Application of the Zisman critical surface tension technique to ceramic surfaces at high temperature

The critical surface tension technique is one of many possible approaches that can be used to determine the energy of ceramic surfaces at high temperature. Although it has been shown to agree with other techniques used at low temperature, previous attempts at high temperatures have failed. This study is the first to use this technique successfully at high temperatures. It was accomplished by (1) carefully avoiding bulk oxidation and liquid-solid reactions and (2) using high purity, homologous, high-temperature liquids. High-purity Group IIIA metals form the homologous series of liquids used for characterizing single crystals of α-Al₂O₃. Experimental conditions were controlled to produce sessile drops that had submonolayer oxide films on the liquid metal. The results for oxygen-saturated, liquid-solid interfaces yield an average value of 1590 mJ/m² for the surface energy of {0001} and {1120} surfaces of sapphire at 1073K. These results are in excellent agreement with prior measurements of the surface energy of Al₂O₃ over a wide temperature range using other techniques and low-temperature static lattice simulations.     

A study on the wetting behavior of liquid iron on forsterite,mullite, spinel and quasi-corundum substrates

Wetting characteristics of liquid iron on magnesia, alumina and silica mixture substrates were studied by sessile drop experiments. Chromium-free forsterite, mullite, spinel and quasi-corundum phases were selected as alternative refractories in MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂. Morphological changes of molten electrolytic iron on the oxide substrates were investigated via apparent contact angle measurements. The results showed that the wetting behavior was significantly influenced by FeO compounds that were formed via oxidation of the liquid iron. Morphologies of the reacted layer were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)/EDX analysis. The ternary phases FeO-MgO-SiO₂ and FeO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ improved the wetting of liquid iron on the forsterite and mullite substrates by providing liquid phases at solid (refractory)–liquid (iron) interfaces. However, corrosion by liquid iron was significantly inhibited at spinel phase which did not feature FeO based compounds at the interface. Quasi-corundum (10MgO-25SiO₂-65Al₂O₃) showed a much enhanced resistance to liquid iron compared to forsterite or mullite refractories.     

梯度表面能材料上液滴运动机理

通过显微测量技术获得了梯度表面能材料表面的微观结构,分析了经扩散控制的硅烷化处理的硅基材料表面上表面能梯度形成的机制和影响因素。通过可视化实验,并从能量转换关系和液滴受力分析上探讨了液滴在梯度表面能材料上的快速运动机理,研究了液滴运动过程,及薄膜润滑对液滴运动速度的影响。     

铜铝双金属复合离子液体的电化学行为及电沉积铜机理

铜铝双金属复合离子液体是新型碳四烷基化技术所用的绿色催化剂,电化学处理是回收工业应用过程外排复合离子液体中金属铜的有效途径之一,为此需要深入研究其电化学行为和电沉积铜机理。循环伏安研究发现,铜铝双金属复合离子液体在Pt盘电极、W盘电极和玻碳电极上的还原过程均包括铜的欠电势沉积、Cu(Ⅰ)的还原和铜的超电势沉积,氧化过程均包括Cu→Cu(Ⅰ)、Cu(Ⅰ)→Cu(Ⅱ)。计时安培研究表明,铜的成核方式为三维瞬时成核。长周期实验结果显示Cu(Ⅰ)的浓度随着时间下降的趋势变缓,表明电沉积铜速率逐步下降。电沉积电势对沉积产物的形貌影响较大,-2.60 V下的产物形貌更平整致密。XRD结果表明在-1.20~-2.60 V电势下阴极电沉积只生成金属铜。     

铜铝双金属复合离子液体的电化学行为及电沉积铜机理

铜铝双金属复合离子液体是新型碳四烷基化技术所用的绿色催化剂,电化学处理是回收工业应用过程外排复合离子液体中金属铜的有效途径之一,为此需要深入研究其电化学行为和电沉积铜机理。循环伏安研究发现,铜铝双金属复合离子液体在Pt盘电极、W盘电极和玻碳电极上的还原过程均包括铜的欠电势沉积、Cu(Ⅰ)的还原和铜的超电势沉积,氧化过程均包括Cu→Cu(Ⅰ)、Cu(Ⅰ)→Cu(Ⅱ)。计时安培研究表明,铜的成核方式为三维瞬时成核。长周期实验结果显示Cu(Ⅰ)的浓度随着时间下降的趋势变缓,表明电沉积铜速率逐步下降。电沉积电势对沉积产物的形貌影响较大,-2.60 V下的产物形貌更平整致密。XRD结果表明在-1.20~-2.60 V电势下阴极电沉积只生成金属铜。     

On the permeation rate of copper extraction through liquid membranes

The understanding of the permeation rate of metal ions through liquid membranes is important for the design of such systems. In this paper, the permeation rates of copper ions through liquid surfactant membranes, including interfacial reaction rates and the diffusion rate of the copper ion, were analyzed using a model based on a mobilized hollow spherical globule configuration. The analysis shows that the extracting reaction is dominant at the external interface of the membrane and the stripping reaction is dominant at the internal interface; this means the reactions at both interfaces are not in equilibrium during the course of extraction. It also shows that the extraction rate, the diffusion rate and the stripping rate are not of equal value, especially at the early stage of the run.     

Effects of wetting hysteresis on pendular liquid bridges between rigid spheres

The effects of wetting hysteresis on the properties and behaviour of pendular liquid bridges between spherical particles have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. A thermodynamic analysis shows the existence of metastable states that would account for the observed pinning of the three-phase contact line. The most important findings, with respect to the role of capillary interactions in agglomeration processes, are that (a) some of the kinetic energy of “wet” agglomerates may be dissipated during collisions by such hysteresis, (b) the bridge rupture distance is increased and (c) pinning will result in a maximum in the force–separation characteristics.     

铜精炼过程铜液温度软测量模型及应用

为了解决铜精炼过程中高温铜液温度的测量难题,确保铜精炼过程的阳极铜产品质量,基于铜精炼过程中不同阶段的热工机理,分别建立了保温过程、氧化过程以及还原过程的高温铜液温度的机理软测量模型,并采用数据预处理、黄金分割法搜索区间及其函数链神经网络校正等技术对其进行了算法设计以及编程实现.实际应用结果表明,铜精炼过程铜液温度软测量可以反映铜精炼过程铜液温度的真实变化,有助于实现铜精炼过程铜液温度软控制以及提高铜精炼过程的生产效率和生产质量.     

Surface free energy and pretilt angle on rubbed polyimide surfaces

To investigate surface free energy of rubbed polyimide surfaces as a function of the rubbing strength, we measured the contact angle of distilled water and methylene iodide on the polyimide surfaces. For this purpose, a main‐chain‐type and two side‐chain‐type polyimides were used. The dispersion force (γ^d) and the polar force (γ ^p) of the rubbed polyimide surfaces was measured. The rubbing induced polarity on the polyimide surfaces. Also, polar forces contributed to form a pretilt angle of liquid crystals on the rubbed polyimide surfaces. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 267–271, 1999     

Pulsed current-driven wetting of 3YSZ by liquid Cu and its mechanisms

The wettability of 3 mol% Y₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂ (3YSZ) by molten Cu can be greatly improved by applying pulsed currents at 1373 K. The improvement was closely related to current polarity and influenced by duty cycle and frequency. When the Cu/3YSZ interface was under cathodic condition, the wettability was mainly improved by the formation of substoichiometric ZrO_2-δ and metallic Zr at the interface. Increasing duty cycle caused the interface to change from forming protrusions to creating depression. Decreasing frequency further deepened the depression. In the opposite polarity, the adsorption and enrichment of oxygen reduced the solid-liquid and liquid-vacuum interfacial energies, thus improving the wettability. Only bubbles formed at the interface. The larger the duty cycle, the more rapidly bubbles formed and escaped. The effect of frequency at this polarity was weak. Overall, this work provides a novel and effective strategy for tailoring the wettability and interfacial chemistry between zirconia and metals.     

Surface energy and adsorption energy distribution measurements on some carbon blacks

The dispersive component of the surface energy (γ_s^d) of various carbon blacks and of nitric acid or heat-treated samples has been measured by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). It is shown that IGC, at infinite dilution, applies poorly to carbon blacks and provides only apparent and excessively high values of γ_s^d (a few hundreds of mJ/m²). IGC, at finite concentration, readily allows the obtention of n-alkanes, benzene and chloroform adsorption isotherms from which various thermodynamic values are computed (spreading pressure π, isosteric enthalpy of adsorption, surface energy characteristics). The γ_s^d values calculated from π_e are in the 80–120 mJ/m² range (i.e. values which are in fair agreement with published data on graphite or graphitized carbons). Further, the specific interaction potential of polar probes is in relation, as expected, with the oxygen content of the carbons. Finally, from the adsorption isotherms, the adsorption energy distribution function is computed, supposing a patchwise distribution of adsorption sites. The results confirm the high surface heterogeneity of carbon blacks and the influence of surface treatments, but indicate also major differences between carbon blacks from different preparation processes.     

Surface structure,topology, and liquid wetting behavior in oriented polymers

The structure and the properties of oriented polymer surfaces were studied for three series of uniaxially oriented films of polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The surface structure was characterized in terms of relative crystallinity and molecular orientation along with topology and roughness by using FT-IR-ATR dichroism technique, optical microscopy and surface profilometer. In all three polymers, the surface orientation function increases with draw ratio. The relative surface crystallinity and the trans con-former also increases for PP and PET, respectively. In uniaxially drawn PP, the surface becomes rough with increasing draw ratio and the roughness is anisotropic with peaks and valleys elongated along the draw direction. For drawn PP, the equilibrium contact angles for four different liquids all exhibit anisotropy with higher values in perpendicular direction than that in parallel to the draw direction. In contrast, both drawn PET and PS films show smooth surfaces, and the equilibrium contact angles were all isotropic. When roughness is removed from the drawn PP by polishing without altering the molecular orientation, the anisotropy becomes negligible and the contact angles approach the value for undrawn PP. When surface roughness was created deliberately on undrawn PET and PS films, the contact angle anisotropy was clearly observed. Therefore, the anisotropy in surface topology rather than the molecular orientation seems to play a dominant role in developing anisotropic wetting behavior. The equilibrium contact angles for smooth surfaces have been calculated using the experimentally obtained roughness and anisotropic contact angle data from the rough surface. These values are in reasonable agreement with the measured contact angles for smooth surfaces, suggesting that the observed contact angle anisotropy can be attributed entirely to the roughness anisotropy rather than to the molecular orientation.     

Effects of hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose adsorption on the wetting of low energy solid surfaces

Advancing and receding contact angles on paraffin (PF) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have been measured for solutions of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and hydroxycthyl cellulose (HEC), two hydrophohic polymers differing considerably in their surface activity at the air-water interface. Consistent with observations made previously with hydrocarbon-chain surfactant solutions, advancing contact angles with PF are the same as those observed with pure liquids having the same surface tension, while those with PMMA are considerably greater. Receding contact angles for these polymer solutions appear to he the same as those observed with pure liquids. Consequently, this leads to less wettability in an advancing mode and greater apparent contact angle hysteresis than might be expected. Concurrent studies of HPC and HEC adsorption with the same PMMA samples used in the wetting studies and estimates of adsorption of HPC and HEC at the air-water interface indicate that these effects on wetting are due primarily to greater nonspecific polymer adsorption to the air-water interface than to the more polar PMMA-water interface.     

The effect of the substrate on pitch wetting behaviour

The wetting behaviour of a petroleum pitch (modified with a surfactant) and a binder coal-tar pitch was studied using different substrates. The results show that both the pitch and the substrate have a significant influence on wetting behaviour, and consequently, on their mutual interactions during the mixing stage. Low values of surface tension and viscosity in the pitches lead to lower wetting temperatures. It was found that with petroleum coke and magnesia as substrates, the wetting occurs at lower temperatures than with graphite and carbon black for all pitches. Moreover, experiments carried out with amorphous and crystalline alumina revealed that the crystalline order affects the wetting behaviour considerably. Thus, whereas the pitch wets the corundum (crystallized alumina), it does not wet the amorphous alumina (basic, acid and neutral alumina).     

浅谈液氯生产中的节能方法

通过对氯气流化过程的分析，提出了液氯生产的节能方法：降低泵前氯系统的阻力，提高氯泵的抽气能力；选择适宜的氯泵出口压力，使氯泵压缩气体效率处于最佳状态；改进氯气压力的调节方法，降低动能消耗；提高氯气液化压力，提高氯气液化纯度。采取上述措施后，广西柳州东风化工有限责任公司在生产液氯时，电耗（包括氯氢处理电耗）由原来的250kW.h/t下降到190kW.h/t。     

Chemical oxidation of high-density polyethylene: Surface energy,functionality, and adhesion to liquid epoxy

The application of polyolefins has increased significantly over the past few decades. However, their chemical inertness and low surface energy limits their application in many industries where high adhesion to polar materials is required, such as for composites and protective coatings. Herein, six different acids are used to create polar functional groups on High-Density Polyethylene's (HDPE) surface and to increase its adhesion to liquid epoxy (LE). Contact angle measurements, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and pull-off strength measurements are used to analyze the surface energy and functionality of HDPE and to measure its adhesion to LE. The results show that each acid increases both the polar and disperse surface energies of HDPE to a different extent, but that this is not necessarily a function of acid strength. Chlorosulfonic acid and chromic acid increase the oxygen to carbon ratio by a factor of 8 and increase HDPE's adhesion to LE by more than 400%. Furthermore, a comparison between predicted work of adhesion values from the OWRK model and experimental results shows that the latter are significantly higher than what is predicted, especially with increasing surface polarity.     

Reactive wetting and interfacial reaction mechanism of ZrC-SiC ceramic and Ag-Zr filler

In this study, the isotherm wetting and spreading behaviors of molten Ag-Zr filler on ZrC-SiC ceramic surface was investigated using a sessile drop method in vacuum. The effect of Zr content in Ag-Zr filler on the wetting behavior was studied, and the wetting mechanism was revealed in details. The results showed that the contact angle of Ag-Zr filler on the ZrC-SiC surface decreased from 140 ° to 20 ° with the Zr content varied from 0 to 8 wt.%, and the Zr was the key factor to the wetting process. The wetting dynamic analysis illustrated that the interfacial reaction controlled the wetting of Ag-Zr filler on the ZrC-SiC surface. Due to the Zr activity difference at Ag-Zr/ZrC interface, the ZrC released C into Ag-Zr filler, and reacted with Zr to form new-born ZrC with higher Zr content. The formation of the new-born ZrC promoted wetting and spreading of Ag-Zr filler on ZrC-SiC surface.     

液氮冷量回收装置的研究

目前电子行业中氮气的实用比较广泛,常被用作保护气体和氮基气氛,而大多数企业都使用汽化器对液氮进行气化,液氮气化的过程中,大量冷量直接排放到空气中,没有得到回收利用.本文设计了一种液氮能量回收装置,液氮和水在高效换热器内进行换热,液氮吸收水的热量汽化,得到的氮气以一定的流速和温度在常压下流出换热器送至生产线的用气点,低温水可送至空调设备制冷(空调箱)中产生冷风。此装置换热系数高,体积小,大约为汽化器的1/5,同时设计了控制回路可以防止装置的结冰现象。把液氮汽化时所产生的冷量回收起来,在只要有一定温度和湿度要求的,一年四季都需要制冷的场合,这些冷量都可以回收起来取代空调的部分负荷,节省部分空调用电。     

Polymer/liquid crystal nanocomposites for energy storage applications

High-dielectric constant (high-K) polymer nanocomposites based on nematic liquid crystals and CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ (CCTO) nanoparticles have been prepared. The host matrix is polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) in which LC (E7) droplets are dispersed in different polymer blends ratios of poly vinyl chloride/poly aniline (PVC/PANI). The PDLC (PVC/PANI/E7) in the appropriated ratios; (90/10/5), (75/25/5), and (50/50/5) were composited with 10 wt% CCTO nanoparticles. The IR spectra recorded for the PDLC nanocomposites present a spectrum similar to that of pure PDLC but with a slight shift of the peak positions. The addition of PANI and CCTO to PDLC enhances the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. SEM demonstrates agglomerates of CCTO dispersed in the polymer textures. Moreover, the addition of E7 facilitates the integration of PANI in PDLC matrix. The broadband dielectric spectrum shows high-frequency relaxation in addition to low-frequency interfacial polarization (Maxwell-Wagner type polarization). Besides, ε′ at 50 Hz is in the order of 10⁵ for PDLC/CCTO (50/50/5/10) nanocomposite. In addition, the computed energy density is found to be 74.66 J/cm³. This presumed ratio could be accentuated as a potential candidate for energy storage application with respect to the considerations of device fabrications.     

正十二烷基硫醇对铜在酸性介质中的缓蚀行为

以往人们对铜在各类溶液、水和低电导率的介质中的腐蚀行为进行了许多研究．