Analysis of evaporating droplets using ellipsoidal cap geometry

The evaporation of small droplets of volatile liquids from solid surfaces depends on whether the initial contact angle is larger or less than 90°. In the latter case, for much of the evaporation time the contact radius remains constant and the contact angle decreases. At equilibrium, the smaller the drop, the more it is possible to neglect gravity and the more the profile is expected to conform to a spherical cap shape. Recently published work suggests that a singular flow progressively develops within the drop during evaporation. This flow might create a pressure gradient and so result in more flattening of the profile as the drop size reduces, in contradiction to expectations based on equilibrium ideas. In either case, it is important to develop methods to quantify confidence in a deduction of elliptical deviations from optically recorded droplet profiles. This paper discusses such methods and illustrates the difficulties that can arise when the drop size changes, but the absolute resolution of the system is fixed. In particular, the difference between local variables, such as contact angle, cap height, and contact diameter, which depend on the precise location of the supporting surface, and global variables such as radii of curvature and eccentricity, is emphasized. The applicability of the ideas developed is not limited to evaporation experiments, but is also relevant to experiments on contact angle variation with drop volume.     

Estimation of contact angles on fibers

A droplet of liquid placed on a flat high-energy solid surface spreads to give a thin film so that no macroscopic droplet shape exists. On a chemically identical solid surface with only the geometry changed to a cylinder, the same droplet can have an equilibrium conformation. When the equilibrium conformation is of a barrel type, the profile of the droplet changes rapidly in curvature as the three-phase contact line is approached and the direct measurement of the contact angle is difficult. This work considers the theoretical profile for barrel-type droplets on cylinders and discusses how the inflection angle in the profile depends on droplet parameters. Experimental results are reported for poly(dimethylsiloxane) oils on a range of fiber surfaces and these are used to estimate the equilibrium contact angle from the inflection angle. The drop radius and volume dependence of the inflection angle is confirmed.     

不混溶液体表面上蒸发液滴的动力学特性

针对不混溶均匀受热液体表面上蒸发液滴的动力学过程,基于润滑理论推导出了无量纲方程组。采用数值模拟方法,探究了蒸发液滴的动力学特性。结果表明,蒸发液滴的演化过程分为两个阶段:由"铺展主导"的液滴前进阶段和由"蒸发主导"的持续脉动振荡的后退阶段。液滴在低黏度比下的流动性更强,导致铺展更加迅速,黏度比的增加会导致铺展和收缩速率的降低。蒸发通过影响液滴界面的温度分布进而影响界面张力以及液滴铺展。相较于固体表面液滴蒸发出现的钉扎现象,蒸发液滴在不混溶液体表面上的铺展是去钉扎的,并且伴有液体基底的明显变形。     

Adhesive Contact of a Membrane with a Hemispherical Indenter: Theoretical Analysis and Model Liquid System

The axisymmetric Laplace equation is solved numerically to extract contact-angle data for a flat liquid/vapor interface contacting a submerged hemispherical solid. The liquid/vapor interface is treated as a membrane, with a membrane tension equal to the surface energy of the liquid. By measuring the vertical displacement of the membrane and the projected contact area the membrane makes with the hemisphere, the contact angle and correspondingly the driving force for motion of the contact line can be measured. We show that characteristic receding and advancing contact angles can be obtained by measuring the contact radii formed upon initial contact between the interface and hemisphere and final contact just prior to detachment of the interface, respectively. Use of the technique is illustrated with a model experiment involving the contact of an air/water interface with a poly(methyl methacrylate) surface.     

Adhesive Contact of a Membrane with a Hemispherical Indenter: Theoretical Analysis and Model Liquid System

The axisymmetric Laplace equation is solved numerically to extract contact-angle data for a flat liquid/vapor interface contacting a submerged hemispherical solid. The liquid/vapor interface is treated as a membrane, with a membrane tension equal to the surface energy of the liquid. By measuring the vertical displacement of the membrane and the projected contact area the membrane makes with the hemisphere, the contact angle and correspondingly the driving force for motion of the contact line can be measured. We show that characteristic receding and advancing contact angles can be obtained by measuring the contact radii formed upon initial contact between the interface and hemisphere and final contact just prior to detachment of the interface, respectively. Use of the technique is illustrated with a model experiment involving the contact of an air/water interface with a poly(methyl methacrylate) surface.     

The liquid spreading on porous solids: Dual action of pores

Experimental observation of the dual effect of pores in liquid spreading over porous substrates, whereby liquid movement is facilitated as well as restricted is presented based on spreading of micro-liter-sized liquid drops on substrates that have saturated (filled) millimeter-sized pores. The drops were put on porous and nonporous parts of solid substrate. The substrate was then rotated in vertical direction and the resulting motion of drops was recorded by a video camera. The analysis of the recorded images revealed that depending on whether the drop edge is moving toward the pore or away from the pore, the pore acts as accelerator or brake for the drop edge. This dual nature of the saturated pores can be ascribed to the attraction between the liquid in the drop and the liquid inside the pore. Qualitative changes in the morphology of the drop as it slides over saturated pores are also presented to highlight the process. This dual effect of pores is expected to play a major role in processes such as flow through a trickle bed of porous catalyst where it manifests itself in increased wetting efficiencies as well as pronounced hysteresis [Khanna, R., Nigam, K.D.P., 2002. Partial wetting in porous catalyst: wettability and wetting efficiency. Chemical Engineering Science 57, 3401-3405; Maiti et al., 2004. Enhanced liquid spreading due to porosity. Chemical Engineering Science 59, 2817-2820; 2005. Trickle-bed reactors: Porosity induced hysteresis. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, in press.].     

48%离子膜液碱蒸发装置的运行

阐述了４８％ 离子膜液碱蒸发装置运行中,于工艺、装置、控制等方面存在的问题及解决方法。     

毛细微结构中延展薄液膜过渡区的蒸发特性

毛细力驱动下微细通道内延展薄液膜的蒸发是很多高效热控和热沉装置的关键换热环节。借助表观接触角的演化,建立起包含固有弯月面、过渡薄液膜和平衡区三部分的延展薄液膜形状及其表面蒸发的物理数学模型,并考虑液膜的结构、工质物性和通道特征尺度,引入分离压力和毛细压力比确定液膜不同区域的范围。分析结果表明,过渡薄液膜区域占整个延展弯月面区的比例很小,但气液界面的温度变化非常明显;薄液膜过渡区对传热的主要贡献不在于增加总换热量,而是通过界面温度变化产生的Marangoni效应,对整个液膜区域的流动产生显著的“泵吸”作用。描述了过渡薄液膜区表面蒸发率和液膜平均速度的变化规律,发现受液膜导热热阻和分离压力产生吸附作用的综合影响,该区域的蒸发率存在局部最大值。     

Thickness effects on structures and electrical properties of lead zirconate titanate thick films

PbZr_0.52Ti_0.48O₃ thick films with thickness of 1–6 μm have been prepared by a polymer-assisted MOD process. The polymer, poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was introduced into PZT precursor solutions. The grain size increased from 30 nm to 100 nm with an increase of the additive amount of PVAc. Meanwhile, the grains grew larger (in a range of 100–500 nm) and the surface of the films became rougher with increasing film thickness. This promotes the structural relaxation and prevents cracking formation. The critical thickness at which the film begins to crack increases significantly. The dielectric constant and remanent polarization (P_r) increased from 1070 to 1490 and from 36.1 μC/cm² to 52.4 μC/cm², respectively, and the coercive field (E_c) decreased from 57.3 kV/cm to 41.3 kV/cm as the film thickness increased from 0.95 μm to 6.02 μm. PZT thick films prepared in this study are promising materials for MEMS applications.     

Moisture induced plasticity of amorphous cellulose films from ionic liquid

Amorphous cellulose films were created by regeneration from 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc) solutions. Their mechanical properties were analyzed as a function of water content. Cellulose with different molecular weights, i.e. microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel), Spruce cellulose and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), were used for film preparation. All the regenerated films were free from EmimAc residues as shown by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), amorphous as shown by wide angle X-ray spectroscopy (WAXS) and optical transparent. The equilibrium water content (w/w) was measured at different relative humidities. The plasticizing effect of water on the films was evidenced by both tensile tests and dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) with humidity scans. The mechanical properties were clearly related to the proportional water uptake of the films. The sample with the longest cellulose chains, i.e. BNC, showed significantly larger elongation to brake at high moisture content which was owed to chain entanglements.     

竖直毛细微槽群热沉中蒸发液体的干涸特性

利用宽视场体视显微镜和CCD摄像系统对纯蒸发换热情形下竖直放置的矩形毛细微槽群热沉中的液体沿微槽槽道方向的流动情况和干涸点高度（润湿高度）进行了观察测量,并对微槽几何尺寸、工质等因素对润湿高度的影响进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：纯蒸发情形下的液体润湿高度随着输入加热功率的增加而陡降;一定热负荷下,微槽较深、较窄以及微槽群密度较大时液体的润湿高度较高;甲醇和乙醇在较低输入加热功率条件下的润湿能力要强于蒸馏水;竖直毛细微槽中液体的润湿特性受重力的影响严重。     

Numerical simulation on flow behavior of twin‐liquid films over a vertical plate with an open window

A novel element for gas–liquid contact, a plate with rectangular windows was designed to enhance absorption process. Coexistence and interaction of wall‐bounded films and confined free films named as “twin‐liquid films” were observed on the plate. Volume of fluid (VOF) method was used to simulate its flow behavior. Flow phenomena such as flow around a step‐in, jet impingement, varicose waves, and sinuous waves were observed. Different from thin films flow on an unperforated plate, larger mean velocity, thinner film thickness, more intensive capillary waves, and stronger vorticity on the free surfaces were detected inside the window, and the disturbances could propagate over the whole plate. Three‐dimensional simulation results generally agreed with our experimental observations and further demonstrated complex wavy structures both inside and outside the window. The results would broaden traditional knowledge of liquid films flow and clarify the mechanism of mass transfer intensification for the plate with windows. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1458–1468, 2018     

Specular X-ray reflectivity analysis of adhesion interface-dependent density profiles in nanometer-scale siloxane-based liquid films

Nanometer-scale thick liquid films of poly(methylhydro-dimethyl)siloxane copolymer (PMDMS) deposited on hydrophilic and hydrophobic solid organic films have been studied using synchrotron X-ray specular reflectivity (XRR). The physico-chemical properties of liquid PMDMS at the interfacial level are controlled by the nature of the solid surface. Detailed analysis of the XRR-data revealed the formation of a low-density region in the liquid PMDMS film in the vicinity of the hydrophobic surface, whereas a densely packed molecular layer is formed at the liquid PMDMS-hydrophilic substrate interface. Non-covalent polymer chains are ‘frozen’ at the solid-liquid interfaces in the confined liquid films and interactions with the substrate surfaces (i.e. hydrogen bonding) are responsible for distinctly different density profiles.     

Capillary rise of a liquid on a solid grafted with long polymer chains

Very long grafted chains on a solid surface may turn out to be interesting adhesion promoters. Systems of this sort are now chemically accessible and must be characterized through their wetting properties. Here we discuss the climbing of a liquid along a vertical plane covered with long grafted polymer chains (N monomers per chain). Assuming that the liquid is a good solvent for the polymer, we calculate the thickness L of the swollen polymer brush as a function of the graft density o_s and reduced altitude h= k²-ah (where k^-1 is the capillary length and a is the monomer size). (1) At small altitudes (h<h_c1=o^4/3 _s), L(h) results mainly from a balance between excluded-volume and entropic effects, shift is not linear in h and is large. This remarkable effect reflects the existence of a parabolic concentration profile in the unperturbed brush, first derived by Milner, Witten and Cates (a simpler, Flory, model with a step function profile would give a much smaller effect). (2) At altitudes h > h_c1, the solvent condensation energy becomes the leading term and At even higher altitudes a third 'mushroom' regime may show up if the polymer does not wet the solid. Our results are consistent with some preliminary observations of Deruelle and Léger on very long brushes of p-dimethylsiloxane 4000). Their brushes show colour variations with altitude 1 cm). The corresponding values of are rather large; thus the colour effect may give a rather direct experimental proof of the parabolic profiles.     

热敏荧光法用于蒸发液滴近接触线的温度测量

探究静置液滴蒸发的动力学原理在众多的相关工业应用中举足轻重。在过去的数十年间,尽管相关领域的学者进行了大量的研究工作,但仍有一个关键的问题尚未解决,即液滴接触线附近的温度在蒸发过程中到底是如何变化的。通过直接测量的实验方法,报道了液滴在接触线固定不动的蒸发阶段,其接触线附近温度的详细变化过程。利用显微热敏荧光测温技术,其结果表明：液滴接触线附近自由界面的温度将沿径向发生急剧变化,并伴随一组在蒸发过程中不断发生演变的荧光同心圆环,这种荧光条纹带是由于液滴边缘的几何差异性所导致的局部强化蒸发冷却与一组热浮力驱动的对流辊相互作用产生的结果。本研究将为蒸发动力学提供新的认识,并有望在各种对传热系统的应用领域中促成新的进展。     

Orientationally ordered and patterned discotic films and carbon films from liquid crystal precursors

This article demonstrates techniques for fabricating novel organic and carbon films, in which liquid crystal surface anchoring and flow are exploited to precisely control molecular structure (in organic films) or crystal structure (in carbon films). Surface anchoring states were first measured for AR mesophase on spin-coatable organic resins, including commercial polyimide and photoresist. These results were used to develop a lithographic technique for ordering AR surfaces in preprogrammed orientational micropatterns. AR was also processed into radial or star symmetry films by forced spreading combined with edge-on anchoring templates. Additional thin films were prepared from alternative liquid crystalline precursors composed of sulfonated polyaromatic dyes. These disk-like planar molecules undergo massive π-stacking in aqueous solution to form rod-like aggregates. At high concentrations or on surfaces, these rods or molecular columns align by repulsive interactions (lyotropic behavior), giving raise to a transverse alignment of the stacked polyaromatic disks. Here the lyotropic dye indanthrone disulfonate is used to make fully dense ordered carbon films by spin coating or Meyer-bar coating thin films on quartz followed by direct carbonization (without oxidative stabilization). These films exhibit surfaces rich in graphene edge-sites and are either anisotropic unidirectional (by bar coating) or multi-domain with long-range isotropy (by spin coating).     

Surface energy of liquid copper and single-crystal sapphire and the wetting behavior of copper on sapphire

The wetting behavior of liquid copper on sapphire is affected by the crystallographic orientation of the sapphire surface, the oxygen partial pressure, and the temperature. The influences of each of these conditions have been studied by the sessile drop technique over the oxygen partial pressure range 10^-2-10^-20 atm at temperatures of 1100 and 1250°C. The effect of oxygen partial pressure on the liquid copper surface energy follows the Gibbs-Langmuir law. The contact angle varies with the crystallographic orientation of the sapphire surface. This variation is more significant at higher oxygen partial pressures, but is eliminated at higher temperatures. The liquid copper surface energy was determined to be γ_lv = 1.757-3.3 x 10^-4T(°C) J/m². The solid surface energy of sapphire was estimated as γ_sv = 1.961-4.7x 10^-4T(°C) J/m², which applies only to the temperature range 927-2077°C.     

Electrosyntheses of free-standing and highly conducting polyselenophene films in an ionic liquid

The electrochemical polymerization of selenophene in a room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmimPF₆) led to the formation of free-standing and highly conducting polyselenophene (PSe) films with an electrical conductivity as high as 2.3 S/cm, higher than PSe electrodeposited in conventional media. The polymerization rate was significantly improved as BmimPF₆ served as both the growth medium and an electrolyte. PSe showed good electroactivity and stability even in concentrated sulfuric acid. Infrared (IR) spectra confirmed the polymerization mainly through α-α′ coupling. Scanning electron microscopy results indicated the formation of smooth and compact PSe films.     

Effects of plasticization conditions on the structures and properties of cellulose packaging films from ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl

By using natural softwood pulp with higher degree of polymerization (DP = 1460) as cellulose source, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) ionic liquid as solvent and glycerol as plasticizer, a novel cellulose packaging film was prepared. The effects of plasticization conditions on the structures, mechanical properties, permeability for oxygen and water vapor were measured by Wide-angle X-ray scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and other techniques. The investigations suggested that the glycerol concentration and plasticizing time had great effect on the properties of the regenerated cellulose films. The crystal transformation of cellulose I to cellulose II occurred during the dissolution and regeneration process, combining with the decrease of thermal stability. The tensile strength decreased rapidly with the addition of glycerol and prolongation of plasticizing time. However, elongation at break of the regenerated cellulose films increased at first and then decreased with increasing of glycerol concentration and plasticizing time. The morphologies for the fracture surface obtained from SEM images showed transformation of typical brittle fracture to plastic deformation with increasing of glycerol concentrations. It was also found that both water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability of the regenerated cellulose films decreased slowly with increasing of glycerol concentrations and plasticizing time, but water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability presented an almost opposite trend. The films prepared by using ionic liquid technology would be used in food packaging or other fields as a kind of green packaging material. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Preparation of regenerated wool keratin films from wool keratin–ionic liquid solutions

The regenerated wool keratin films were prepared from the wool keratin/ionic liquid solutions through water, methanol and ethanol as coagulation solvents in this article. It could be suggested from the results that [AMIM]⁺·Cl^? ionic liquid has higher solubility for wool keratin fibers than [BMIM]⁺·Cl^? ionic liquid. IR data showed the part of the disulfide bonds was broken during the dissolution. It could be seen from XRD data that the regenerated films exhibited a β‐sheet structure and the disappearance of the α‐helix structure. TGA curves indicated that the thermal stability of regenerated wool keratin films decreased slightly compared to nature wool fibers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013