Violent behavior and differential Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children characteristics.

WISC data were obtained from 18 violent juvenile offenders. Similarities ratio was compared with the score from a random subsample of 18 juveniles from a larger population of 200 offenders. There was a significantly lower Similarities ratio for the violent group when compared with the random subsample. The reported relationship between violent behavior and low Similarities subtest scores in adults did not hold for the violent Ss. However, the general relationship of a lower Similarities ratio for violent delinquent juveniles when compared with the general delinquent population was found. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An abbreviated form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

This study was done in an attempt to determine a valid short form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children for a clinical population of reading disability cases. The subject group included all those children between the ages of 9 and 12, inclusive, referred to the Child Study Center at George Peabody College for Teachers in 1960 and 1961 as possible reading disability cases. A four-subtest combination consisting of Similarities, Object Assembly, Arithmetic, and Picture Arrangement correlated .947 with Full Scale score. The addition of either Vocabulary or Picture Completion yielded a correlation of .959. Since there were more than twice as many boys as girls in the sample, the data were analyzed for sex differneces. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised factor scores across time.

This study was designed to assess the stability of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) factor scores across time. Information provided in the manual (D. Wechsler, 1981) on 2 subsets of the standardization data was used to estimate sample stability in Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Memory/Freedom from Distractibility scores. For both samples, and across all factors, estimated test–retest correlations were high. In addition, test–retest scores of 39 individuals with IQs     

Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition.

Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III; D. Wechsler, 1991) was investigated with a sample of 667 students from 33 states twice evaluated for special education consideration. With an average test-retest interval of 2.87 years, test-retest reliability coefficients for the Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ were .87, .87, and .91, respectively (p     

Hierarchical factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—III.

R. J. Wherry and R. J. Wherry (1969) hierarchical factor solutions were obtained on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—III intercorrelations reported in the standardization sample ( D. Wechsler, 1991). Two- and 4-factor solutions were obtained for the 6-7, 8-10, 11-13, and 14-16 age levels. Both solutions indicated a strong general intelligence (g) factor at all 4 age levels. At the primary level, factors corresponding to the verbal-numerical-educational and spatial-mechanical practical dimensions from Vernon's (1950) paradigm emerged when a 2-factor solution was used. When a 4-factor solution was used, Perceptual Organization, Perceptual Speed, Verbal Comprehension, and Freedom From Distractibility factors were obtained at the primary level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised.

30 male veterans (mean age 51.63 yrs) referred for neuropsychological evaluation were administered the WAIS and the WAIS-R by a procedure that avoided the repetition of identical items. The IQ scores and all subtest scores were compared and found to be significantly different, with the WAIS scores being higher than the WAIS-R scores. Computed IQs and subtest scores were correlated with only 1 correlation below .90. All correlations were significant. Comparison of the 2 test forms found them to be reliable but not equivalent. The difference in test scores is considered large enough to be important to the clinician. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Review of a decade of research.

The several aspects of validity, psychometric properties and diagnostic capabilities of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) are critically examined. Among the many limitations of the test perhaps the most serious is the lack of an adequate theoretical rationale which makes assessment of validity difficult. On the positive side the standardization of the WISC is relatively good and it correlates consistently well with other measures of intelligence. 76 refs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Changes in seizure frequency and test-retest scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Test-retest performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) of two groups of adult epilepsy patients are presented and compared. In one group, Seizures Improved (SI) group, seizure frequency had decreased during the test-retest interval, and in the other group, Seizures Unimproved (SU) group, the number of seizures had either increased or stayed the same over the test-retest interval. The SI group showed a significant test-retest improvement on WAIS Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ, as well as on eight of 11 WAIS subtests. In comparison, the SU group showed significant increases only on the Performance IQ and Object Assembly subtest. Furthermore, differences between the two groups were observed in the pattern of test-retest changes seen on the Performance measures relative to the Verbal measures. The results suggest that change in seizure frequency is one of the factors associated with test-retest changes in the intellectual functioning of epilepsy patients.     

Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale scores of Black and White police applicants.

Administered the 100-item Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity (BITCH) and the full WAIS to 83 Black and White police applicants. Ss' mean age was in the early 20's, and their mean educational level was 21/2 yrs of college. Results reveal considerable overlap in the distributions of individual WAIS Full Scale IQ between the Black and White Ss, but 2 totally nonoverlapping distributions of scores on the BITCH, with no White Ss scoring above Black Ss. BITCH means were as follows: White females, 60.9; White males, 64.1; Black females, 86.7; and Black males, 83.9. The corresponding WAIS Full Scale IQ means were 117.2, 117.8, 110.2, and 101.6, respectively. Correlational analyses between the BITCH and each of the 14 WAIS measures revealed no relation between score on the BITCH and score on the WAIS. It is concluded that the lack of concurrent validity for the present form of the BITCH and its lack of adequate ceiling for Black applicants presents problems for its use in a program of police selection. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Computation of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised factor scores: Equal and differential weights.

Standard procedures for estimating factor scores for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R; D. Wechsler, 1981) involve equally weighted sums of the subtests that load most highly on the factor being estimated. We argue that factor scores derived in this manner lack discriminant validity; they are strongly biased toward g (the first unrotated factor) and away from the other 2 unrotated factors. If regression-like weights are applied to all of the WAIS—R subtests and the products are summed, the resulting differentially weighted factors give results that show similar convergent validity and much greater discriminant validity with respect to the original factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unilateral lesions and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised: No sex differences.

Tested sex differences previously reported in WAIS—R scores (Verbal IQ vs Performance IQ discrepancies) in male patients with unilateral lesions by administering the WAIS—R to 31 Ss (16 males [mean age 42.6 yrs] and 15 females [mean age 38.4 yrs]) with right-hemisphere lesions and to 32 Ss (17 males [mean age 32 yrs] and 15 females [mean age 40.7 yrs]) with left hemisphere lesions. Results show that both males and females had expected discrepancies between Verbal IQ and Performance IQ. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised.

Tested a random sample of 300 Canadian children (50 males and 50 females at 71/2, 101/2, and 131/2 yrs of age) on the Revised WISC (WISC-R). Means for both males and females exceeded the normative IQ mean of 100 at each age level, and there was a gradual decline in IQ from 109.75 at age 71/2 to 103.41 at 131/2. A tendency for the WISC-R to overestimate the ability of younger Ss is suggested. Although analysis failed to reveal any sex differences, males tended to do better on verbal subtests while females tended to do better on performance subtests. Findings suggest that further study is needed to determine whether these results generalize to the entire Canadian population. It is noted that there is no substantiation of concern over the inclusion of American content items on the WISC-R. (French summary) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Standardization of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for older persons.

The primary purpose of this project is the standardization of the WAIS for older groups. A probability sample of the population of Kansas City was drawn and 475 persons, aged 60 and over, were given all the Verbal tests. For approximately 25% of these cases, one or more of the performance tests could not be used for various reasons. In addition to the standardization data, it was found that a) additional time makes very little difference in the scores; and b) the differences between the sexes on the WAIS were quite small. In general, the decline of verbal abilities with age is relatively small until about age 70. The decline in Performance measures is somewhat greater. There appears to be a similar factorial composition of the WAIS at all age levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factor space of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition: Critical thoughts and recommendations.

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC—III) manual incorporates a detailed and careful series of factor analyses. It recommends using approximations of the Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Freedom From Distractibility, and Processing Speed factor scores. These approximations are simple sums of the scores of the subtests that load most highly on a factor. These simple sum factor estimates suffer from reduced factorial specificity. The simple estimates share substantially more variance with the factor of General Intelligence, or the g factor, and less variance with the other unrotated factors than the best estimates of the factor. This state of affairs has implications for clinical interpretation of factor scores. Application of the procedures recommended here is practical with the use of a computer and a basic spreadsheet program. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-validation of predicted Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised scores.

Equations for prorating the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised General Memory (GM) and Delayed Recall (DR) index scores (J. L. Woodard & B. N. Axelrod,1995) were confirmed in a new clinical sample of 258 patients. Raw score results for Logical Memory, Visual Reproduction, and Verbal Paired Associates were entered into the prediction equations. Predicted GM and DR scores fell within 6 points of obtained scores for 94% and 97% of the sample, respectively. A multiple regression analysis yielded multiple R–2 of .976 and .984 for GM and DR, respectively. In addition, the unstandardized regression weights were virtually identical to those initially presented by Woodard and Axelrod. These prediction equations for the GM and DR summary scores have validity for patient samples similar to those of the present study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Seeing the forest for the trees: Prevalence of low scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, fourth edition (WISC-IV).

Low scores across a battery of tests are common in healthy people and vary by demographic characteristics. The purpose of the present article was to present the base rates of low scores for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, fourth edition (WISC-IV; D. Wechsler, 2003). Participants included 2,200 children and adolescents between 6 and 16 years of age from the WISC-IV U.S. standardization sample. Measures considered in the base rates analyses included the 10 core subtests and the 4 index scores. Analyses were conducted for the entire standardization sample as well as stratified by different classifications of intelligence and different years of parental education. In the total sample, it is uncommon to have 6 or more subtest scores or 2 or more Index scores ≤ 9th percentile. The prevalence of low scores typically increased with lesser intelligence and fewer years of parental education (e.g., children with below-average intelligence were 75 times more likely than children with above-intelligence to have at least one impaired subtest score). Consistent with existing studies of the base rates of low scores, some low scores on the WISC-IV were common in children and adolescents, and the frequency was related to a child's level of intelligence and parental education. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comparison study of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised in a college population.

Administered the WAIS and the WAIS-R to 70 18–29 yr old college students in a counterbalanced order. A highly significant test?×?order interaction was found such that the WAIS-R resulted in significantly higher estimates of ability when administered following the WAIS than did the WAIS when following the WAIS-R. However, a comparison of scores for Ss taking their 1st Wechsler scale revealed that for this group the WAIS-R resulted in significantly lower estimates of intellectual ability than the WAIS—Verbal IQ 8 points lower, Performance IQ 9 points lower, and Full Scale IQ 9 points lower. Results are discussed in terms of the clinical implications, particularly as they pertain to the interaction effect. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Replication of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third edition four-factor model in the Canadian normative sample.

Confirmatory factor analyses of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC—III; D. Wechsler, 1991) subtests, using the Canadian normative sample, were conducted to verify the 4-factor model identified for WISC—III in the U.S. normative sample. Because the items and test materials for WISC—III were identical in both samples, this study focused on replication of the factor model across national samples. The Canadian normative sample (N?=?1,100) was a stratified random sample of Canadian children, ages 6 to 16. Results for the Canadian sample paralleled those found in the U.S. sample (N?=?2,200) and confirmed the presence of the 4 factors previously identified (Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Processing Speed, and Freedom From Distractibility). This article also provides justification for the scoring and clinical use of WISC—III factor indexes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Appropriateness of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence for gifted children.

The extent to which the WPPSI provides items of sufficient difficulty for gifted children was investigated using a sample of 306 4–6 yr olds with IQs of 120 and above. All subtests investigated were found to have an inadequate level of difficulty, and 6 of the subtests were inadequate for half or more of the Ss. Results question the viability of scatter analysis and validity of subtest scores when using the WPPSI with gifted children. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rorschach cognitive developmental indices of mentally retarded persons: a comparison with scores on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-revised

The complete mechanism by which pathogenic mtDNA mutations cause cellular pathophysiology and in some cases cell death is unclear. Oxidant stress is especially toxic to excitable nerve and muscle cells, cells that are often affected in mitochondrial disease. The sensitivity of cells bearing the LHON, MELAS, and MERRF mutations to oxidant stress was determined. All were significantly more sensitive to H2O2 exposure than their nonmutant cybrid controls, the order of sensitivity was MELAS > LHON > MERRF > controls. Depletion of Ca2+ from the medium protected all cell lines from oxidant stress, consistent with the hypothesis that death induced by oxidant stress is Ca(2+)-dependent. A potential downstream target of Ca2+ is the mitochondrial permeability transition, MPT, which is inhibited by cyclosporin A. Treatment of MELAS, LHON, and MERRF cells with cyclosporin A caused significant rescue from oxidant exposure, and in each case significantly greater rescue of mutant than control cells. The pronounced oxidant-sensitivity of mutant cells, and their protection by Ca2+ depletion and CsA, has potential implications for both the pathophysiological mechanism and therapy of these mitochondrial genetic diseases.