变形诱导铁素体相变现象与理论

晶粒超细化是钢铁材料的重要发展方向，而变形诱导铁素体相变是最接近于现行钢铁生产TMCP的晶粒超细化方法，应用前景良好。从实验证实、热力学、动力学、影响因素和相变机制5个方面系统地评述了变形诱导铁素体相变。对存在的学术分歧既进行了客观评述，又明确地展示了作者自己的观点。     

Influence of martensite composition and content on the properties of dual phase steels

A study has been made of the mechanical properties of dual phase (martensite plus ferrite) structures produced when Fe-Mn-C alloys are quenched from the austenite plus ferrite phase field, so as to give a series of alloys with constant ferrite and martensite compositions but varying percent martensites. It is found that the strength of a dual phase structure is dependent on the ferrite grain size and the volume fraction of martensite, and is independent of the composition and strength of the martensite. In agreement with previous work the ductility of these steels is superior to that for standard HSLA steels at the same tensile strength. As shown in a previous paper the strength and ductility as a function of percent martensite are in agreement with Mileiko’s theory of composites of two ductile phases. This theory and the results indicate that the superior ductility of dual phase steels is largely a consequence of the high strength (fine grained), highly ductile (low interstitial content) ferrite matrix.     

Isothermal transformation behavior of CSP hot rolled 50CrV4 spring steel

Isothermal transformation behavior of CSP (compact strip production) hot rolled 50CrV4 spring steel was systematically investigated by means of Thermecmastor- Z thermal simulation testing machine, OM, SEM and Vickers hardness tester. The results show that the isothermal phase transformation of austenite to ferrite and pearlite will take place when the steel is held at the temperature in the range of 680-550??. With the decrease of temperature, the phase transformation kinetics firstly accelerates and then slows, the ferrite grains and lamellar pearlite are refined, and the hardness increases gradually. When the isothermal temperature is 620??, the phase transformation completion time is 96s. Furthermore, the kinetics of transformation model is built based on the Johnson- Mehl- Avrami (JMA) theory and parameters of JMA kinetic are obtained. The time- temperature- transformation (TTT) diagrams of 50CrV4 spring steel are obtained, the results show that the calculated results agree well with the experimental measurements.     

Dilatometric Investigation on Isothermal Transformation after Hot Deformation

Itiswellknownthattheferritetransformationisacceleratedandenhancedbyaustenitedeforma tion ,especiallyinnon recrystallizationregion ,andbysubsequentcoolingwithrelativehighrate[1] .Suchprocessobviouslyrefinestheferritegrainandotherphasetransformationproductsandbecomesaneffectivewaytoimprovethepropertiesofsteel ,basedonwhichthecontrolledrollingandcontrolledcoolingtechniquegoesforwardfurther .　　However ,someyearsago ,itwasfoundthatthedeformationofunder cooledaustenitecaninducefer ritetransformati…     

超高碳钢组织超细化的工艺

阐述了超高碳钢组织超细化工艺及其机理。这些工艺包括：二阶段热形变处理技术、热形变 离异共析转变处理技术、热形变 DET 形变处理技术、循环热处理技术及复合热处理技术。该超细化组织由极细的铁素体晶粒以及在其中均匀分布的渗碳体颗粒组成。此外，分析了硅、铝、铬等合金元素对相变温度的影响及其对网状碳化物和石墨化的抑制作用，讨论了合金化对超高碳钢的组织超细化的影响。     

普通碳素钢超细晶微观组织的特征分析

 用Gleeble热模拟实验机对2种不同成分的普通碳素钢进行实验，实验的过程为：以10 ℃/s加热到950 ℃，保温2 min，再以10 ℃/s的冷速降到变形温度(900~600 ℃)，以10 s-1或30 s-1的变形速率进行了变形量为80%的变形，变形后立即水淬。通过光学显微镜和透射电镜观察分析，确定了普通碳素钢利用形变诱导铁素体相变获得的超细晶组织及两相区变形获得的超细晶组织的典型形貌特征。     

Isothermal and athermal type martensitic transformations in yttria doped zirconia

The phase transformation from the high temperature tetragonal phase to the low temperature monoclinic phase of zirconia had been long considered to be a typical athermal martensitic transformation until it was recently identified to be a fast isothermal transformation. The isothermal nature becomes more apparent when a stabilizing oxide, such as yttria, is doped, by which the transformation temperature is reduced and accordingly the transformation rate becomes low.Thus it becomes easy to experimentally establish a C-curve nature in a TTT (Time-Temperature-Transformation) diagram. The C-curve approaches that of well known isothermal transformation of Y-TZP (Yttria Doped Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals), which typically contains 3mol% of Y2O3. In principle, an isothermal transformation can be suppressed by a rapid cooling so that the cooling curve avoids intersecting the C-curve in TTT diagram. Y-TZP is the case, where the stability of the metastable tetragonal phase is relatively high and thus the tetragonal phase persists even at the liquid nitrogen temperature. On the other hand, the high temperature tetragonal phase of pure zirconia can never be quenched-in at room temperature by a rapid cooling; instead it always turns into monoclinic phase at room temperature. This suggests the occurrence of an athermal transformation after escaping the isothermal transformation, provided the cooling rate was fast enough to suppress the isothermal transformation. Thus, with an intermediate yttria composition, it would be possible to obtain the tetragonal phase which is not only metastable at room temperature but athermally transforms into the monoclinic phase by subzero cooling. The objective of the present work is to show that, with a certain range of yttria content, the tetragonal phase can be quenched in at room temperature and undergoes isothermal transformation and athermal transformation depending on being heated at a moderate temperature or under-cooied below room temperature. Because both of the product phases are essentially the same monoclinic phase, both transformations are regarded as martensitic transformation, i. e. isothermal and athermal martensite. In some steels such as Fe-Mn-Ni and Fe-Ni-C, the occurrence of both isothermal and alhermal martensitic transformations has been reported. However, in these cases, the isothermal transformation occurs at temperatures slightly above the Ms (Martensite start) temperatures, and thus these transformations are considered to conform the same C-curve. On the other hand, the Ms temperature of the present material is well below the C-curve, which suggests that completely different mechanisms are controlling the kinetics of these two modes of transformations. Other aspects on these transformations are also to be reported..     

添加Y2O3的ZrO2的等温和变温马氏体相变

The phase transformation from the high temperature tetragonal phase to the low temperature monoclinic phase of zirconia had been long considered to be a typical athermal martensitic transformation until it was recently identified to be a fast isothermal transformation. The isothermal nature becomes more apparent when a stabilizing oxide, such as yttria, is doped, by which the transformation temperature is reduced and accordingly the transformation rate becomes low.Thus it becomes easy to experimentally establish a C-curve nature in a TTT (Time-Temperature-Transformation) diagram. The C-curve approaches that of well known isothermal transformation of Y-TZP (Yttria Doped Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals), which typically contains 3mol% of Y2O3.In principle, an isothermal transformation can be suppressed by a rapid cooling so that the cooling curve avoids intersecting the C-curve in TTT diagram. Y-TZP is the case, where the stability of the metastable tetragonal phase is relatively high and thus the tetragonal phase persists even at the liquid nitrogen temperature. On the other hand, the high temperature tetragonal phase of pure zirconia can never be quenched-in at room temperature by a rapid cooling; instead it always turns into monoclinic phase at room temperature. This suggests the occurrence of an athermal transformation after escaping the isothermal transformation, provided the cooling rate was fast enough to suppress the isothermal transformation. Thus, with an intermediate yttria composition, it would be possible to obtain the tetragonal phase which is not only metastable at room temperature but athermally transforms into the monoclinic phase by subzero cooling.The objective of the present work is to show that, with a certain range of yttria content, the tetragonal phase can be quenched in at room temperature and undergoes isothermal transformation and athermal transformation depending on being heated at a moderate temperature or under-cooled below room temperature. Because both of the product phases are essentially the same monoclinic phase, both transformations are regarded as martensitic transformation, i. e. isothermal and athermal martensite. In some steels such as Fe-Mn-Ni and Fe-Ni-C, the occurrence of both isothermal and athermal martensitic transformations has been reported. However, in these cases, the isothermal transformation occurs at temperatures slightly above the Ms (Martensite start) temperatures, and thus these transformations are considered to conform the same C-curve. On the other hand, the Ms temperature of the present material is well below the C-curve, which suggests that completely different mechanisms are controlling the kinetics of these two modes of transformations. Other aspects on these transformations are also to be reported..     

变形速率对普碳钢中形变诱导铁素体相变的影响

针对普通碳素钢(Q235类型),研究在Ae3～Ar3温度区间内采用形变诱导铁素体机制获得超细晶铁素体的数量与变形速率的相互关系。实验在Gleeble 1500热模拟实验机上进行。实验方案为：1000℃保温2min,以10℃／s的速度冷却到变形温度[Ae3(840℃)至Ar3(780℃)],变形量为30％～50％,变形后立即水淬。结果表明,在840℃变形时,随着变形速率的增大,形变诱导铁素体量增多;在780℃变形时,随着变形速率的增大,形变诱导铁素体量减少;而在840-780℃之间变形时,变形速率存在最佳值,在该值下诱导生成的铁素体量最大。     

一种低成本铝硅耐候钢的研制

 通过模拟研究连续冷却相转变行为和抗大气腐蚀机制,开发了不含贵重合金元素的低成本的铝硅耐候钢,其抗大气腐蚀能力比SPA-H和SM490-A分别提高了15%和72%,这得益于锈层内部富集的Al形成的FeAl2O4。大压下量轧制搭配空冷可得到细晶粒多边形铁素体组织,确保了钢板高强高韧性匹配:Re≥400MPa;Rm≥500MPa; -40℃ KV≥100J。     

等温压缩对高强度汽车钢WHT1300HF的马氏体相变及微观组织的影响

通过等温形变研究了形变参数(形变温度、形变速率、形变量)对高强度汽车钢WHT1300HF的微观组织转变和形貌的影响规律。研究结果表明:增加奥氏体等温形变量,有利于铁素体的缺陷形核,促进了形变奥氏体向铁素体转变;奥氏体的形变强化导致马氏体相变阻力增大,马氏体相变开始温度(Ms)下降,细小晶粒数量和小角度晶界数量增多;增加奥氏体等温形变(40%)速率能同时促进马氏体和铁素体相变,但马氏体体积分数和小角度晶界数量减少,细小晶粒数量略有提高;降低等温形变温度加剧奥氏体的形变强化,导致Ms温度下降,马氏体体积分数、小角度晶界比例减少,细小晶粒数量增多,铁素体含量明显增加。     

The transformation to austenite in a fine grained tool steel

The transformation to austenite in a fine grained tool steel has been investigated quantitatively until the disappearance of the ferrite. The initial structure of the steel consisted of ferrite and globular carbides. The nucleation starts at carbides which lie at the ferrite grain boundaries. The kinetics are in good agreement with Cahn's theory of grain boundary nucleated transformation. A constant growth rate was found up to 30 pct transformation. Site saturation occurs early in the reaction; this was confirmed by metallographic examination. The rate law is controlled by growth and is independent of the nucleation rate. The mechanism which is controlling this growth is the advancing ferrite-austenite interface reaction. The alloying elements influence the atomic mobilities, increasing the necessary activation energy to about 110 kcal/mol. Formerly Research Engineer, Metallurgical Department, Delft University of Technology     

低碳钢在形变作用下产生的超平衡数量铁素体

试验研究了低碳钢变形后经历等温及随后快冷的组织转变,发现在Ae3附近及以下一定温度范围内大变形会使室温组织中出现超平衡数量的铁素体.形变后等温,出现超平衡数量铁素体向奥氏体的逆相变,该弛豫过程具有类似C曲线的动力学特征;而且经过等温后,伴随着铁素体数量的减少存在其晶粒尺寸增大的现象.随着变形温度的降低,超平衡数量铁素体在数量以及晶粒尺寸上的稳定性均提高.     

Warm Deformation of Low Carbon Steel Using Forward Extrusion-Equal Channel Angular Pressing Technique

A combination of extrusion and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was used to deform a plain low carbon steel. This process consists of two successive deformations by extrusion and ECAP in a single die (Ex-ECAP). Cylindrical samples were heated to predefined temperatures (650 and 850 ℃) and then pressed through a die channel with crosshead speed of 10 mm/s. Microstructure and resultant mechanical properties of processed material were studied. The results showed that pressing temperature has a significant effect on the resultant microstructure. While at 650 ℃, the cold worked structure with elongated ferrite grains were obtained, and at 850 ℃ the microstructure consisted of elongated ferrite grains and very fine grains at their boundaries as a consequence of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) of ferrite phase. Also at 850 ℃, a particular microstructure consisted of cold worked ferrite and static recrystallized grains on shear bands was obtained.     

Development of Ti-Microalloyed 600 MPa Hot Rolled High Strength Steel

A high strength steel with yield strength on the order of 600 MPa was developed successfully with only addition of titanium alloying element based on a low-carbon steel.The results showed that the hot deformation accelerated ferrite and pearlite transformation and retarded bainite transformation under continuous cooling condition.The microstructure of this steel was mainly composed of fine grained ferrite and carbides distributing along the ferrite grain boundaries.The yield and tensile strengths of steels ...     

普通C-Mn钢超细晶中厚板的带状组织

采用Gleeble2000热模拟试验机研究了普通C-Mn钢的再结晶规律，在实验室轧机上进行了C-Mn钢超细晶中板的轧制，并且在首钢中厚板厂工业轧机上进行了超细晶中厚板的工业试制，研究了工艺条件对中厚板带状组织的影响，分析了带状组织产生的机理。研究结果表明，在靠近静态相变温度Ar3附近的未再结晶区进行大变形量轧制(形变诱导相变)，不仅可以使板材的铁素体晶粒细化甚至获得超细晶组织，而且普通C-Mn钢中厚板中的带状组织减轻1～2级；降低精轧开轧温度有利于减轻板材的带状组织；在未再结晶区控轧有利于减轻板材的带状组织；随着未再结晶区形变量增加，板材的带状组织减弱。     

Acicular ferrite morphologies in a medium-carbon microalloyed steel

The influence of time and isothermal transformation temperature on the morphology of acicular ferrite in a medium-carbon microalloyed steel has been studied using optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study has been carried out with the analysis of the microstructures obtained with one- and two-stage isothermal treatments at 400 °C and 450 °C, following austenitization at 1250 °C. The heat treatments were interrupted at different times to observe the evolution of the microstructure at each temperature. The results show that a decrease in the isothermal transformation temperature gives rise to the development of sheaves of parallel ferrite plates, similar to bainitic sheaves, but intragranularly nucleated. These replace the face-to-edge nucleation that dominates the transformation at higher temperatures. The TEM observations reveal that the plates correspond to upper acicular ferrite and the sheaves to lower acicular ferrite. In this last case, cementite precipitates are present at the ferrite unit interiors and between the different platelets.     

Morphology and properties of low-carbon bainite

Morphology of low-carbon bainite in commercial-grade high-tensile-strength steels in both isothermal transformation and continuous cooling transformation is lathlike ferrite elongated in the 〈11l〉_b direction. Based on carbide distribution, three types of bainites are classified: Type I, is carbide-free, Type II has fine carbide platelets lying between laths, and Type III has carbides parallel to a specific ferrite plane. At the initial stage of transformation, upper bainitic ferrite forms a subunit elongated in the [−101]f which is nearly parallel to the [lll]_b direction with the cross section a parallelogram shape. Coalescence of the subunit yields the lathlike bainite with the [−101]_f growth direction and the habit plane between (232)_f and (lll)_f. Cementite particles precipitate on the sidewise growth tips of the Type II bainitic ferrite subunit. This results in the cementite platelet aligning parallel to a specific ferrite plane in the laths after coalescence. These morphologies of bainites are the same in various kinds of low-carbon high-strength steels. The lowest brittle-ductile transition temperature and the highest strength were obtained either by Type III bainite or bainite/martensite duplex structure because of the crack path limited by fine unit microstructure. It should also be noted that the tempered duplex structure has higher strength than the tempered martensite in the tempering temperature range between 200 °C and 500 °C. In the case of controlled rolling, the accelerated cooling afterward produces a complex structure comprised of ferrite, cementite, and martensite as well as BI-type bainite. Type I bainite in this structure is refined by controlled rolling and plays a very important role in improving the strength and toughness of low-carbon steels. This paper is based on a presentation made in the symposium “International Conference on Bainite” presented at the 1988 World Materials Congress in Chicago, IL, on September 26 and 27, 1988, under the auspices of the ASM INTERNATIONAL Phase Transformations Committee and the TMS Ferrous Metallurgy Committee.     

Upper acicular ferrite formation in a medium-carbon microalloyed steel by isothermal transformation: Nucleation enhancement by CuS

The isothermal transformation vs time of a medium-carbon microalloyed steel at 450°C, following austenitization at 1250°C for 45 minutes, has been investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At short times, the fine microstructure of acicular ferrite is nucleated at MnS inclusions, which are covered by a shell of a hexagonal CuS phase. The special orientation between MnS and the CuS crystals of this shell enables the formation of a low-energy interface between the ferrite and the inclusion with, at the same time, the ferrite satisfying one of the 24 variants of the orientation relationship into the Bain region with austenite. As the treatment times are increased, the increase in the volume fraction of acicular ferrite being formed raises the carbon concentration of the austenite, such that some retained austenite instead of martensite is observed for these intermediate treatment times. This retained austenite transforms to ferrite plus carbides at long treatment times, resulting in a final microstructure of acicular ferrite, very similar in nature to those encountered in the case of upper bainite formation.     

Upper acicular ferrite formation in a medium-carbon microalloyed steel by isothermal transformation: Nucleation enhancement by CuS

The isothermal transformation vs time of a medium-carbon microalloyed steel at 450 °C, following austenitization at 1250 °C for 45 minutes, has been investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At short times, the fine microstructure of acicular ferrite is nucleated at MnS inclusions, which are covered by a shell of a hexagonal CuS phase. The special orientation between MnS and the CuS crystals of this shell enables the formation of a low-energy interface between the ferrite and the inclusion with, at the same time, the ferrite satisfying one of the 24 variants of the orientation relationship into the Bain region with austenite. As the treatment times are increased, the increase in the volume fraction of acicular ferrite being formed raises the carbon concentration of the austenite, such that some retained austenite instead of martensite is observed for these intermediate treatment times. This retained austenite transforms to ferrite plus carbides at long treatment times, resulting in a final microstructure of acicular ferrite, very similar in nature to those encountered in the case of upper bainite formation.