The effect of micro and nano-sized particles on mechanical and adhesion properties of a clear polyester powder coating

In this study, the effect of various micro and nano-sized particles on the mechanical and adhesion properties of a commercial non-pigmented polyester-TGIC powder coating was studied. Different coating formulations containing various wt.% of aluminum hydroxide (alumina) particles, TiO₂ and two different types of fumed silica nanoparticles were prepared via a two-stage process. Tensile strength measurements, DMTA analyses and vertical pull off adhesion test were conducted to evaluate mechanical and adhesion properties of the powder coating samples.     

Effects of shell powder size and content on the properties of polycaprolactone composites

In this work, the effects of particle size and content of clam shell powder (CSP) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of clam shell powder-polycaprolactone (CSP-PCL) composites were studied. Accordingly, shell powder with particle size of 50, 100, 200, and 400 meshes, and CSP content of 30, 40, 50, and 60 wt%, respectively, were utilized to prepare CSP-PCL composites. The interface structure and properties of CSP-PCL composites were investigated by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile tests. The results showed that the tensile properties of the composite materials correlated with the particle size and content of the filler. For instance, the smaller the particle size of CSP (400 meshes), the better the tensile properties of the composite. What is more, the tensile properties of the composites were negatively affected by the amount of CSP content. In terms of microstructure, shell powder particles could disperse uniformly in the PCL matrix, and the CSP-PCL composites with polyurethane prepolymer as compatibilizer gave a better compatibility.     

Effects of bulk and surface properties of materials on adhesion-induced deformations between submicrometer diameter particles and substrates

—Spherical particles of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF₂), of 0.3 μm diameter, were deposited onto various substrates including polyester, a polyester-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer (hereafter referred to as PSBC), and polished silicon. The adhesion force-induced deformations between the particles and substrates were then observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the particles embedded most deeply into the soft PSBC. No embedding of the particles into the Si wafers was observed, although the particles, themselves, appeared to flatten. The particles were also observed to embed into the polyester, although to a lesser extent than they did into the PSBC. Moreover, when the particles contacted samples of polyester which had been plasma-treated in argon, the embedding decreased. Measured contact area diameters are compared to predictions of various models of adhesion. The effect of the thickness of a conducting (Au/Pd) coating on the appearance of the contact zone is also discussed.     

Study on the relationship between the particle size distribution and the effectiveness of the K‐powder fire extinguishing agent

The relationship between the particle size distribution and the extinguishing effectiveness of the new K‐powder fire extinguishing agent has been studied experimentally, to explore the reason of the great extinguishing efficiency exhibited by the new K‐powder fire extinguishing agent on Class B fire (liquid fuel fire). The results of the experiment showed that the extinguishing effectiveness increased along with the decrease of the particle size distribution. In addition, a sharp discontinuity appeared around the limiting size, about 40 μm. The powder with the particle size below 40 μm exhibited highly effective extinguishing with the minimum effective extinguishing concentration C_xr = 23 g·m^?3, while the powder with the particle size above 40 μm exhibited little fire extinguishing efficiency. Compared with other fire extinguishing agents produced by different substances, the new K‐powder fire extinguishing has the bigger limiting size. That means, in the same particle size distribution, the new K‐powder fire extinguishing agent contains more highly effective powder than others contain, and is more effective.     

Analysis of particle trajectories of small particles in flotation when the particles and bubbles are both charged

The trajectory of a small particle moving to a bubble surface was analyzed by taking into account the effects of surface charges of the bubble and particle and the short range hydrodynamic interaction near the bubble surface, in a flotation process. The particle trajectories obtained theoretically were in good agreement with those obtained by direct observation. Even if the signs of the surface charges of the bubble and particle were the same, the particle adhered to the bubble surface when the net surface force, that is, the sum of the electrostatic force and the van der Waals force, was attractive. Particle capture efficiency, η_S, per bubble was estimated by trajectory analysis and the flotation efficiency, η_T, was calculated. The values of η_T calculated by the particle trajectory analysis were in reasonable agreement with those obtained experimentally. The dependence of particle diameter on η_T was also examined by the particle trajectory analysis.     

掺煤矸石的水泥性能与颗粒群分布的关系研究

将不同细度的煤矸石、纯硅酸盐水泥分别按30％和70％的比例混合，测其胶砂流动度、净浆标准稠度用水量和3d、28d胶砂抗压强度。以宏观性能指标为z轴，水泥与煤矸石的中位径D50之差为x轴，水泥与煤矸石混合样的中位径D50为y轴，进行三维区域图分析。给出各项性能指标发展趋势与水泥、煤矸石的相对位置以及混合体系总体细度的相互关系。     

煤矸石颗粒群分布与其水泥性能的关系

把对经过热激活处理的煤矸石试样按不同粉磨工艺处理成具有不同颗粒群分布的试样,用激光粒度仪对煤矸石粉体试样进行了颗粒群分布测试,并以Rosin-Rammler线性回归进行拟合。在均匀性系数n,特征粒径De与勃氏比表面积S三个颗粒群特征参量中,分别确定其一,变化其它参量进行煤矸石水泥胶砂宏观性能测试,以期考察煤矸石粉体颗粒群分布与其水泥性能的关系。     

Effect of particle size on the surface oxidation and flotation behavior of galena particles in lime system

ABSTRACT

In this research, the effect of particle size on the surface oxidation and flotation behavior of galena in the lime system was studied. Coarse (?0.074 + 0.038 mm), intermediate (?0.038 + 0.025 mm) and fine (?0.025 mm) galena particles were used in the experiment. The dissolution tests, flotation tests, and sorption tests were accomplished. Through further analysis by XPS, the effect of particle size and lime was observed. The decrease of mineral particle sizes increased the adsorption ratio of collector and the dissolution of galena, while the hydrophilic product OH^?/Ca(OH)⁺ produced by dissolution occupied the dominant position, which led to the minerals hydrophilic.     

Surface properties and the stability of poly(ethylene terephtalate) films treated in plasmas of helium-oxygen mixtures

In this work, the surface treatment of poly(ethylene terephtalate) (PET) films in a low frequency (70 kHz) discharge in helium-oxygen mixtures is investigated. Optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are used to analyze the gas phase. Surface properties are analyzed via the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique and contact angle measurements. The treatment conditions are optimized in order to obtain a surface functionalization, which would show a reduced ageing effect. The stability of the treated surface via the crosslinking process seems to be closely correlated to the presence of the helium metastable species in the discharge. A very good stability with the ageing time is obtained for samples treated in gaseous mixtures that contain less than 5% O₂, conditions for which the oxidized polymeric structure seems to be formed on a reinforced crosslinked layer. The very efficient loss of He excited species, for amounts of O₂ higher than a few percent, affects the surface crosslinking. For high quantities of oxygen introduced in the reactor (more than about 50%), a balance is established between the introduction of oxygenated groups and the ablation of the surface. In this case, the surface degradation has, as a consequence, the ageing effect. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1367–1375, 1997     

土体标度分布参数与其物理力学性质的关系研究

土体标度分布参数可以客观地表达土体颗粒组成的整体特征,便于建立其与土体物理力学性质之间的定量关系,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值.以土体的标度分布理论为基础,结合土体渗透实验和直剪实验,研究了土体标度分布参数与其渗透系数、抗剪强度指标(黏聚力、内摩擦角)的关系,结果表明:土体渗透系数K与标度分布参数μ呈负对数关系,与...     

The role of adhesion in the mechanical properties of filled polymer composites

Filled polymer composites have been prepared in which the energetics of the filler surfaces was systematically varied in order to investigate the dependence of the mechanical properties of the composite on the interfacial strength as predicted by the thermodynamic work of adhesion at the filler-matrix interface. A high-purity silica filler was used, treated with three different organofunctional silane coupling agents (two alkylsilanes and an aminosilane) to varying degrees from zero to complete coverage. The surface energetics of the modified fillers was characterized using both inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and dynamic contact angle analysis (DCA). While the surface energy assessments from IGC were higher than those obtained with wetting measurements, as expected, the trends with fractional coverage of silane were the same for each method, and were used to evaluate the thermodynamic work of adhesion. Highly filled polymer composites were prepared by dispersing the variously treated silica fillers into the amorphous thermoplastic matrix polymers: poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl butyral). Specimens of the composites were tested mechanically to give the yield stress. The poly(methyl methacrylate) composites all failed cohesively in the matrix, unaffected by any of the filler surface treatments. The poly(vinyl butyral) composites, however, all displayed purely interfacial failure, with the yield stress strongly dependent on the type and extent of the filler surface treatment. While all three silanes were found to decrease the filler surface energy, and consequently the thermodynamic work of adhesion, with higher surface coverage, corresponding decreases in the yield stress were found only for the alkylsilanes. For the aminosilane, the measured yield stress was found to increase with surface coverage and therefore to decrease with the work of adhesion. The difference in behavior between the two types of coupling agent is explained in terms of acid-base effects.     

Modelling the elementary mechanisms involved in grafting polymers onto metals — relationship between structure and properties of the resulting product

With the aim of modelling the molecular-level phenomena involved in the interaction between a polymerizable organic molecule (acrylonitrile) and a controlled metallic surface (polycrystalline nickel), systematic experimental investigations and theoretical calculations have been carried out on polyacrylonitrile films grafted on nickel surfaces. Is is anticipated that the results, which indicate the relationships between structure, and properties and their evolution during ageing under various stresses, will enable the laws governing the behaviour of adhesive materials to be determined.     

Assessment of adhesion and autoadhesion forces between particles and surfaces. Part II. The investigation of adhesion phenomena of Salmeterol Xinafoate and lactose monohydrate particles in particle-on-particle and particle-on-surface contact

The centrifuge technique has been used to compare particle-on-particle and particle-on-surface adhesion with Salmeterol Xinafoate particles on single lactose particles or compacted lactose surfaces. The results from particle-on-particle and particle-on-surface adhesion measurements are not equivalent in terms of median adhesion force. The assessment of adhesion using either particle-on-particle or particle-on-surface systems depends on the process on which information is required: e.g. mixing problems are better investigated by applying the particle-on-particle technique, whereas surface transport problems such as powder compaction or flow can be more appropriately studied using particle-on-surface measurements. Taking autoadhesion measurements from the previous study into account, adhesion and autoadhesion forces were found to allow the prediction and choice of mixture components for powder blends. The results suggest that the homogeneity of such a powder blend depends both on thermodynamic properties and on the adhesion and autoadhesion properties of the single components.     

纳米/微米粒子复合技术在火炸药中的应用(Ⅰ)

报道了利用纳米／微米粒子复合技术制备纳米／微米复合燃烧催化剂、氧化剂与可燃物复合粒子，催化剂与氧化剂复合粒子以及炸药复合粒子等过程中的子粒子与母粒子的粒子复合设计原理及实际应用中的理论与实际问题，为纳米及微米粒子在火炸药中的应用设计提供理论指导。     

A study on the process for formation of spherical cement through an examination of the changes of powder properties and electrical charges of the cement and its constituent materials during surface modification

In the initial stage of surface modification treatment to form cement particles into a spherical shape, the fine cement particles below 3 μm increased and the specific surface area also increased. However, in the final stage of treatment, both the fine particles and the specific surface area decreased when compared to raw cement. These results seem to endorse a process for formation of spherical cement, namely grinding of the particles in the initial stage and then adhering and fixing the fine particles to the surfaces of larger core particles in the next stage. Clinker powder had a positive charge, whereas gypsum powder had a negative charge. The difference observed in the electrical charge proved that the attachment of gypsum particles to clinker particles was caused by the attraction of opposite charges in addition to the van der Waals interaction. Therefore, gypsum played an important role as an adhesive agent. The fluidity of clinker powder after it was treated with finely ground gypsum improved. This was because the fine gypsum particles quickly attached to the surfaces of the larger particles of clinker, and consequently, the final process for formation was accelerated.     

The relationship between the strength of an adhesive bond and the thermodynamic properties of its components

Maximum stability of any system is achieved when its free energy is minimum, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. Considering the adhesive bond as a thermodynamic system, it is proposed that the minimum interfacial energy coincides with (1) the maximum strength, and (2) the maximum durability, understood as bond resistance to degradation under environmental attack. The thermodynamic properties of bond components which play a key role in promoting conditions for maximum strength of adhesion have been identified. The general pattern of the relationship: STRENGTH = function (interfacial energy and related parameters), has been developed based on experimental data covering a variety of adhesives and substrates such as metals (steel and aluminium), plastics, ceramics and glass fibre composites. The influence of adhesion promoters (eg, silanes) has also been considered.

It is shown that conditions for maximum strength coincide with the minimum interfacial energy of the system, acquired when the ratio of the surface energy of the substrate, γ₁, to that of the cured adhesive, γ₂ (ie, a = γ₁/γ₂), has a specific value denoted a_MIN. Systems with energy ratios a a_MIN were found to have engineering utility, because the strength deficiency for a >a_MIN was found to be significantly less than for a MIN.     

Improvement in the adhesion between copper metal and polyimide substrate by plasma polymer deposition of cyano compounds onto polyimide

The surface modification of Kapton film by means of plasma polymer deposition is discussed from the viewpoint of improving the adhesion between copper metal and Kapton film substrate. Plasma polymers of AN (acrylonitrile) and FN (fumaronitrile) were used for the surface modification, and the adhesion between the copper metal and the plasma polymer-coated Kapton film was evaluated by the T-peel strength measurement. The surfaces of peeled layers were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the failure mode is discussed. The plasma polymer deposition of AN and FN shows an effective improvement in the adhesion between the copper metal and Kapton film; in particular, the AN plasma polymer deposition increased the peel strength 4.3 times. Failure occurred mainly in the Kapton film, and the adhesion between the AN plasma polymer and the Kapton film and that between the copper metal and the AN plasma polymer were found to be quite strong.     

表流型湿地原生动物的季节变化与水质的关系

以2009年冬季和2010年春季采样监测数据为依据,分析表流型（SWF）人工湿地系统中原生动物的种类与校园生活污水处理效果的关系。通过对原生动物种类的变化和对应的COD、氨氮、TP的相互关系的研究证明：（1）当COD值由进水时的120mg/L左右逐渐降低至55mg/L,氨氮由12.4mg/L降至7.9mg/L,TP值由...     

酯化反应中离子液体结构与催化性能的关系

综述了近几年离子液体作为催化剂在酯的合成方面的研究进展、反应机理及离子液体结构与催化性能的关系等,比较了离子液体催化剂与传统催化剂在酯化反应中的性能,概述了不同种类离子液体在催化酯化反应中的应用,对离子液体催化酯的研究方向进行了展望。