电渣重熔钢锭凝固过程数学模拟软件

建立了钢锭凝固过程数学模型,采用控制容积积分法离散模型方程,利用附加源项法解决冷却边界的计算,用Visual Basic语言编制了计算程序和界面.模拟分析了45号碳素结构钢的电渣重熔钢锭凝固过程.模拟结果与实验结果较吻合,这表明该软件可用于实际电渣熔铸生产过程中钢锭的凝固实时分析及控制.     

Mathematical Model for Electroslag Remelting Process

 A mathematical model, including electromagnetic field equation, fluid flow equation, and temperature field equation, was established for the simulation of the electroslag remelting process. The distribution of temperature field was obtained by solving this model. The relationship between the local solidification time and the interdendritic spacing during the ingot solidification process was established, which has been regarded as a criterion for the evaluation of the quality of crystallization. For a crucible of 950 mm in diameter, the local solidification time is more than 1 h at the center of the ingot with the longest interdendritic spacing, whereas it is the shortest at the edge of the ingot according to the calculated results. The model can be used to understand the ESR process and to predict the ingot quality.     

国内外电渣重熔技术的发展与展望

自1940年美国霍普金斯获得电渣重熔专利以来,经过60多年的研究和发展,目前电渣重熔技术已进入成熟阶段,全世界电渣钢的年生产能力约200万t.中国电渣冶金起步于1958年.至今,全国所有特钢厂都建立了电渣重熔车间,共拥有工业电渣炉250多座,年生产能力40万t以上;产品包括优质合金钢与超级合金等400多个钢种.     

电渣重熔工艺对GH4169脱硫的影响

为进一步降低GH4169中的硫含量,进行了大气下、氩气氛保护及氩气氛保护下向渣池加钙精炼3种工艺条件对脱硫效果影响的电渣重熔试验。结果表明,大气下重熔时脱硫效果明显,硫含量（质量分数,下同）由18×10-6降低到6×10-6,渣中的硫通过气化反应脱除;氩气氛保护不利于电渣重熔工艺的脱硫,硫含量降低到7×10-6后提高到9×10-6,熔渣中的硫不断富集;硫分配比的计算值与实测值的对比研究表明,电渣重熔脱硫热力学条件优越,动力学条件是限制实际脱硫效率进一步提高的主要因素;氩气氛保护下通过向渣池加钙后,熔渣中钙元素能够对合金进行脱硫且脱硫率有较大幅度的提升,合金中硫含量随钙含量的增加而减少,重熔结束时硫含量降至3×10-6。     

电渣重熔高氮钢技术的进展

 高氮钢,尤其是高氮不锈钢,由于其优异的性能和诱人的应用前景受到国内外钢铁材料界的广泛关注。在理论计算分析氮在钢中溶解行为的基础上,指出了高氮钢制备的主要技术难点;概述了目前高氮钢的主要制备方法,重点讨论了常压和高压电渣重熔高氮钢的特点和存在的问题;分析了用电弧渣重熔(ASR)法生产高氮钢的技术优势,认为用ASR法生产高氮钢是目前比较可行的方案。     

Hydrogen Pick-Up During Electroslag Remelting Process

  The pick up of hydrogen during electroslag remelting process for several slags consisting of CaF2 Al2O3 CaO SiO2 MgO had been investigated. The laboratory scale remelting experiments had been carried out in open air and water free argon atmosphere, and then the influencing factors were analyzed. It had been found that the hydrogen content in steel varied with different slag compositions. The compositions and state of slag had significant effect on the hydrogen level in steel. Partial return slag and premelted slag could avoid the hydrogen pick up especially in the early stages of the process. However, premelted slag was the optimum state to control the hydrogen pick up in steel. Experimental results indicated that water free argon atmosphere was very favorable to the control of hydrogen in steel in the normal remelting period.     

Macro- and Microstructure Evolution of 5CrNiMo Steel Ingots during Electroslag Remelting Process

A comprehensive mathematical model was established and used to simulate the macro and microstructure evolution during the production process of 5CrNiMo steel ingot by electroslag remelting （ESR） method. Along the ingot height, the macrostructure distribution characteristics changed from vertical, fine columnar grains to tilted, coarse columnar grains, and this transformation process occurred at the very beginning of ESR. In the cross section of the ingot, there were three grain morphology regions and two grain type transition regions from the outside to the center of the ingot. These regions were the fine columnar grain region, columnar competitive growth transition re gion, coarse columnar grain region, columnar to equiaxed grain transition （CET） region, and coarse equiaxed grain region. The influence of the remelting rate on the macrostructure and mlcrostructure was investigated using a series of experiments and simulations. The results showed that a low remelting rate could produce a small grain growth angle （GGA） ; the average secondary dendrite arm spacing （SDAS） firstly decreased and then increased as the remelting rate increased. An excessively high or low remelting rate can increase the GGA and average SDAS in ingots. Thus, the remelting rate should be controlled within a suitable range to reduce composition microsegregation and microshrinkage in the ingot to produce an ESR ingot with satisfactory hot forging performance.     

电渣重熔与连铸轴承钢中的夹杂物

研究了电渣重熔前后钢中氧及夹杂物的变化,结果表明:用电渣重熔工艺生产轴承钢,虽然氧含量比连铸钢高,但其大颗粒夹杂物数量少,尺寸较小,分布均匀,因此疲劳寿命高.     

炼钢生产物流系统仿真的细胞自动机模型

基于细胞自动机建模思想提出了炼钢生产物流系统仿真的细胞自动机方法,并建立了相应的模型,用工位、作业以及作业规则来描述物流系统,以工位作为细胞自动机仿真模型的网络格点;按炼钢物流特点设定格点的属性值并抽象出模型的自组织演化机制。针对攀钢炼钢生产的建模与仿真实验表明：根据微观动力学局域作用机制和自组织演化思想建立的细胞自动机动态仿真模型是有效的,模型的建立为复杂制造流程的系统仿真提供了新的手段。     

Segregation of Niobium During Electroslag Remelting Process

 Experiment was carried out after the process parameters were calculated by the model previously established. The relationship between interdendritic spacing and local solidification time (LST) mainly determined by process parameters was exposed. Furthermore, the extent of segregation was studied. The results indicate that LST and interdendritic spacing are the largest and the amount of Laves phase as a result of the niobium segregation is the highest in the center of the ingot, whereas the opposite results are obtained at the edge of ingot. The extent of element segregation and the amount of Laves phase can be reduced when appropriate parameters are used. Therefore, the duration of subsequent homogenization treatments for 718 is shortened and the alloy quality is improved.     

Electroslag Remelting Withdrawing Technology for Offshore Jack-up Platform Rack Steel Manufacturing Process

Offshore jack-up platform rack steel must exhibit high strength and toughness as well as excellent welding properties.A high-quality large ingot is a prerequisite for obtaining a high-performance rough part.The electroslag remelting withdrawing(ESRW)technology using a T-shaped mold and bifilar mode was introduced to replace casting technology.Numerical simulation of the ESRW process was performed to determine the distribution of the temperature and velocity fields and to determine the optimum process for producing rack steels.Several A514 Qslab ingots with dimensions of 0.32m×1.40m×4.00 m were produced using ESRW technology in an industrial plant.The industrial test indicated that slab ingots produced by the ESRW method exhibited uniform chemical compositions and compact macrostructures.A 115.4mm thick plate was produced from the rough ingot after 11 rolling passes.Samples were obtained from different positions in the steel plate to test the mechanical performance and examine the microstructure,and the results revealed that the properties of the steel plate satisfied ASTM standards.The ESRW process improved the tensile strength and toughness of the slab ingot,enabling significant improvements in the anisotropy and low temperature toughness,which are critical for the development of rack steel for offshore platforms.     

电渣连铸技术的开发

在结合电渣重熔和连铸技术优点的基础上。东北大学钢铁冶金研究所采用双极串联、交换电极及在线切割等技术，在国内首次成功地开发了电渣连铸（ESCC）技术；解决了电渣重熔钢锭直径小于300mm时熔速很慢、冶炼费用很高的难题。通过对重熔方坯质量的低倍、高倍、夹杂物检验等分析表明，该技术生产的方坯表面质量和内部质量良好，具有广泛应用前景和经济价值。     

Numerical Study on the Effect of Low-Frequency Power Supply on Desulfurization in the Electroslag Remelting Process

In the electroslag remelting (ESR) process, low-frequency power supply can significantly reduce power consumption and achieve three-phase balance of power supply. Therefore, a transient coupling model of fluid flow, heat transfer, and component transport in the ESR process, which is coupled to the electromagnetic field calculated using Maxwell 3D software, is established to study the influence of low-frequency power supply on desulfurization. When a 50 Hz power supply is used, a skin effect is observed in the metal, and the direction of the Lorentz force at the slag/metal interface changes. However, this effect becomes less pronounced with decreasing current frequency. Sulfur is mainly transferred at the electrode tip, and the desulfurization rate is approximately 50%. Electrochemical reactions mainly occur at the electrode tip/slag interface and the metal pool/slag interface. The removal rate of sulfur using direct current (DC) power supply is less than that using an alternating current power supply. The DC reverse polarity power supply leads to higher desulfurization rate than DC straight polarity, which is 74% and 31%, respectively. The sulfur removal rate increases from 81.37% to 84.59% as the frequency decreases from 50 to 2 Hz because of the longer electrochemical reaction time at this lower frequency.