纳米A2lO3对激光熔覆钴基合金涂层组织的影响

利用5kW CO2激光器，在镍基高温合金表面熔覆纳米Al2O3／钴基合金复合材料，制备了涂层。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了熔覆层的组织结构。结果表明，加入纳米Al2O3，界面的生长形态发生变化，由细长的柱状树枝晶转变为较短的树枝晶；纳米Al2O3含量大于1％时整个断面获得等轴枝晶组织；纳米Al2O3作为异质形核的核心，细化了组织；纳米Al2O3在熔覆层中分布不均匀，促进了γ-Co向ε—Co的转变；熔覆层的亚结构为层错。对熔覆层的组织形成机理进行了分析。     

复合型钨电极材料

复合型钨电极材料具有比单一稀土掺杂的钨电极材料更优异的综合性能。品种有 La2 O3 - Ce O2 - W、Ce O2 - Y2 O3 - W、La2 O3 - Y2 O3 - W,规格有方坯条和各种粗细的杆材 ,根据稀土含量不同 ,型号有 1 0、1 5、2 0、2 5等。不同稀土复合及不同型号的钨电极材料在使用中显示的特征略有差异。单 - Ce O2 - W或 La2 O3 -W,一种耐烧蚀性好 ,另一种起弧性好 ,研究将它们复合 ,结果既耐烧损又起弧良好 ,十分适宜氩弧焊接用。作大电流的等离子切割和阴极材料 ,使用 Ce O2 - W、Y2 O3 - W具有良好的耐烧蚀性能 ,可以满足一般要求 ,而Ca…     

氧化物颗粒尺寸对Mo-La_2O_3阴极电子发射及真空电弧特性的影响(英文)

采用高能球磨及热压烧结工艺制备了Mo-4%(质量分数,下同)La2O3纳米复合的阴极材料,其中La2O3的颗粒尺寸小于100 nm;作为比较,商业W-4%Th O2阴极材料中的Th O2颗粒尺寸为1~2μm。Mo-La2O3纳米阴极材料的平均真空起始电场强度为2.97×107V/m,比商业W-Th O2阴极材料低62.7%。纳米复合的Mo-La2O3阴极材料具有优异的电子发射性能,其电子发射点的分布面积和密度明显大于商业W-Th O2阴极材料。氧化物的颗粒尺寸对于阴极材料的电子发射性能以及真空电弧特性有显著的影响。随着La2O3颗粒尺寸的减小,Mo-La2O3阴极材料的电子发射性能提高。当La2O3的颗粒尺寸减小到小于100 nm时,Mo-La2O3阴极材料的电子发射面积和能力显著增加。纳米复合Mo-La2O3阴极材料电子发射性能的增强归因于在相界面上形成了高的内电场和空间电荷区。     

激光表面熔覆制备ODS Ni基高温合金涂层的凝固组织

采用横流CO2激光，在Ni基高温合金表面制备了纳米Al2O3弥散强化(ODS)Ni基合金熔覆层。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及EDS附件分析了熔覆层的组织结构。结果表明：界面晶粒的生长方向为垂直于界面的“外延式”生长；加入纳米Al2O3，界面的生长形态发生变化，由细长的柱状树枝晶转变为较短的树枝晶；纳米Al2O3含量增大至1％时整个断面获得等轴枝晶组织；纳米Al2O3作为异质形核的核心，细化了组织。     

纳米晶W-La2O3电极材料的形成与烧结行为

通过高能球磨将一定成分的W，La2O3粉研磨成纳米粉，在真空热压炉中将其烧结为块体的纳米晶电极材料。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)等手段分析晶粒的变化情况。结果表明，烧结的致密化主要在于纳米颗粒的重排，而不是传统的扩散；烧结过程中出现晶粒长大现象，但长大有限；机械研磨产生的内应变、某些杂质元素的存在等对烧结有促进作用。     

Effect of Oxide Particle Size on Electron Emission and Vacuum Arc Characteristic of Mo-La2O3 Cathode

采用高能球磨及热压烧结工艺制备了Mo-4%（质量分数,下同）La2O3纳米复合的阴极材料,其中La2O3的颗粒尺寸小于100 nm;作为比较,商业W-4% ThO2阴极材料中的ThO2颗粒尺寸为1~2 μm。Mo-La2O3纳米阴极材料的平均真空起始电场强度为2.97×107 V/m,比商业W-ThO2阴极材料低62.7%。纳米复合的Mo-La2O3阴极材料具有优异的电子发射性能,其电子发射点的分布面积和密度明显大于商业W-ThO2阴极材料。氧化物的颗粒尺寸对于阴极材料的电子发射性能以及真空电弧特性有显著的影响。随着La2O3颗粒尺寸的减小,Mo-La2O3阴极材料的电子发射性能提高。当La2O3的颗粒尺寸减小到小于100 nm时,Mo-La2O3 阴极材料的电子发射面积和能力显著增加。纳米复合Mo-La2O3阴极材料电子发射性能的增强归因于在相界面上形成了高的内电场和空间电荷区。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米复合Mo-La2O3阴极

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出平均粒径小于60nm的Mo-La2O3粉末。将所制备出的纳米复合Mo-La2O3粉末经冷压、热压工艺后烧结成纳米复合Mo-La2O3阴极。发现用溶胶-凝胶法制备的Mo-La2O3阴极组织均匀，晶粒细小，La2O3粒子晶粒大多在100nm以下，且弥散分布在晶内及晶界上。在燃弧实验中发现用溶胶．凝胶法制备的纳米复合Mo-La2O3阴极击穿点分布存阴极表面的大部分面积上，烧蚀坑浅，且击穿优先发生在La2O3相上。     

La2O3弥散强化钨合金的组织性能研究

采用机械球磨的方法制备W-1％La2O3（质量分数，下同）复合粉体，将粉体在1823K烧结1h制备出La2O3增强钨合金。对材料的显微组织结构和力学性能进行分析，结果表明：显微组织均匀，氧化镧主要以微小的颗粒分布在钨-钨界面上，钨晶粒尺寸约为10μm～15μm：La2O3增强钨合金的抗弯强度值475MPa，在相同密度条件下，相对纯钨烧结体提高了35％。抗弯断口形貌表明，加入氧化镧颗粒后，钨合金的断裂方式发生了变化，由钨晶粒断裂为主转变为穿晶断裂和沿晶断裂的混合，同时分析讨论了氧化镧颗粒对合金组织性能的影响。     

La2O3添加剂对BST陶瓷介电性能的影响

钛酸锶钡(Ba1-xSrxTiO3)优异的介电性能使其在微波可调器件的应用中成为热门材料.以BaCO3,SrCO3和TiO2为原料,采用传统的固相合成方法制备了Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3粉体,以La2O3为添加剂在1400℃烧结成钛酸锶钡陶瓷.分析了La2O3添加剂对陶瓷的微观形貌、相组成以及介电性能的影响.XRD分析表明La2O3能完全固溶到钛酸锶钡晶格中.掺杂后的陶瓷晶粒尺寸明显降低.掺杂了La2O3的钛酸锶钡的介电可调性有所增高.     

纳米复合W-La2O3材料的表面行为与热发射性能

采用"液液掺杂-冷冻干燥两段还原-SPS"法制备了纳米W-La2O3发射材料,利用原位俄射电子能谱分析技术研究了高温过程中发射材料的表层元素含量以及纵向元素分布,并采用自行研制的微机控制全自动电子发射测量装置测试了材料发射性能.研究表明:纳米W-La2O3发射材料的有效逸出功为2.92 eV,1 773 K下零场发射电流密度为2.52 A/cm2;加热过程中,材料体内以La2O3形式存在的镧、氧向表面扩散,在表层10 nm的地方出现La、O富集区,并形成了超额La,对电子发射起积极作用.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。