复合粘结节点强度—断裂预测模型

减聚力单元在有限元模型中被用以预测粘结节点的破坏，为明确表达减聚力单元，提出了一个新的强度一断裂模型。所提出的模型统一了预测初始破坏的强度标准以及预测破坏进程的断裂标准。通过在黏合剂—黏合剂界面以及粘结元素之间配置减聚力单元，模拟初始和界面破坏过程以及内聚裂缝。有限元表达中包含了黏合剂的几何非线性。通过节点配置的静态平衡预测同期裂缝和路径，结点包括双臂梁、单搭接接头、裂缝剪切搭接等。对这些节点的准静态有限元分析预测和试验结果的定性和定量分析显示，两者比较吻合。     

单向复合材料单搭接粘结节点的破坏预测及增强

提出了一种预测复合材料单搭接粘结节点在复合材料本体和粘结界面上破坏的方法。该方法采用了粘结剂和分层破坏判断的一个完全弹塑性模型,采用有限元方法和本文方法进行破坏预测。预测结果显示：破坏模式和强度都与各种粘结方法和参数下进行的节点模型试验结果吻合很好。基于数值分析,建立最佳节点强度条件,并提出一种新的提高节点强度的方法。验证结果表明：该方法可显著提高节点强度。     

混凝土-环氧树脂粘结界面的断裂模拟

在混凝土加固工程中,常采用环氧树脂等混凝土灌浆材料进行混凝土裂缝修复,会形成混凝土与环氧树脂的粘结界面。界面的强度影响结合材料强度,对界面性能的研究至关重要。基于ABAQUS采用内聚力单元和扩展有限元单元分别模拟界面断裂与混凝土断裂,以此研究含界面的混凝土断裂问题。讨论了界面粘结强度、混凝土抗拉强度、混凝土断裂能对含界面的楔入劈拉试件受力性能的影响。模拟结果表明,不仅数值分析结果与实验结果吻合较好,而且还能表现界面的损伤、断裂破坏过程,能够预测构件的承载力,有助于界面的优化设计。     

受温度、湿度、机械应力循环变化的CFRP-混凝土界面有限元模型

环境对FRP与混凝土粘结界面影响的模型是预测加强构件寿命周期的关键因素。组合系统的使用性能取决于系统的物理和化学老化程度。物理老化是一个可逆过程,主要与温度变化密切相关;由于树脂或界面长期曝露在环境中,化学老化是纤维的永久性退化。由于老化导致的强度降低和系统性能变化是评估土木工程基础强度的重要因素。本文建立有限元模型对长期暴露在交替温度和恒定湿度状态下的界面性能进行预测,同时也考虑了持续荷载的作用。所预测的强度、裂缝模式、破坏模式以及沿着粘结方向的应变变化与试验结果吻合较好。     

基于微观断裂机制的XK型相贯节点极限承载力分析

采用基于微观断裂机制的空穴扩张模型（VGM）和应力修正应变模型（SMCS）对XK型相贯节点进行断裂预测,分析了有限元模型中考虑焊缝构型与否对断裂预测结果的影响。通过与试验结果的对比,证明了合理考虑焊缝构型在相贯节点断裂预测中的重要性,验证了VGM模型用于预测相贯节点在单调荷载作用下延性断裂的适用性。分析了XK型相贯节点在腹杆轴力作用下的破坏模式和极限承载力。结果表明,XK型相贯节点可能在受拉腹杆与弦杆之间的焊缝处发生断裂,这种破坏模式属于强度破坏,节点极限承载力应取该断裂荷载|XK型相贯节点也可能在受压腹杆与弦杆相交处因过大的塑性变形而破坏,此时,节点极限承载力应取荷载-弦杆变形曲线的峰值荷载。XK型相贯节点的破坏模式与节点几何构造和腹杆受力状态有关。     

混凝土轴压溃裂过程的细观数值试验研究

将混凝土视为由骨料、砂浆以及它们之间的界面过渡区(ITZ)组成的细观复合材料,建立了一种包含零厚度粘结单元在内的有限元模型,将粘结单元嵌入到ITZ中以及砂浆单元的边界上,以形成潜在的裂缝发展路径。利用该模型对已生成的二维混凝土试件进行了单轴压缩的数值试验,获得了试件的应力-应变关系曲线以及试件从微裂纹萌发、裂缝开展到最后压溃破坏过程的裂缝演变状态,得到的宏观裂缝及溃裂形态与轴压物理试验十分相近,得到的力学响应曲线与物理试验也呈现良好的一致性。     

基于预插粘性界面单元的全级配混凝土梁弯拉破坏模拟

为确定预插粘性界面单元法模拟全级配混凝土梁在弯拉荷载作用下断裂破坏过程的有效性和适用性,基于粘结裂缝模型的基本原理,在混凝土梁的中心区域采用Monte Carlo法生成随机骨料模型,通过自编程序实现了砂浆单元间和界面处粘性界面单元的预插,对全级配细观混凝土梁的弯拉断裂破坏过程进行数值模拟,模拟结果与相关文献结果吻合良好。研究结果表明:预插粘性界面单元法能够有效地模拟细观混凝土材料的弯拉断裂破坏过程和宏观力学特性。     

支柱式绝缘子的粘结层脱粘失效仿真分析

采用基于内聚力裂缝模型(CCM)的有限元分析方法,模拟支柱式绝缘子的不同结构界面的力学特性,仿真再现了绝缘子受弯矩外载下界面脱粘失效的过程,并研究了粘结界面力学性能对绝缘子整体承载力的影响。分析表明,粘结层开裂过程可分为界面承载、界面开裂和裂纹扩展3个阶段;水泥粘结剂与金属基座的粘结层开裂时间早、脱粘速度快是绝缘子结构的薄弱环节;界面刚度、断裂能、极限强度的增加均能有效提高绝缘子的结构承载力,但随着承载力增加,破坏模型由界面脱粘变为水泥粘结剂受拉破坏。     

有粘结筋的锈蚀后张混凝土梁和钢丝破坏模式

对有粘结后张预应力混凝土梁的结构响应进行试验研究,建立数值分析模型。试验模拟了应力锈蚀的破坏效果,以及粘结筋在断裂端锚固的发展过程。测量了从加载到破坏的残余结构性能。考虑局部和整体参数,对带粘结预应力筋破坏以及加载梁的不同阶段,采用具有界面单元的非线性有限元模型进行模拟。假定预应力筋断裂引起的破坏分布出现在不同的位置,对不同的破坏模式进行了研究,总结了预应力结构的退化性能。     

基于焊缝模拟的圆钢管K型、T型节点承载力分析

通过焊材材性试验得到焊材本构模型,分别建立不考虑焊缝模拟、焊缝采用壳单元模拟、焊缝采用实体单元模拟的圆钢管K型及T型节点有限元分析模型,进行节点的有限元分析,并与已有文献试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明:采用实体单元模拟焊缝,节点破坏模式和承载力更接近试验结果,均是支管局部破坏和主管管壁破坏。将焊材和母材材性区别考虑进行焊缝模拟得到的节点承载力值更接近试验值。同时,区别焊材与母材材性建立的有限元模型分析表明:K型搭接节点隐藏焊缝焊接以及隐藏焊缝不焊接时贯通支管受拉将影响节点破坏模式。采用上述分析得到的最优有限元分析模型进行K型搭接节点参数分析,并拟合得出考虑节点参数影响的4类搭接节点承载力计算式,通过试验值校验后发现吻合程度良好。     

Acoustic emission monitoring of CFRP reinforced concrete slabs

Debonding of externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials used for repair of reinforced concrete elements is commonly observed and is often the critical limit state for such systems. This paper presents an acoustic emission (AE) study performed during laboratory tests of concrete slab specimens strengthened with CFRP strips. Several specimens having different CFRP details were monitored. An AE paradigm to monitor damage initiation, progression, and location in the test specimens is demonstrated. An algorithm to classify the cracks in concrete, the disbond of the CFRP strips from the soffit of the slab, and the eventual failure (debonding or concrete shear) is also presented. The proposed general approach can be applied to large scale CFRP–concrete systems.     

岩石三维表面裂纹扩展机理数值模拟研究

岩石破坏的本质原因是由于内部裂隙的萌生、扩展与贯通过程。从三维的角度出发,采用细观损伤数值模拟方法,模拟单轴压缩下含预制三维表面裂纹的岩石试样的破坏过程。数值模拟得到了表面裂隙内部扩展、贯通过程,动态再现翼型裂纹、壳体裂纹的形态,探讨三维裂纹内部的受力机制,推测可能发生的断裂类型,进一步探讨三维裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明：①反翼型裂纹并不一定萌生于预制裂纹端部,是由于翼型裂纹扩展后应力释放后的拉应力引起;②壳体裂纹的萌生与扩展阶段是由Ⅲ型加载断裂主导,而翼型裂纹扩展至一定长度之后停滞不前;③除了反翼型裂纹之外,还新发现了一种由壳体裂纹萌生出的次生裂纹,这种裂纹的扩展引起试样整体失稳崩溃;④岩石Ⅲ型加载（反平面剪切）难以获得Ⅲ型断裂破坏,壳体裂纹是由于Ⅲ型加载下的拉应力引起,实际上属于Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型复合裂纹;⑤非均匀性对岩石表面裂纹扩展影响很大,相对均匀岩石中难以出现曲线翼型裂纹或反翼裂纹。研究结果对于岩石三维裂隙扩展机理的物理力学实验与理论分析都具有参考意义。     

水压诱发裂缝拉伸与剪切破裂的理论模型研究

 基于断裂力学理论,分别研究水压诱发的拉伸与剪切破坏特征。在水压诱发拉伸破坏方面,建立考虑井筒影响的地应力与水压耦合下的射孔尖端裂缝应力强度因子计算方程,推演该条件下拉剪复合应力状态下的断裂准则以及临界水压和启裂角的计算式。运用该方法从理论上分析了井筒周围存在对称的2条裂纹时,启裂水压和角度受射孔倾角、射孔长度、井筒半径及主应力差的影响。研究结果表明,依据推演的拉剪复合型断裂准则计算得到的射孔启裂水压和角度与试验结果吻合良好。参数分析表明：随着射孔长度或井筒半径的增加,临界水压减小。在水压诱发剪切破坏方面,则根据裂纹面的应力状态,分别推导裂纹处于压剪闭合状态和压剪不闭合状态下,水压诱发剪切破坏的断裂准则,并考虑非奇异应力对剪切断裂的影响,进一步推导压剪闭合应力状态下发生剪切破坏的临界水压计算公式。     

Theoretical and numerical studies of crack initiation and propagation in rock masses under freezing pressure and far-field stress

Water-bearing rocks exposed to freezing temperature can be subjected to freezeethaw cycles leading tocrack initiation and propagation, which are the main causes of frost damage to rocks. Based on theGriffith theory of brittle fracture mechanics, the crack initiation criterion, propagation direction, andcrack length under freezing pressure and far-field stress are analyzed. Furthermore, a calculation methodis proposed for the stress intensity factor （SIF） of the crack tip under non-uniformly distributed freezingpressure. The formulae for the crack/fracture propagation direction and length of the wing crack underfreezing pressure are obtained, and the mechanism for coalescence of adjacent cracks is investigated.In addition, the necessary conditions for different coalescence modes of cracks are studied. Using thetopology theory, a new algorithm for frost crack propagation is proposed, which has the capability todefine the crack growth path and identify and update the cracked elements. A model that incorporatesmultiple cracks is built by ANSYS and then imported into FLAC3D. The SIFs are then calculated using aFISH procedure, and the growth path of the freezing cracks after several calculation steps is demonstratedusing the new algorithm. The proposed method can be applied to rocks containing fillings such asdetritus and slurry.
2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

类岩石材料内置不规则裂纹形状因子分析

脆性岩体中内置裂纹的萌生、扩展和贯通将导致岩体失稳破裂。为研究脆性岩体中内置裂纹的断裂特性,首先,利用室内相似材料模拟试验,验证了1/4节点奇异单元建立的含圆形水平内置裂纹的圆柱体有限元数值模型的正确性与可靠性。其次,为了分析裂纹尖端弯曲程度和裂纹相对试件尺寸对内置裂纹断裂特性的影响作用,定义了相对曲率半径比t和相对尺寸比n,用于描述不规则水平内置裂纹的几何形态。然后,利用圆型和椭圆型内置裂纹数值模型,分别研究了t值与n值对裂纹形状因子的影响规律。在此基础上,综合考虑二者的影响作用,得出了一种适用于计算任意凸曲线型水平内置裂纹形状因子的简易表达式。同时,对该表达式可靠性进行了验证,结果表明,对于圆型、椭圆型、不规则型裂纹,该式计算结果与数值计算结果的误差均小于2%。同时得出,在与极轴夹角约为60°和300°处,文中所述不规则裂纹尖端的应力强度因子值最大,裂纹将率先由此处扩展。研究结果可以为工程或实验中估算内置裂纹岩体的应力强度因子提供参考。     

Influence of heterogeneity on strength and failure characterization of cement-based composite subjected to uniform thermal loading

The influence of heterogeneity on strength and failure characterization of cement-based composite subjected to uniform thermal loading is investigated by Material Failure Process Analysis code (MFPA). The results indicate that failure patterns greatly depend on the location of cracks initiation, which is found to be sensitive to the local disorder nature within the specimen. The cracks initiation, nucleation and propagation at mesoscopic level show that it is very difficult to predict where the macrocrack will begin in the relatively homogeneous specimen. However, more randomly failures occur in the relatively heterogeneous specimen at the early stage of temperature elevation. And the macrocrack nucleation starts well before the peak strength is reached which indicates that the crack propagation and coalescence can be traced and be used to predict the macrofracture of the specimen. The failure processes of concrete indicate that most of cracks occurred at first on the interface between mortar matrix and coarse aggregates due to thermal mismatch, and then propagate into the mortar matrix, even break down the coarse aggregates.     

Strength and serviceability performance of beams reinforced with GFRP bars in flexure

Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars have been identified as an alternate construction material for reinforcing concrete during the last decade primarily due to its strength and durability related characteristics. These materials have strength higher than steel, but exhibit linear stress–strain response up to failure. Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity of GFRP is significantly lower than that of steel. This reduced stiffness often controls the design of the GFRP reinforced concrete elements. In the present investigation, GFRP reinforced beams designed based on limit state principles have been examined to understand their strength and serviceability performance. A block type rotation failure was observed for GFRP reinforced beams, while flexural failure was observed in geometrically similar control beams reinforced with steel rebars. An analytical model has been proposed for strength assessment accounting for the failure pattern observed for GFRP reinforced beams. The serviceability criteria for design of GFRP reinforced beams appear to be governed by maximum crack width. An empirical model has been proposed for predicting the maximum width of the cracks. Deflection of these GFRP rebar reinforced beams has been predicted using an earlier model available in the literature. The results predicted by the analytical model compare well with the experimental data.     

Application of the expanded distinct element method for the study of crack growth in rock-like materials under uniaxial compression

The expanded distinct element method (EDEM) was used to investigate the crack growth in rock-like materials under uniaxial compression. The tensile-shear failure criterion and the Griffith failure criterion were implanted into the EDEM to determine the initiation and propagation of pre-existing cracks, respectively. Uniaxial compression experiments were also performed with the artificial rock-like samples to verify the validity of the EDEM. Simulation results indicated that the EDEM model with the tensile-shear failure criterion has strong capabilities for modeling the growth of pre-existing cracks, and model results have strong agreement with the failure and mechanical properties of experimental samples. The EDEM model with the Griffith failure criterion can only simulate the splitting failure of samples due to tensile stresses and is incapable of providing a comprehensive interpretation for the overall failure of rock masses. Research results demonstrated that sample failure primarily resulted from the growth of single cracks (in the form of tensile wing cracks and shear secondary cracks) and the coalescence of two cracks due to the growth of wing cracks in the rock bridge zone. Additionally, the inclination angle of the pre-existing crack clearly influences the final failure pattern of the samples.     

Fracture coalescence in rock-type materials under uniaxial and biaxial compression

Fracture coalescence, which plays an important role in the behavior of brittle materials, is investigated by loading pre-fractured specimens of gypsum, used as a rock model material, in uniaxial and biaxial compression. Several new phenomena and their dependence on geometry and other conditions are observed. The specimens have two pre-existing fractures or flaws that are arranged in different geometries, and that can be either open or closed. Two different test series are performed with these flaw geometries, one under uniaxial loading and one with biaxial loading in which confining stresses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 MPa are applied. As the vertical (axial) load is increased, new cracks emanate from the flaws and eventually coalesce. Flaw slippage, wing crack initiation, secondary crack initiation, crack coalescence, and failure are observed. Two types of cracks occur: wing cracks, which are tensile cracks, and secondary cracks which initiate as shear cracks in a plane roughly co-planar with the flaw. The secondary cracks usually propagate as shear cracks in the same plane but, depending on the geometry, they also propagate out of plane as either tensile or shear cracks. The wing cracks initiate at the flaw tips for uniaxial or low confinement biaxial conditions but move to the middle of the flaw and disappear completely for higher confining stresses. Three types of coalescence, which depend on the geometry of the flaws and to some extent on stress conditions, occur; they can be distinguished by different combinations of wing cracks and secondary cracks. For closed flaw specimens, at least partial debonding and slippage of the flaws is required prior to initiation of a crack. In uniaxial compression coalescence and failure occur simultaneously, while failure in biaxial compression occurs after coalescence.     

Finite element modeling of bolted connections in thin-walled stainless steel plates under static shear

The recently performed experimental study indicates that the current Japanese steel design standards (AIJ) cannot be used to predict accurately the ultimate behavior of bolted connections loaded in static shear, which are fabricated from thin-walled (cold-formed) SUS304 austenite stainless steel plates and thus, modified formula for calculating the ultimate strength to account for the mechanical properties of stainless steel and thin-walled steel plates were proposed. In this study, based on the existing test data for calibration and parametric study, finite element (FE) model with three-dimensional solid elements using ABAQUS program is established to investigate the structural behavior of bolted shear connections with thin-walled stainless steel plate. Non-linear material and non-geometric analysis is carried out in order to predict the load–displacement curves of bolted connections. Curling, i.e., out of plane deformation of the ends of connection plates which occurred in test specimens was also observed in FE model without geometric imperfection, the effect of curling on the ultimate strength was examined quantitatively and the failure criteria which is suitable to predict failure modes of bolted connections was proposed. In addition, results of the FE analysis are compared with previous experimental results, failure modes and ultimate strengths predicted by recommended procedures of FE showed a good correlation with those of experimental results and numerical approach was found to provide estimates with reasonable accuracy.