Antioxidant efficiency of oregano during frying and storage of potato chips

The effect of oregano on the oxidative stability of cottonseed oil during frying of potato chips and on the storage stability of the produced chips was studied. The ground spice or an ethanol‐derived extract thereof was added to the oil at a concentration of 2 g l^?1 (dry basis) before frying. The results showed that both ground oregano and its ethanol‐derived extract decreased the rates of accumulation of conjugated dienes, polar compounds, polymerised triglycerides, dimeric triglycerides as well as p‐anisidine value (p‐AV) of the frying oil. The major decrease was observed in the accumulation of polymerised and dimeric triglycerides. The accumulation of oxidised triglycerides showed a low decrease with the addition of oregano, while the hydrolytic compounds formed during frying were not affected. No significant difference (at 95% significance level) between ground oregano and its ethanol‐derived extract was observed. The storage stability of potato chips removed from the fryer at various time intervals was estimated by the rates of increase in peroxide value and conjugated dienes of the oil absorbed in the chips. Both rates were depressed when oregano was added to the frying oil; the protective action of oregano extract was considerably greater (at 95% significance level) than that of ground oregano. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Performance of palm olein in repeated deep frying and controlled heating processes

The stability of refined, bleached and deodorised (RBD) palm olein was studied under both repeated frying and controlled heating conditions. Two different frying foods i.e. chicken nuggets and French fries were used to evaluate the oil performance under various frying conditions. Thermo-oxidative alterations were measured through various physical and chemical parameters. Total polar compounds (TPC), polymeric triglycerides (PTG), blueness (b^∗ value), chroma (C^∗ value), refractive index and viscosity increased linearly with the number of frying/heating cycles. Palmitic acid content increased and linoleic acid content decreased linearly with the number of frying cycles. No significant changes in oleic acid were detected. Thermo-oxidative reactions induced under the heating conditions were found to be faster as compared to those under the frying conditions. The PTG formed at the end of heating cycles (16.42%) were substantially higher as compared to those formed at the end of frying French fries (9.72%) and chicken nuggets (5.34%).     

不同抗氧化剂对菜籽油煎炸过程极性组分类别及含量的影响

向菜籽油中分别添加茶多酚、迷迭香、TBHQ做抗氧化剂,进行32 h连续煎炸油条实验,对不同煎炸时间所取油样的酸价、总极性组分(PC)含量及PC中分解产物和氧化聚合产物的含量进行测定,并与空白煎炸油样进行对比,研究不同抗氧化剂对菜籽油煎炸稳定性和品质的影响。结果显示,煎炸结束时,添加茶多酚、迷迭香、TBHQ及空白油样的酸价从煎炸初始的0.1 mg/g分别上升至1.4、2.2、2.9、4.5 mg/g,PC含量从3.90%分别上升至28.62%、46.01%、46.64%、25.8%,PC中分解产物总量从2.23%分别增加至2.69%、3.86%、4.81%、4.26%,氧化聚合产物总量从1.99%分别增加至28.50%、42.16%、41.94%、21.55%,其在PC中的占比由47.88%分别增加至91.44%、91.77%、89.91%、83.50%。添加抗氧化剂可以明显抑制菜籽煎炸油的酸价升高,但对PC升高没有抑制作用,甚至对PC中氧化聚合产物的形成具有促进作用。     

Effects of conventional and microwave heating on the degradation of olive oil

A comparative study was performed to evaluate the effects that microwave (12 and 15 min at 1,100 W) and conventional heating (36 and 45 min at 230 °C) have on olive oil (refined+virgin). The extent of the oxidative and hydrolytic degradation of the differently heated oils was evaluated by high performance size-exclusion chromatographic analysis of their polar compounds. The experimental results showed a great degradation of the oils with values of polar compounds higher than 26% at the most intense treatment. Significantly higher amounts of polar compounds, of triglyceride oligopolymers - known to have adverse effects on human health - and of oxidised triglycerides were found in microwaved than in conventionally heated oils, indicating a higher extent of oxidative degradation.     

Effect of potato presence on the degradation of extra virgin olive oil during frying

This work investigates the effect of potato presence on the degradation of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) during repeated frying. For this reason the performance of EVOO during frying was compared with its performance during heating at frying temperatures. In order to make meaningful comparisons the temperature profiles obtained during the frying experiments were replicated during the heating experiments by means of a high energy exchange rate cooling/heating system. The effects of potato‐to‐oil ratio (1/7 and 1/35 kg_potatoes/L_oil) and number (N) of batches (N = 0, 1, 0, 20, 30, 40) were examined. EVOO was analysed using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). It was found that polymerisation products increased linearly during frying and heating and that they were not affected by potatoes presence at low ratio. The effect of potato presence became statistically significant (yet not remarkable) at the high ratio. Decomposition products increased during frying whereas they decreased during heating.     

影响煎炸油中极性化合物生成因素的研究

研究了食用油长时间煎炸过程中各因素对极性化合物生成的影响。分别对煎炸时间、煎炸温度、煎炸用油品种、煎炸原料品种对极性化合物的生成进行了研究。结果表明,煎炸油中的极性化合物含量随着煎炸时间的延长、煎炸温度的升高而增加,食品的长时间煎炸建议选择煎炸温度为180℃,煎炸时间不超过8 h;煎炸用油品种不同,其耐煎炸性能差异较大,棕榈油的煎炸性能优于菜籽油、大豆油、花生油三种油,比较适合用于食品煎炸;五种煎炸用食品原料油条、薯条、藕片、香蕉、豆腐相比较而言,在煎炸豆腐时,煎炸油中极性化合物含量增加最多。     

气相色谱-质谱联用结合化学计量学分析棕榈油煎炸过程中化学成分的变化

为了探究棕榈油在煎炸过程中化学成分的变化与极性组分之间的相关性,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术获取了不同煎炸时间煎炸油的化学成分信息,结合化学计量学软件进行数据筛选、主成分分析与聚类分析。结果表明：经过筛选后的数据,不同煎炸时间煎炸油在主成分得分图上区分明显;聚类分析可将煎炸不同时间的煎炸油分成三类,每类之间化学成分差异明显,其中过度煎炸组极性组分含量基本大于27%;初步鉴别出9种煎炸过程中产生的差异性化合物,这些化合物的含量变化均与极性组分含量呈明显的线性关系（R2＞0.95）。研究表明,煎炸油在煎炸过程中化学成分会发生变化,部分变化与极性组分含量呈线性相关,极性组分含量可以作为评判煎炸油劣变程度的有效依据。     

Effects of egg yolk powder addition to the flour dough on the lipid oxidation development during frying

Effects of egg yolk powder added to the dough on the oxidation of frying oil and lipid of fried products were studied. Flour dough containing egg yolk at 0, 3.53, 6.73, and 9.66/100 g was fried in 180 °C sunflower oil for 1.5 min, and 55 fryings were performed. Lipid damage was determined by free fatty acids (FFA), conjugated dienoic acids (CDA), and polar compounds contents, and p-anisidine values (PAV). Phospholipid (PL) classes were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. PL was not detected in frying oil and fried products without egg yolk, while the first batch of fried products added with egg yolk at 3.53, 6.73, and 9.66 in 100 g of the dough contained total PL at 3.73, 7.93, and 8.98 mg/g, respectively. Contents of PL classes tended to increase in the products fried in the oil performing more fryings. As the number of fryings of oil increased, FFA, CDA, and polar compounds contents and PAV of frying oil increased. Addition of egg yolk to the dough significantly decreased CDA and polar compounds contents and PAV of frying oil, but it increased FFA values. Lipid of fried products showed the same tendency in CDA contents and PAV. The results clearly indicate that egg yolk powder improved the oxidative stability of frying oil during frying, possibly due to PL.     

Oxidative Stability of Soybean and Sesame Oil Mixture during Frying of Flour Dough

ABSTRACT: Effects of roasted sesame seed oil on the oxidative stability of soybean oil during frying of flour dough at 160 °C were studied by determining fatty acid composition and conjugated dienoic acid (CDA), p -anisidine (PA), and free fatty acid (FFA) values. Concentration of sesame oil in frying oil was 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% (v/v). Tocopherols and lignan compounds in the frying oil were also determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. As the number of fryings performed by the oil increased, linolenic acid content in frying oil decreased, and the decreasing rate was lower in frying oil containing sesame oil than in the oil containing no sesame oil. CDA and FFA values of frying oil increased during frying and their relative values to the initial value were lower in frying oil containing sesame oil than in the oil containing no sesame oil. This indicates that the addition of sesame oil improved thermooxidative stability of frying oil, possibly due to the presence of lignan compounds in sesame oil. Tocopherols and lignan compounds in frying oil decreased during frying. As the amount of sesame oil in frying oil increased, degradation of tocopherols increased and lignan compounds degradation decreased. Tocopherols were suggested to protect lignan compounds in sesame oil from decomposition during frying.     

A comparison between olive oil and extra-virgin olive oil used as covering liquids in canned dried tomatoes: hydrolytic and oxidative degradation during storage

The hydrolytic and oxidative degradation of olive oil and extra‐virgin olive oil, used as covering liquids in canned dried tomatoes, was studied during storage by means of conventional (acidity, peroxide value, p‐anisidine value) and non conventional (polar compounds) analyses. The effects of the addition of spices were also considered. The hydrolysis and oxidation of olive oil increased faster and was higher than that of extra‐virgin olive oil in terms of absolute values but some other indices, such as percentage of oligopolymers and percentage of oxidized triglycerides, increased faster in extra‐virgin olive oil than in olive oil. The antioxidant effect given by a higher concentration of polyphenols in the extra‐virgin olive oil was shown by a reduced amount of secondary oxidation. However, olive oil and extra‐virgin olive oils showed similar behaviour in terms of peroxide formation.     

Effect of the Addition of Basil Essential Oil on the Degradation of Palm Olein during Repeated Deep Frying of French Fries

The potential antioxidant power of basil essential oil under frying conditions was explored. Two concentrations (200 or 500 ppm) were added to palm olein (PO) to evaluate their effect on fat oxidation/degradation during repeated frying of French fries at 180 °C. A higher oxidative stability index was detected for PO with basil essential oil at 200 ppm. Both concentrations showed lower p‐anisidine values than PO without basil essential oil after 5 d of frying. Addition at 500 ppm resulted in the lowest total polar compounds and free fatty acids contents. Thus, the addition of basil essential oil improved the performance of PO during repeated frying of French fries.     

食用植物油煎炸过程中的品质变化北大核心CSCD

利用花生油、大豆油、调和油、棕榈油4种食用植物油作为煎炸油对豆腐、裹粉鸡柳、油条3种食材进行煎炸,研究煎炸时间对煎炸油极性组分含量及羰基值的影响,确定煎炸油时间预警点,同时研究了不同煎炸油品种、不同食材对煎炸油极性组分含量的影响。结果表明:极性组分含量、羰基值均与煎炸时间呈正相关(r_(极性组分)=0.809,r_(羰基值)=0.859,P=0.000);煎炸6~11 h煎炸油极性组分含量均值从初始的11.85%增至20.96%,最大值为34.10%,可作为煎炸油质量不达标的时间预警点;煎炸12 h,极性组分含量从低到高依次为花生油、棕榈油、调和油、大豆油,含量分别为21.1%、24.1%、26.8%、27.8%,豆腐、裹粉鸡柳、油条煎炸油中极性组分含量分别为17.7%、25.0%、32.2%;煎炸18 h,极性组分含量增大程度由低到高为棕榈油/调和油、大豆油、花生油,煎炸食材用油为豆腐煎炸油、裹粉鸡柳煎炸油、油条煎炸油。     

食用油煎炸过程中影响极性成分生成因素的研究

食用油在煎炸过程中会发生劣变,产生的极性化合物对人体健康有不良影响。对食用油煎炸过程中影响极性成分生成的因素进行了研究,结果表明,极性成分的含量随着煎炸时间的延长、煎炸温度的升高而增加,同时还与煎炸油品种和煎炸过程中新油的添加方式相关。     

油茶籽油甘三酯组成的NARP-HPLC-EISD分析及其在高温处理过程中的降解研究

油茶籽油甘三酯在优化条件下得到良好分离,在14种甘三酯中含量水平前三的分别为OOO+SLO(74.21%)、OOP(10.64%)和OOL+SLL(5.19%)。方差分析表明来自不同产地的油茶籽油甘三酯分布情况存在差异。油茶籽油在深层煎炸过程(180℃)中甘三酯的总体损失率为47.85%,ECN40、ECN_(42)、ECN_(44)、ECN_(46)、ECN_(48)和ECN_(50)区的甘三酯损失率分别为86.73%、91.52%、75.97%、45.01%和55.30%。LLL和PPL历经40 h煎炸后完全降解。与深层煎炸油样相比,加热(180℃)样品中甘三酯的降解程度相对降低。偏相关分析表明油茶籽油甘三酯在深层煎炸过程中的降解速率与极性组分的生成速率呈负相关。     

Effects of Sesame Oil Addition to Soybean Oil During Frying on the Lipid Oxidative Stability and Antioxidants Contents of the Fried Products During Storage in the Dark

ABSTRACT: Effects of sesame oil addition to soybean oil during frying on the lipid oxidative stability and antioxidants contents of fried products during storage in the dark were studied. Flour dough pieces (2 cm × 2 cm × 0.1 cm) were fried at 160 °C for 1 min in sesame oil-added soybean oil. Concentrations of sesame oil in the frying oil were 0%, 10%, and 20% by volume. Fried products were put into a glass bottle, and the bottles were tightly sealed and stored at 60 °C in the dark for 18 d. Lipid oxidation of fried products was determined by fatty acid composition changes and conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) and p -anisidine (PA) values. Tocopherols and lignan compounds in the fried products were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Relative content of linolenic acid decreased, and CDA and PA values increased during storage of the fried products in the dark. Fatty acid composition change and CDA and PA values during storage were lower in the products fried in sesame oil-added soybean oil than in the products fried in soybean oil without sesame oil. The results clearly showed that addition of roasted sesame oil to soybean oil at 10% and 20% during frying decreased the lipid oxidation of fried products during storage in the dark for 18 d by extension of induction period and decrease in decomposition of oxidized lipids. Fried products contained 134 to 267 ppm tocopherols and 0 to 148 ppm lignans before storage; however, their contents decreased during storage in the dark. Lignan compounds were more stable than tocopherols, and the rate of tocopherols degradation was lower in the products fried in sesame oil-added soybean oil than in the products fried in soybean oil without sesame oil, which could be because of protection of tocopherols from degradation by lignan compounds.     

Quality changes in trans and trans free fats/oils and products during frying

The physico-chemical changes occurring during simulated frying conditions at 180 °C for 24 h in trans free speciality fat, trans rich vanaspati and PUFA rich sunflower oil were evaluated. The samples became darker, the polar components and viscosity increased as the time of heating increased. The oxidative stability as determined by peroxide, anisidine values and TOTOX number, increased, whereas the total unsaturated fatty acids and iodine value decreased with time of heating in all the samples. The trans free speciality fat was as stable as vanaspati showing similar quality parameters, while sunflower oil showed a higher degree of deterioration. The layered fat used for traditional products such as Chiroti dough consisted 14% trans fatty acids (TFA), which was reduced to 4–7%, and correspondingly 18:2 was increased in the product upon frying in sunflower oil. Accordingly, trans fatty acids increased in the medium from 0 to 7.5%. Chiroti when fried in vanaspati with TFA 18%, their content in both products (16%) and in medium (17%) remained similar.     

Comparative Study and Quality Evaluation of Italian Focaccias Seasoned with Extra Virgin Olive Oil

An extra virgin olive oil was used as seasoning for three different types of focaccia produced on an industrial scale. This oil and samples of the oil extracted from the focaccias after baking were submitted to routine analyses and to silica gel column chromatography to separate polar compounds. These were then subjected to high performance size-exclusion chromatographic (HPSEC) analysis and it allowed to determine oxidative and hydrolytic degradation products. The results were compared with those obtained from artisan focaccias, seasoned with the same oil and toppings, by statistical analyses. The different technologies and the toppings employed directed in different ways the oxidative and hydrolytic processes in the oil.     

Quality assessment of refined oil blends during repeated deep frying monitored by SPME–GC–EIMS,GC and chemometrics

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the refined palm oil addition (20%) on the fatty acid and sterol compositions of refined olive oil or refined soya bean oil and also to investigate the formation of total polar compounds and volatile compounds in these oil blends during fifty successive deep‐frying sessions of potato fries at 180 °C. The blend of refined olive oil and refined palm oil exhibited a higher chemical stability during the frying process than that of refined soya bean oil and refined palm oil. Indeed, the total polar compounds and volatile compounds formed, especially 2,4‐decadienal, were found to be relatively increased in the refined soya bean oil/refined palm oil blend reaching 36.50% and 46.70%, respectively, after fifty deep‐frying sessions. Moreover, the degradation of linoleic acid and β‐sitosterol was significantly (P < 0.05) observed for the refined soya bean oil/refined palm oil blend. The results have proven that the proper blending of monounsaturated refined olive oil with refined palm oil increases its stability and hence improves the quality of such olive oil during frying process.     

Oxidation of corn oil during frying of soy-flour-added flour dough

ABSTRACT:  Oxidation of corn oil during frying of soy–flour-added dough was studied. Flour dough containing soy flour at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% was fried in corn oil at 180 °C for 2.5 min, and a total of 60 fryings were performed every 30 min. The oxidation of oil was determined by contents of free fatty acids (FFA), conjugated dienoic acids (CDA), polar compounds, and p -anisidine values (PAV). Tocopherols and phospholipids (PLs) in the oil were determined by HPLC. Tocopherols were present in corn oil at 1000 ppm before frying and increased after the first frying of dough containing soy flour due to tocopherol transfer from soy–flour-added dough to the oil during frying. However, as the oil repeated frying, tocopherol contents decreased and its degradation rate was higher in the oil that fried soy–flour-added dough than in the oil that fried the dough without soy flour. PL was not detected in corn oil before and after frying. As the oil repeated frying, FFA, CDA, and polar compounds contents, and PAV of frying oil increased due to the oil oxidation. The values were higher in the oil which fried soy–flour-added dough than in the oil fried the dough without soy flour, indicating the acceleration of oil oxidation by soy flour added to dough. Increase in the oil oxidation by soy flour added to the dough was highly correlated with fast decomposition of tocopherol in the oil.     

Influence of fatty acid composition on chemical changes in blends of sunflower oils during thermoxidation and frying

The influence of fatty acid composition on formation of new compounds at frying temperatures has been studied in seven samples of sunflower oils widely differing in their fatty acid composition. Thermal oxidation assays as well as frying experiments were carried out and samples were evaluated by measuring the new compounds formed, i.e. polymers, polar compounds and their distribution by molecular weight, and polar fatty acids and their distribution by molecular weight. The levels of all the new compounds analysed strongly depended on the degree of oil unsaturation; the two least unsaturated oils with low content of linoleic acid and high content of palmitic acid behaved exceptionally well. When considering polar compounds or polar fatty acids, the polymers/oxidised monomers ratio increased significantly as the level of degradation increased. The new compounds formed are practically identical when analysed in the used frying oils or in the lipids extracted from the counterpart fried potatoes, independently of the level of degradation.