后,组织变成由碎化带和割裂开的孪晶相互交织的变形结构。碎化部分超细晶晶粒尺寸为40～120 nm,而未碎化孪晶板条宽度降至5～20 nm。     

Fe-Mn-Si-Al系和Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢加工硬化行为

研究了在不同应变量下Fe-Mn-Si-Al系和Fe-Mn-C系孪晶诱导塑性(TWIP)钢的力学性能以及微观组织,分析了TWIP效应在两种不同系列TWIP钢中发挥的作用,阐明了TWIP钢的强化机制.两种系列的TWIP钢都具有高加工硬化能力,但层错能较低的Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢加工硬化能力更强.两种系列的TWIP钢加工硬化表现为多加工硬化指数行为,这是由多种强化机理在不同阶段起主导作用的结果.微观组织形态与加工硬化强度之间存在着较强的关联性.位错的增殖和形变孪晶的产生对两个系列TWIP钢硬化曲线形态有着明显的影响.在高应变阶段,Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢大量的第一位向形变孪晶T1和第二位向形变孪晶T2,以及附着在孪晶界旁的高密度位错区域是造成其具有高加工硬化能力的原因,而Fe-Mn-Si-Al系TWIP钢细密的第一位向形变条纹和孪晶片层间的位错是其高加工硬化原因,且其微观组织更为均匀细致.      

Microstructural Evolution of Surface Layer of TWIP Steel Deformed by Mechanical Attrition Treatment

 A nanocrystalline layer was synthesized on the surface of TWIP steel samples by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) under varying durations. Microhardness variation was examined along the depth of the deformation layer. Microstructural characteristics of the surface at the TWIP steel SMATed for 90 min were observed and analyzed by optical microscope, X-ray diffraction, transmission and high-resolution electron microscope. The results show that the orientation of austenite grains weakens, and α-martensite transformation occurs during SMAT. During the process of SMAT, the deformation twins generate and divide the austenite grains firstly; then α-martensite transformation occurs beside and between the twin bundles; after that the martensite and austenite grains rotate to accommodate deformation, and the orientations of martensite and between martensite and residual austenite increase; lastly the randomly oriented and uniform-sized nanocrystalline layers are formed under continuous deformation.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Rolled Fe-Mn-C-Si TWIP Steel

 Mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of the hot-rolled Fe-Mn-C-Si TWIP steel were investigated and the deformation mechanism was analyzed. The results showed that the tensile strength and elongation were about 1050 MPa and 60%, respectively. The hot-rolled steel had high specific energy absorption and impact toughness between -120 ℃ and 20 ℃. Some inhomogeneous dislocation zones were observed in the undeformed steel. Lots of deformation twins and twin-dislocation interactions were observed in the deformed steel. TWIP effect was the major deformation mechanism for the excellent mechanical properties.     

Development in fundamental research on TWIP steel used in automobile industry

Abstract

This paper tracks the progress in research regarding the use of twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel in the automobile industry. The chemical composition of TWIP steel ensures that it has stable austenite and proper stacking fault energy at room temperature, allowing the main deformation mechanism (twinning) to work. The effects of alloying elements on the microstructure and deformation mechanism of TWIP steel are explained in detail, and their properties deformed under static and dynamic conditions are examined. The TWIP steel deformed at a low strain rate shows higher total elongation and strength. When the TWIP steel deforms under dynamic strain conditions, the stress, microhardness and the work hardening rate, all increase along with the increase in strain and the strain rate. The twin characteristics of TWIP steels deformed at various strain rates vary also and the twins generated under a high strain rate exhibit thinner widths and smaller interspaces compared with those formed under a low strain rate. It has also been observed that multisystem twins are able to generate and develop together. The mechanisms of toughening and strengthening in TWIP steels are noted. Finally, some potential application fields have been found for the promising material.     

汽车用轻质TWIP钢的组织演变规律研究

研究了中碳-高Mn系TWIP钢在固溶处理后的组织和力学性能。采用OM、XRD、TEM和EBSD分析了TWIP钢形变前后的微观组织演变规律和高强塑性的产生机理。结果表明,形变孪晶密度随着变形程度的增加而增大,形变孪晶渐进产生,细化起到细晶强化和延缓断裂的作用,使TWIP钢具有优异的综合力学性能和成形性能。     

Effects of High Strain Rate on Properties and Microstructure Evolution of TWIP Steel Subjected to Impact Loading

 The mechanical properties of the TWIP steel subjected to impact loading at various strain rates were analyzed by the Split Pressure Hopkinson Bar. Meanwhile the microstructure of the TWIP steel fore-and-after the dynamic deformation were characterized and analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The result shows that when the TWIP steel was deformed under dynamic station, the stress, microshardness and work hardening rate increase with the increment of strain and strain rate; there exist stress fluctuation and decline of work hardening rate for adiabatic temperature rising softening. There exist many pin-like deformation twins in the microstructure of the TWIP steel subjected to impact loading, the grain size after deformation is bigger than that before; the interaction of twins with dislocation and twins with twins, especial emergence of high order deformation twins are the main strengthening mechanisms of the TWIP steel. The nucleation mechanism of deformation twins will be “rebound mechanism”; the incomplete deformation twins can be observed when the strain rate is low; when strain rate raises, deformation twins unite together; furthermore, deformation twins become denser because the nucleation rating enhancing with strain rate increasing.     

异步轧制TWIP钢的力学性能和微观组织

 利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜对异步轧制及热处理TWIP钢的力学性能与微观组织进行了研究。结果表明,TWIP钢经500℃异步轧制后强度显著提高,而塑性降低,这是位错与孪晶共同作用的结果。轧制后的热处理降低了位错密度以及变形孪晶数量,导致强度降低,伸长率升高。经600℃和700℃退火后,TWIP钢表现出良好的强度和塑性综合性能。因此,异步轧制后热处理是获得具有优良综合力学性能TWIP钢的可行途径。     

高应变速率下钛-钢复合板界面组织特征及变形机制

在高应变速率下,钛-钢复合板不同材料以不同的变形机制协调变形,结合界面起到至关重要的作用.本文分析研究了高应变速率下钛-钢复合板的界面组织特征和变形机制.结果表明:在钢侧,随着应变速率的提高,小角度(3°~10°)晶界含量增多,织构组分{112}〈241〉逐渐演变为织构{665}〈386〉和{111}〈110〉.在钛侧,随着应变速率的提高,出现了明显的形变孪晶组织,三种形变孪晶如{1121}〈1100〉拉伸孪晶、{1122}〈1123〉压缩孪晶和{1012}〈1011〉拉伸孪晶产生的难易程度不一样,变形机制由常规的"孪生变形为主"转变为"位错滑移与孪生变形共存"的复合变形模式.在结合界面处,随着应变速率的提高,需要适应由两侧产生的不同变形抗力,才能够实现连续变形而不致使材料发生破坏,其主要的协调机制依靠结合界面及附近晶粒的滑移实现变形.      

Strain Effect on the Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Fracture Characteristics of a TWIP Steel Sheet

Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are a highly promising group of steels for the production of complex structural components in cold forming operations for car body manufacturing. In this work, the effect of cold rolling strain on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of a TWIP steel sheet used for automobile body structure was studied by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron back-scattered diffraction technique, microhardness measurement, tensile test and fractography. TWIP steel sheets were cold rolled with reductions of 0, 15 and 30%. An increase of the cold rolling strain led to an increase of deformation twinning activity in certain favourably oriented grains and resulted in significant increase in ultimate tensile strength and hardness of TWIP steel. However, the ductility of TWIP steel significantly decreased with increasing degree of cold rolling strain. The increase in the ultimate tensile strength was almost linear with the increase in cold rolling strain. After cold rolling reduction of 30%, the ultimate tensile strength increased by approximately 50%, whereas the elongation decreased by approximately 85%. The size and depth of the dimples in the fracture surface decreased with the increase of the twin boundaries at 30% cold rolling strain, leading to highly limited plasticity through the tensile testing.     

Fe-20Mn-0.6C TWIP钢力学性能和微观组织的演变

 研究一种Fe-Mn-C系新型TWIP钢的力学性能和微观变形机制。采用静态拉伸方法测试Fe-20Mn-0.6C钢在热轧和冷轧及热处理后的力学性能,通过金相、X-射线衍射、透射电镜观察等方法研究该钢的微观组织演变。结果表明：试验钢经过热轧后,表现出优异的综合力学性能,伸长率高达100%,抗拉强度达到924MPa。将热轧钢板经过适量冷轧后其抗拉强度提高到1210MPa。 热轧态组织为等轴的奥氏体基体及退火孪晶,拉伸变形后其微观组织中孪晶密度显著增加,晶粒内由一套孪晶系逐渐演化为两套孪晶系,而且因变形诱导马氏体相变产生大量马氏体组织。