上海市吴淞工业区大气PM2.5水溶成分的元素分析及细胞毒性研究

通过ICP-MS测定了上海市吴淞地区大气PM2.5水溶成分金属元素含量,通过四唑盐(MTT)测定细胞存活率,通过超氧化歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)两个指标测定细胞氧化损伤,琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定细胞内DNA损伤,流式细胞仪(Flow cytometry)检测细胞凋亡和周期等实验研究了大气PM2.5水溶成分的细胞毒性.实验结果表明:PM2.5可溶成分中Zn元素含量最高,PM2.5在一定浓度范围内能导致细胞死亡,引起细胞的氧化损伤,影响DNA的复制,阻碍细胞增殖,但没有诱导细胞凋亡.PM2.5中可溶金属离子对细胞毒性表现为联合作用.     

上海地区PM10和PM2.5中铁元素的种态研究

本工作采集了上海市吴淞、南汇和人民广场三个典型地区的PM10、PM2.5样品,对这些颗粒物样品进行穆斯堡尔光谱测量,研究了PM10、PM2.5样品中铁元素的化学种态.研究结果表明,在大气颗粒物中铁元素主要以α-Fe2O3、Fe3O4、铁的硫酸盐以及少量的α-FeOOH的形式存在.     

用中子活化法分析北京地区三个采样点的大气颗粒物

在北京市区(车公庄)、远郊(良乡1、良乡2)设立了3个采样点,使用相同的Gent采样器同时收集PM2.5(直径小于2.5 μm)、PM10(直径小于10 μm)的大气颗粒物(APM).用中子活化分析(INAA)法分别测定了40种(PM2.5)和43种(PM10)元素;3个采样点的PM2.5与PM10平均浓度比分别是0.39、0.32和0.30,反映出一定的地域差别.通过分析良乡的两个季节的样品(2004-03～2004-08)可以看出明显的季节变化和污染元素随气象条件变化.使用EF分析初步给出了三地的主要污染元素.     

上海嘉定地区大气颗粒物中有机卤

利用中子活化分析法(NAA)研究了2004年11—12月上海嘉定地区大气中总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中可萃取有机卤素污染物(EOX)和持久性可萃取有机卤素污染物(EPOX)。分析结果表明,该地区大气中EOX的质量分数(w)顺序为EOCl EOBr>EOI,EOCl均占到EOX的87%以上,说明大气中有机卤素污染物主要为有机氯污染物;TSP中六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的平均质量浓度分别为7.4,30.4,21.9 pg/m3,PM10中的平均质量浓度分别为3.7,19.5,13.1 pg/m3。TSP和PM10中,(ρ(p,p’-DDE) ρ(p,p-’DDD))与ρ(p,p-’DDT)的质量浓度比值范围分别为0.8~2.3和0.9~4.4,说明大气中DDTs主要来自历史的残留,同时发现上海嘉定地区大气中新近有DDTs的输入。TSP和PM10中分别约有59%~93%和33%~69%的PCBs为五氯至八氯取代物。     

用中子活化法分析北京地区三个采样点的大气颗粒物

在北京市区(车公庄)、远郊(良乡1、良乡2)设立了3个采样点，使用相同的Gent采样器同时收集PM2．5(直径小于2．5μm)、PM10(直径小于10μm)的大气颗粒物(APM)。用中子活化分析(INAA)法分别测定了40种(PM2．5)和43种(PM10)元素；3个采样点的PM2．5与PM10平均浓度比分别是0．39、0．32和0．30，反映出一定的地域差别。通过分析良乡的两个季节的样品(2004-03～2004-08)可以看出明显的季节变化和污染元素随气象条件变化。使用EF分析初步给出了三地的主要污染元素。     

PIXE和XRF用于北京新镇地区PM2.5源解析研究

大气颗粒物(APM)对人体健康和环境的影响越来越受重视,我国增设了PM2.5标准,同时提出了大气污染的专项治理措施。本文采用GENT二级取样器在北京郊区新镇进行连续取样,并用质子激发X射线荧光分析和能量色散X射线荧光分析对北京新镇地区收集到的140个大气颗粒物样品进行了多元素分析,对测量数据进行了可靠性评价和数据重组,结合取样、气象等参数建立了新镇地区大气颗粒物污染成分数据库,利用正矩阵因子模型进行污染源解析研究。初步认定了5个主要污染源,即燃煤源(29.2%)、汽车尾气和垃圾焚烧源(26.2%)、建筑工业源(23.3%)、土壤源(15.4%)以及含氯工业源(5.9%)。并结合气象数据进行了污染源来源研究,根据条件概率函数和潜在源贡献函数的计算结果作出了污染源来源分布图,发现污染来源与周围环境基本符合。     

山东省环境天然贯穿辐射水平调查研究

本文报道了山东省环境天然贯穿辐射水平调查的方法和结果。全省以10×10km 网格均匀布点。共布设1608个网格点,各类加密点210个。调查结果表明:(1)山东省原野γ辐射剂量率按测点、人口和面积的加权均值分别为5.65、5.66和5.65×10~(-8)Gyh~(-1);(2)道路γ辐射剂量率按测点平均值为5.17×10~(-8)Gyh~(-1);(3)室内γ辐射剂量率按测点和人口加权均值分别为9.47和9.34×1~(-8)Gyh~(-1);(4)宇宙射线电离成分所致空气吸收剂量率,按测点和人口加权均值,室内分别为2.68和2.66×10~(-8)Gyh~(-1),室外均为2.98×10~(-8)Gyh~(-1);(5)天然贯穿辐射(不包括中子成分)剂量率,按测点和人口加权均值,室内分别为12.15和12.00×10~(-8)Gyh~(-1),室外分别为8.63和8.64×10~(-8)Gyh~(-1);(6)字宙射线、天然γ辐射和天然贯穿辐射所致山东人均年有效剂量当量分别为0.24、0.51和0.75mSv;所致集体年有效剂量当量分别为1.79、3.80和5.59×10~4man·Sv。     

包头地区环境陆地γ辐射剂量水平调查

本文报道了1984年包头地区环境陆地γ辐射剂量水平的调查结果。除白云鄂博矿区和包钢地区外的一般环境区,210个测量点按面积加权的陆地γ辐射剂量率和贯穿辐射剂量率平均值分别为6.35×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)(55.6mrad·y~(-1))和10.7×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)(93.7~(mrad)·y~(-1))。白云鄂博矿伴生放射性矿区(19个测点)和包钢剂量率较高的厂区(21个测点)的陆地γ辐射剂量率平均值分别为64.71×10~(-8)8Gy·h~(-1)(566.9mrad·y~(-1))和79.26×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)(694.4mrad·y~(-1)):分别为一般环境地区的10.2倍和12.5倍。     

1986年核电在总发电量中的比例上升

1986年,核电占总发电量30%以上的有8个国家和地区(在10—70%之间的总共有19个国家和地区),这是根据原子能机构动力堆情报系统(PRIS)获得的初步数据算出的。1986年,核反应     

INAA研究内蒙古多伦县春季大气气溶胶分布特征及来源

探讨了2002年春季内蒙古多伦县总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和细颗粒物(PM2．5)的分布特征以及颗粒物浓度与气候的关系。并用仪器中子活化分析法(INAA)测定了TSP的元素成分,利用多种多元统计方法探讨了多伦春季TSP的可能来源。结果表明,多伦春季TSP和PM2．5污染较严重;TSP浓度主要受风速影响,而PM2．5浓度随气候变化其行为较复杂;TSP主要来自于地壳源,其中Cl与其它元素的相关性很小,可能主要来源于燃煤,而Br、Zn除了地壳来源外还有燃煤和废物焚烧的贡献。     

PM10颗粒物致大鼠肺炎过程中肺组织元素变化的研究

应用两级核孔滤膜的空气采样器采集了上海市区PM10颗粒物。用质子激发X荧光（PIXE）分析了其元素含量。以SD大鼠为实验对象，隔日气管灌注PM10进行染毒，对照用生理盐水；1个月后处死大鼠，提取支气管灌洗液并分析一些金属结合的蛋白质含量；观察肺组织病理改变及应用扫描质子微探针（SPM）研究染毒组与对照组肺组织元素分布的变化。结果显示染了毒的大鼠肺具有肺炎的特征；其Ca与Zn的浓度明显低于对照组，而Fe则明显增高；在提取的支气管灌洗液中金属结合的蛋白质含量明显提高。由于SPM已观察到肺中不可溶的铁颗粒，所以增高的Fe元素可能是由于颗粒带入。Ca，Zn元素的降低则可能是由于机体炎症生化过程所引起的，这也许使周围组织中不可溶的Zn,Ca转换成可溶性化合物而导致组织中的Zn,Ca的流出。这一过程也许是炎性细胞导致肺组织损伤的一个途径。     

Characterization of carbonaceous materials in PM2.5 and PM10 size fractions in Morogoro, Tanzania, during 2006 wet season campaign

Atmospheric aerosol samples in PM10 and PM2.5 size fractions were collected in parallel at a rural site in Morogoro during wet season in March and April 2006. All samples were analysed for the particulate matter mass, for organic, elemental, and total carbon (OC, EC, and TC), and for water-soluble OC (WSOC). The average PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations and associated standard deviations were 14 ± 13 μg/m³ and 7.3 ± 4 μg/m³ respectively. On average, TC accounted for 33% of the PM10 mass and 44% of the PM2.5 mass for the campaign. The average OC/PM percentage ratios were 27% and 33% in PM10 and PM2.5 size fractions respectively and a larger fraction of the OC was water-soluble. The observed low EC/TC mean percentage ratios of 10-14% respectively for PM10 and PM2.5 fractions indicate that the carbonaceous aerosol originates mainly from biogenic aerosols and/or biomass burning. A simple source apportionment approach was used to apportion the OC to biofuel and charcoal burning. On average, 93% of the PM10 OC was attributed to biofuel and 7% to charcoal burning in the 2006 wet season campaign. However, it is suggested that a contribution to the OC at Morogoro could also come from other natural biogenic matter, and/or biomass burning aerosols. The results for the sources of OC at Morogoro should therefore be considered with great caution.     

用X射线吸收近边结构谱研究大气颗粒物中元素的种态

大气颗粒物中元素的种态研究,对评价其毒性和污染来源等有很重要的意义。本工作采集了不同地点和不同粒径的大气颗粒物样品,测定了样品中铬、锰、铜和锌的X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)谱,利用该谱分析了这些元素在颗粒物中的种态。结果显示,所采集的样品中铬主要以三价形式存在,锰主要以二价形式存在,铜也以二价形式存在,而锌主要以硫酸盐存在。用质子激发X射线荧光(PIXE)法测定了这些元素在样品中的浓度,观察到不同采样点和不同粒径的颗粒物中金属含量的差别,但未看到种态的这种变化。     

Two years of aerosol pollution monitoring in Singapore: a review

An aerosol sampling campaign was initiated more than two years ago in Singapore. The aim was to determine the average elemental concentrations in fine and coarse aerosol fractions as well as to identify major pollution sources and their impact. For that purpose, two air samplers were employed at two different sampling locations; one sampler was a fine particulate aerosol sampler (PM2.5) located at the vicinity of a major industrial area. The other was a stacked filter unit (SFU) sampler designed for collection of fine and coarse fractions (PM2.5 and PM10) and installed in the residential area. Samples were taken typically twice a week and in several occasions daily. During the period of two years more than 700 aerosol samples were collected and analyzed using PIXE and RBS techniques. All samples were analyzed for 18 elements ranging between Na, Mg, Al, etc. up to As and Pb. Large daily and seasonal variations were found for most of the elements. These variations are attributed mainly to meteorological changes, in particular changes in wind speed and direction. On several occasions, short term sampling was performed to identify fingerprints of major pollution sources such as road traffic, refineries, as well as the rain-forest fires in neighboring countries. A summary of our findings is presented and discussed.     

Study of emission episodes of urban aerosols by ion beam analytical techniques

The quantitative elemental composition and morphology of over 500 atmospheric aerosol particles were determined by nuclear microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The samples originated from eight sampling campaigns, when hourly variation and sources of the urban aerosol elemental components were studied in Debrecen between 2007 and 2010. Aerosol which could be connected to heavy metal pollution episodes and high aerosol pollution levels deposits were selected for the nuclear microprobe study.Ion beam analytical methods (micro-PIXE and STIM) provided the elemental composition of coarse (particles with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 μm) aerosols while the morphology of the different particle types was determined by SEM.Through the elemental composition, elemental correlations and morphology different particle types were identified and attributed to different anthropogenic sources like biomass burning, oil combustion, traffic or industry.     

Ion beam analyses of particulate matter in exhaust gas of a ship diesel engine

There is an urgent need to reduce emission of the particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust gas from ship diesel engines causing various health hazards and serious environmental pollution. Usually the heavy fuel oil (HFO) for ships is of low quality, and contains various kinds of impurities. Therefore, the emission of PM along with exhaust gas from ship diesel engines is one of the most serious environmental issues. However, the PM fundamental properties are not well known. Therefore, it is important to perform elemental analysis of the PM. The HFO contains sulfur with a relatively high concentration of a few percent. It is important to make quantitative measurements of sulfur in the PM, because this element is poisonous for the human body. In the present work, PM samples were collected from exhaust gas of a test engine, and RBS and PIXE analyses were applied successfully to quantitative analysis of the PM samples. The RBS analysis enabled quantitative analysis of sulfur and carbon in the collected PM, while heavier elements such as vanadium and iron were analyzed quantitatively with the PIXE analysis. It has been found that the concentration ratio of sulfur to carbon was between 0.007 and 0.012, and did not strongly depend on the output power of the engine. The S/C ratio is approximately equal to the original composition of the HFO used in the present work, 0.01. From the known conversion ratio 0.015 of sulfur in the HFO to sulfates, the conversion ratio of carbon in the HFO to the PM is found to be 0.01-0.02 by the RBS measurements. On the other hand, the PIXE analysis revealed a vanadium enrichment of one order of magnitude in the PM.     

Decision-Making Support Systems for Reliability-Centered Maintenance

Abstract

A Systematic Reliability Improvement (SRI) program has been developed to support the decision-making processes of preventive maintenance (PM) planning for enhancing plant/system reliability in nuclear power plants. The SRI program is based on improved information-handling methods in the Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) methodology. This program enables us to select a proper PM plan using a computerized system that integrates the following three subsystems which have been developed and is implemented on an engineering work station.

(1) The maintenance management support subsystem can provide statistical parameters which indicate the characteristics of the failure mode for components based on the statistical analysis of field maintenance data.

(2) The FME/CA-database subsystem can manage the system/component failure modes and their characteristics which are estimated by experts at the design stage using 13 types of assessment rankings of the failure mode effects and criticality analysis (FME/CA).

(3) The PM planning support subsystem can support decision-making in determining the priority of PM improvement plans using a new method combining the above FME/CA assessment rankings and interactive logic tree analysis (I-LTA).

The effectiveness of the SRI program and its support systems has been validated through a feasibility study using simulated data on a primary loop recirculation system in BWR plants.     

Analysis of atmospheric aerosols by particle-induced X-ray emission, instrumental neutron activation analysis, and ion chromatography

Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), ion chromatography (IC), and occasionally also instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) were used in combination for the analysis of atmospheric aerosol samples that were collected on Nuclepore polycarbonate filters. A comparison of the results enabled us to evaluate the matrix effects (i.e., particle size effects) of the PIXE analysis for the light elements and to assess the water-solubility and/or speciation of a number of elements (e.g., S, K, Ca). Results are presented from several measurement campaigns at urban and forested sites in Europe, whereby PM10 or PM2.5 filter samples were taken. From the PIXE and IC results for a 2003 summer campaign at the K-puszta site in Hungary, it was estimated that organosulphates could be responsible for 20% of the total sulphur concentration and 30% of the organic aerosol in PM10. The comparison of the IC and PIXE data for K and Ca from the various sites indicated that most of the Ca was water-soluble (the mineral dust Ca was presumably mostly present as calcite, and perhaps also in part as gypsum); in contrast, for K, only half of it was typically water-soluble, indicating that it was to a large extent associated with insoluble mineral dust. Exceptions, with almost fully water-soluble K, were found for samples that were substantially impacted by biomass burning.     

Trace elements in lake sediments measured by the PIXE technique

Lakes are ecosystems where there is a great potential of metal accumulation in sediments due to their depositional characteristics. Total concentration of trace elements was measured on a 50 cm long sediment core from the Infernão Lake, that is an oxbow lake of the Moji-Guaçu River basin, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Dating of the core shows up to 180 yrs old sediment layers. The use of the PIXE technique for elemental analysis avoids the traditional acid digestion procedure common in other techniques. The multielemental characteristic of PIXE allows a simultaneous determination of about 20 elements in the sediment samples, such as, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, and Pb. Average values for the elemental composition were found to be similar to the bulk crustal composition. The lake flooding pattern strongly influences the time series of the elemental profiles. Factor analysis of the elemental variability shows five factors. Two of the factors represent the mineralogical matrix, and others represent the organic component, a factor with lead, and another loaded with chromium. The mineralogical component consists of elements such as, Fe, Al, V, Ti, Mn, Ni, K, Zr, Sr, Cu and Zn. The variability of Si is explained by two distinct factors, because it is influenced by two different sources, aluminum-silicates and quartz, and the effect of inundation are different for each other. The organic matter is strongly associated with calcium, and also bounded with S, Zn, Cu and P. Lead and chromium appears as separated factors, although it is not clear the evidences for their anthropogenic origin. The techniques developed for sample preparation and PIXE analysis was proven as advantageous and provided very good reproducibility and accuracy.