熔焊设备

20084149金属粉芯焊丝焊接设备的研制/邢敏周…//石油工程建设.-2008,34(1):46~48随着石油天然气工业的发展,X80管道钢将越来越多地用于石油天然气管道建设,而金属粉芯焊丝是X80管道钢理想的焊接材料之一。成都熊谷电器工业有限公司开发了适合金属粉芯焊丝焊接的DSA-500数字化脉冲MIG/MAG焊机。该焊机具有直流、脉冲MIG/MAG焊功能,使用了软件开关逆变技术,实现了熔滴过渡、整机控制的数字化。介绍了该焊机的基本原理、主电路结构、控制系统和主要焊接功能。图5表220084150STT焊机在超细晶粒钢焊接中的试验研究/王燕…//电焊机.-2008,38(1):63~67采用STT焊接电源进行了400MPa级超细晶粒钢焊接试验。结果表明,在表面张力过渡CO2气保焊条件下,超细晶粒钢热影响区宽度极窄约为1mm,随着热输入增大,热影响区中过热区的晶粒尺寸随之增大,但低热输入的表面张力过渡使晶粒长大的程度得到控制。各焊接热输入下,热影响区各区平均硬度不低于母材,不存在软化现象。过热区为多相组织混合形貌,为低碳马氏体、贝氏体、珠光体、铁素体的不平衡混合组织。对热输入3.68kJ/cm时的焊接接头进...     

熔焊设备

20084149金属粉芯焊丝焊接设备的研制/邢敏周…//石油工程建设.-2008,34(1):46~48随着石油天然气工业的发展,X80管道钢将越来越多地用于石油天然气管道建设,而金属粉芯焊丝是X80管道钢理想的焊接材料之一。成都熊谷电器工业有限公司开发了适合金属粉芯焊丝焊接的DSA-500数字化脉冲MIG/MAG焊机。该焊机具有直流、脉冲MIG/MAG焊功能,使用了软件开关逆变技术,实现了熔滴过渡、整机控制的数字化。介绍了该焊机的基本原理、主电路结构、控制系统和主要焊接功能。图5表220084150STT焊机在超细晶粒钢焊接中的试验研究/王燕…//电焊机.-2008,38(1):63~67采用STT焊接电源进行了400MPa级超细晶粒钢焊接试验。结果表明,在表面张力过渡CO2气保焊条件下,超细晶粒钢热影响区宽度极窄约为1mm,随着热输入增大,热影响区中过热区的晶粒尺寸随之增大,但低热输入的表面张力过渡使晶粒长大的程度得到控制。各焊接热输入下,热影响区各区平均硬度不低于母材,不存在软化现象。过热区为多相组织混合形貌,为低碳马氏体、贝氏体、珠光体、铁素体的不平衡混合组织。对热输入3.68kJ/cm时的焊接接头进...     

超细晶粒钢低热输入CO2气体保护焊接头行为分析

研究了400 MPa级超细晶粒钢基于表面张力过渡、CO2气体保护焊、特殊窄间隙坡口、不同热输入条件下的焊接接头的成形与力学行为.结果表明,热输入在3～4 kJ/cm范围时可获得熔合良好、单面焊双面成形、热影响区极窄(1 mm左右)的焊接接头.该接头的硬度、抗拉强度高于母材,未见热影响区脆化与软化现象;弯曲塑性合格;焊接热影响区平均冲击韧性高于母材约60%.焊接热影响区冲击韧性高于母材的原因与粒状珠光体组织生成、多相非平衡组织共存和更高的屈服应力有关.     

400MPa级超细晶粒钢的焊接

对超细晶粒钢在焊接热循环作用下晶粒长大和组织、性能变化的规律进行了研究。400MPa级钢由于不存在第Ⅱ相粒子对晶粒长大的钉扎作用,晶粒长大趋势明显,焊接热输入越大,长大程度越严重。无论是焊接热模拟试件还是焊接接头硬度测试均表明HAZ不存在软化问题,接头拉伸试验断在远离热影响区的母材上。HAZ粗晶区有较多的侧板条铁素体,但制品冲击功未显示热影响区的冲机韧性低于母材,尽管试件断口分析说明粗晶区的韧性低于母材。     

Si-Mn-Mo系低碳贝氏体钢焊接热影响区的脆化机理

用焊接热模拟,普通光学金相,透射、扫描电镜及电子探针,X射线和常规拉伸、冲出等手段研究了一种新型Si-Mn-Mo系低碳贝氏体钢焊接热影响区过热区的组织和性能的关系,重点探讨了过热区的脆化机理.结果表明,在焊接热模拟条件下,原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸是影响机械性能的主要因素.少量准下贝氏体与低碳马氏体的混合组织具有最佳的强韧性配合.随线能量增加,影响韧性的主要因素是奥氏体晶粒粗化以及高温时碳原子在奥氏体晶界及其附近的偏聚;而且碳原子的这种偏聚是经过较高线能量热循环后出现沿晶脆性断口的主要原因.粒状贝氏体及粒状组织中的M-A岛不是该钢焊接热影响区过热区脆化的原因.     

焊接热输入对Q890/Q550异种钢激光-MAG复合焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

采用激光-MAG复合焊进行了Q890/Q550异种钢焊接试验,研究不同焊接热输入对异种钢焊接接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,在相同热输入下,焊缝两侧过热区主要由板条马氏体和少量贝氏体组织组成,细晶区为致密的板条马氏体组织,Q890钢侧的马氏体含量比Q550侧多,板条更加粗短,焊缝冲击断口具有剪切韧窝特征,冲击韧性优于热影响区;随着热输入从3.5 kJ/cm增加到9.6 kJ/cm,过热区晶粒粗化,贝氏体逐渐增多,马氏体含量减少,焊缝和热影响区冲击吸收能量略微减小。三种热输入下拉伸试件均断在母材Q550钢,断后伸长率相当,断裂方式为韧性断裂,焊接接头强度高于母材。     

AZ31镁合金管TIG焊焊接工艺及性能研究

采用φ2 mm镁合金焊丝,在焊接电流30～50 A,焊接速度10～15 mm/s的条件下,交流TIG焊焊接AZ31镁合金管,用光学显微镜观察镁合金母材、焊缝及热影响区的显微组织,测定了接头和母材硬度.结果表明:焊缝与热影响区之间的熔合线清晰可见;热影响区组织由于过热影响而晶粒粗大;焊缝区的晶粒比热影响区细小,由细小的等轴晶组成,是典型的铸造急冷组织;Mg17Al12和Mg17(AlZn)12共晶体呈不连续网状分布在晶界上.由于焊缝表面的晶粒细小且排列紧密,焊缝硬度比母材低,比热影响区高.     

金属的焊接性

20084032超细晶粒钢低热输入CO2气体保护焊接头行为分析/张富巨…//焊接学报.-2008,29(2):77~80研究了400MPa级超细晶粒钢基于表面张力过渡、CO2气体保护焊、特殊窄间隙坡口、不同热输入条件下的焊接接头的成形与力学行为。结果表明,热输入在3~4kJ/cm范围时可获得熔合良好、单面焊双面成形、热影响区极窄(1mm左右)的焊接接头。该接头的硬度、抗拉强度高于母材,未见热影响区脆化与软化现象;弯曲塑性合格;焊接热影响区平均冲击韧性高于母材约60%。焊接热影响区冲击韧性高于母材的原因与粒状珠光体组织生成、多相非平衡组织共存和更高的屈服应力有关。图4表3参820084033焊接热物理条件对В96цс铝合金焊接接头近缝区金属抗破坏强度的影响[俄]/ЛабурТМ…//Автомат.сварка.-2007(4):28~33研究了含锆和含钪粒子体积含量、表面几何形状和化学成分对В96цс复杂熔合高强度铝合金熔焊和电子束焊热影响区金属抗裂性能的影响。图7表2参1220084034电磁对金属及其焊接接头影响的特点[俄]/МоравецкийСИ…//Автомат.сварка.-2007(6):2...     

金属的焊接性

20084032超细晶粒钢低热输入CO2气体保护焊接头行为分析/张富巨…//焊接学报.-2008,29(2):77~80研究了400MPa级超细晶粒钢基于表面张力过渡、CO2气体保护焊、特殊窄间隙坡口、不同热输入条件下的焊接接头的成形与力学行为。结果表明,热输入在3~4kJ/cm范围时可获得熔合良好、单面焊双面成形、热影响区极窄(1mm左右)的焊接接头。该接头的硬度、抗拉强度高于母材,未见热影响区脆化与软化现象;弯曲塑性合格;焊接热影响区平均冲击韧性高于母材约60%。焊接热影响区冲击韧性高于母材的原因与粒状珠光体组织生成、多相非平衡组织共存和更高的屈服应力有关。图4表3参820084033焊接热物理条件对В96цс铝合金焊接接头近缝区金属抗破坏强度的影响[俄]/ЛабурТМ…//Автомат.сварка.-2007(4):28~33研究了含锆和含钪粒子体积含量、表面几何形状和化学成分对В96цс复杂熔合高强度铝合金熔焊和电子束焊热影响区金属抗裂性能的影响。图7表2参1220084034电磁对金属及其焊接接头影响的特点[俄]/МоравецкийСИ…//Автомат.сварка.-2007(6):2...     

焊接速度对高强钢激光焊热影响区软化的影响

以双相钢和马氏体钢为对象,进行了不同焊接速度下不同强度等级的先进高强钢光纤激光焊接热影响区硬度及软化行为的试验研究.结果表明:双相钢激光焊接焊缝区硬度远高于母材硬度,而马氏体钢焊缝区硬度与母材强度相近.而激光焊接热影响区中近母材区域产生的回火马氏体,造成该区域硬度显著降低,出现热影响区软化.在同一焊接速度下,先进高强钢的强度等级越高,热影响区硬度越低,软化现象越明显.焊接速度的减小,激光焊接过程热量增大,热影响区硬度减小,软化现象也越明显.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.