Effects of roasting on ruminal nutrient degradability of sunflower seed

A study was conducted to determine the effects of roasting sunflower seed using heated particulate medium (heated salt at 250 °C, 60 s contact of salt and sunflower seed and 120 s holding time) on crude protein (CP) fractions, ruminal dry matter (DM) and CP degradabilities, and ruminal disappearance of amino and fatty acids. Two ruminally fistulated cows were used in a randomised complete block design. Roasting of sunflower seed decreased (P < 0.05) soluble protein and increased (P < 0.05) neutral detergent‐insoluble protein with little effect on acid detergent‐insoluble protein. Results of the in situ nylon bag study showed that roasting decreased (P < 0.05) ruminal degradability of DM and CP and increased (P < 0.05) ruminal undegraded CP of sunflower seed. Roasting increased (P < 0.05) intestinal digestibility of ruminal undegraded protein. Ruminal disappearance of all amino acids (following 12 h of incubation) was greater (P < 0.05) for raw than for roasted sunflower seed. Similar results were also observed for ruminal disappearance of fatty acids. It was concluded that roasting of sunflower seed using heated salt decreased ruminal nutrient degradabilities and thus increased the concentrations of amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids available for digestion in the small intestine. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

葵花籽粕酶法制备多肽的湿热预处理研究

以葵花籽粕为原料,以氮得率和热处理物总氮含量为评价指标,通过单因素试验分别研究pH、过筛目数、料液比、处理时间对葵花籽粕酶法制备多肽湿热预处理的影响。在此基础上,利用正交试验进行工艺优化得到湿热预处理最佳工艺条件为:pH 4.0,过筛目数60目,料液比1∶10,处理时间5 min。在最佳条件下,氮得率为98.14%,热处理物总氮含量为10.16%。     

Chemical characterisation and ruminal nutrient degradability of hulled and hull-less oats

The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical and ruminal nutrient degradability characteristics of two hulled (Calibre and AC Mustang) and one hull-less (AC Belmont) oat varieties. Ruminal nutrient degradability characteristics of the oat varieties were determined relative to barley using one ruminally fistulated cow. Neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre levels were higher (P < 0·05) in hulled than hull-less oats. Hulled AC Mustang had higher (P < 0·05) NDF and ADF content than hulled Calibre. Starch content was higher (P < 0·05) in AC Belmont (590 g kg⁻¹) than Calibre (457 g kg⁻¹) and was higher in Calibre than AC Mustang (415 g kg⁻¹). Crude protein was higher (P < 0·05) in hull-less than hulled oat. Both hulled varieties had similar CP content (average 124 g kg⁻¹). Estimated digestible energy value was highest (P < 0·05) for AC Belmont (16·94 MJ kg⁻¹), intermediate for Calibre (14·18 MJ kg⁻¹) and lowest for AC Mustang (13·34 MJ kg⁻¹). Ruminal dry matter and NDF degradability were higher (P < 0·05) in hull-less than barley and was higher in barley than hulled oats. Ruminal starch degradability exceeded 900 g kg⁻¹ for all tested feeds and had the order AC Belmont = barley > Calibre = AC Mustang. It was concluded that oat varieties used in this study varied considerably in their chemical composition and ruminal degradability. When compared with barley, hulled oats had lower while hull-less oats had higher ruminal degradability. © 1998 SCI.     

Effects of cultivars on ensiling characteristics,chemical composition,and ruminal degradability of pea silage

A study was conducted to determine the effects of cultivar on ensiling characteristics, chemical composition and ruminal nutrient degradability of pea (Pisum sativum L.) silage. The cultivars evaluated were Lenca (L), Carneval (C), and Delta (D). Peas were field-grown and forage was harvested and ensiled in mini-silos for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 70 d. The ensiled forage of all cultivars went through a rapid fermentation with a sharp reduction in pH during the first 2 days of ensiling. Extensive proteolysis took place between 0 and 2 d as indicated by a reduction in true protein and neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDICP) and an increase in nonprotein nitrogen. Chemical analysis of the 70 d silage showed that cultivar L contained higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber and lower starch levels than C and D. Crude protein was highest for C (20.5% DM), intermediate for D (19.0% DM) and lowest for L (17.9% DM). Distribution of protein fractions showed that L contains lower soluble protein and higher NDICP levels than the other two pea cultivars. However, no difference in acid detergent insoluble protein levels was observed between the three cultivars. Results of the in situ incubation experiment indicated that L had lower ruminal DM (69.2 vs 74.0%) and CP (84.1 vs 90.6%) degradabilities than C or D. However, ruminal degradability of NDF was similar among the three cultivars (average of 32.9%). It was concluded that chemical composition and ruminal nutrient degradability of pea silage are significantly influenced by cultivars.     

Chemical composition and ruminal degradability of lucerne (Medicago sativa) products

A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and in situ nutrient ruminal degradability of three lucerne products. These were dehydrated pellets, sun‐cured pellets and cubes. Results of the chemical analysis showed that sun‐cured pellets had the highest (P < 0.05) neutral and acid detergent fibre as well as total carbohydrate levels, followed by cubes and dehydrated pellets respectively. Crude protein (CP) content was highest (P < 0.05) for dehydrated pellets (204.3 g kg^?1), intermediate for sun‐cured pellets (160.0 g kg^?1) and lowest for cubes (153.2 g kg^?1). Intermediately degradable CP (buffer‐insoluble CP minus neutral detergent‐insoluble CP) was the main protein fraction in the three products and was higher (P < 0.05) in cubes than in dehydrated and sun‐cured pellets. Estimated net energy of lactation was highest (P < 0.05) for dehydrated pellets (5.9 MJ kg^?1), intermediate for cubes (5.23 MJ kg^?1) and lowest (P < 0.05) for sun‐cured pellets (5.15 MJ kg^?1). Results of the in situ experiment indicated that dehydrated pellets had higher (P < 0.05) ruminal protein degradability than sun‐cured pellets and cubes. The estimated ruminal escape protein values for dehydrated pellets, sun‐cured pellets and cubes were 361, 420 and 498 g kg^?1 CP respectively. It was concluded that differences in chemical composition and ruminal degradability among the three lucerne products were mainly due to differences in stage of maturity. It was also concluded that the dehydration process failed to increase the ruminal escape protein value of dehydrated pellets relative to sun‐cured pellets and cubes. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Performance of dairy cows fed roasted sunflower seed

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects on milk yield, milk composition, ruminal fermentation and total tract nutrient utilization of feeding roasted whole sunflower seed to dairy cows. Three diets were formulated: a control diet with no sunflower seed (NSF), a raw sunflower seed diet (USF) and a roasted sunflower seed diet (RSF). The level of sunflower seed in USF and RSF was 78 g kg^?1 of dry matter (DM). The effects of dietary treatments on yield and composition of milk were determined using nine Holstein cows in three 3 × 3 Latin squares. Three ruminally fistulated cows were used to determine the effects of dietary treatments on ruminal fermentation and total tract nutrient digestibilities. Cows fed sunflower seed diets consumed 8% less (P < 0.05) DM but produced similar amounts of milk as cows fed NSF. However, milk fat content (30.7 vs 33.5 g kg^?1) and yield (1.33 vs 1.47 kg day^?1) were lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed USF and RSF than for those fed NSF. Supplemental sunflower seed had no effect on concentrations and yields of other milk components. The concentrations of short‐chain (C_4:0 to C_12:0) and medium‐chain (C_14:0 to C_16:0) fatty acids were, respectively, 27% and 29% lower (P < 0.05) while those of long‐chain fatty acids (C_18:0 to C_18:3) were 51% higher (P < 0.05) in the milk of cows fed USF and RSF than for cows fed NSF. Ruminal pH, ammonia N and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by dietary treatments. Feeding sunflower seed (USF or RSF) reduced (P < 0.05) the concentration of acetate and increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of propionate. Total tract nutrient digestibilities were not affected by sunflower seed supplementation or by heat treatment. Supplementing dairy cow diets with unheated or roasted sunflower seed improved the efficiency of milk production and increased concentrations of long‐chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Feeding sunflower seed at up to 78 g kg^?1 of diet DM had no adverse effects on nutrient utilization. Roasting had no additional benefits on milk yield or milk fatty acid composition. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Technical note: Methodological and feed factors affecting prediction of ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of essential amino acids

We hypothesized that ruminal degradability of essential AA (EAA) and the intestinal digestibility of the ruminally undegraded EAA residue in feeds could be evaluated in a meta-analysis. The objective was to characterize methodological factors for ruminal incubation (time of incubation of feed in situ) and method of simulating digestion of the ruminally undegraded AA (incubation of residue in digestive enzymes in vitro or in mobile bags inserted into the duodenum). To increase numbers of observations, feeds were categorized before ANOVA. An approach is described to predict differential ruminal degradability (or undegradability) of individual EAA by normalizing them as a proportion of total AA (TAA) degradability (undegradability) and similarly to normalize the intestinal digestibility of EAA using TAA. Interaction of feed category with individual EAA justifies future studies with a broader range of feeds and more replication within feed to bolster this approach. With broader data, the approach to normalize EAA as a proportion of TAA should allow a better defined EAA library to be integrated with more robust CP databases (that can be updated with specific feed information from more routine laboratory analyses) in dairy supply-requirement models.     

热处理对葵花籽分离蛋白结构及表面疏水性的影响

将7%葵花籽分离蛋白(SSPI)悬浮液在热处理温度分别为92、102℃(热变性温度)、112℃处理10 min,以未处理的SSPI为对照研究热处理对蛋白质结构及表面疏水性的影响。结果表明:热处理的SSPI亚基含量发生了显著变化,有聚集物生成;经过热处理的SSPI表面形貌粗糙,疏松多孔,微观结构更加没有规则;热处理后蛋白质分子伸展,SSPI发生聚集,相对荧光强度、表面疏水性下降。     

葵花籽粕多肽的提取工艺研究

以物理取油后的葵花籽粕为原料,用中性蛋白酶进行酶解,研究了葵花籽多肽的直接酶提工艺。在单因素的基础上,选定料液比、酶用量和酶解时间三个因素的三个水平进行正交实验,通过直观分析和方差分析得到最优组合条件。研究结果表明,当提取工艺为料液比1:45,酶用量4%,提取时间4h时,多肽得率达到极大值。该条件下多肽的得率达到10.042%。      

Effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows

Four lactating Holstein cows with ruminal and duo-denal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design to determine the effects of feeding heat-treated flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and site and extent of nutrient utilization. Four diets were formulated: a control diet with no flaxseed, a raw flaxseed diet (RF), a micronized flaxseed diet (MF), and an extruded flaxseed diet (EF). Flaxseed diets contained 12.6% flaxseed (dry matter [DM] basis). Ruminal pH, NH3 N, and total concentration of volatile fatty acids were not affected by dietary treatments. However, feeding flaxseed decreased the molar proportion of acetate and increased that of propionate. Flaxseed supplementation had no effect on ruminal digestion of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), fatty acids (FA), and gross energy. However, ruminal digestion of acid detergent fiber (ADF) was lower for cows fed the flaxseed diets than for cows fed the control diet. Feeding flaxseed tended to increase post-ruminal and total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, NDF, and gross energy. Feeding heat-treated flaxseed diets relative to RF had no effect on ruminal, post-ruminal, and total tract nutrient digestibilities. Cows fed EF had higher ruminal and lower post-ruminal digestibilities of DM, OM, ADF, CP, and FA than cows fed MF. However, total tract digestibilities were similar for the 2 heat treatments. It was concluded that flaxseed supplementation improved total tract nutrient utilization with no adverse effects on ruminal fermentation. Extrusion failed to protect flaxseed from ruminal digestion. However, micronization can be used to increase the ruminal undegraded protein value of flaxseed.     

葵花籽粕的综合利用

对从葵花籽粕中提取绿原酸和葵花籽分离蛋白的制备工艺进行了研究。通过实验,获得了提取绿原酸和蛋白质的最佳工艺参数。采用50%乙醇,料液比1∶12,浸提1.5h,温度50℃,pH4.0首先提取绿原酸,然后用1mol/LNaCl溶液,料液比1∶10,时间1h,温度50℃,pH9.0提取葵花籽分离蛋白。     

响应面法优化葵花籽油中蜡质脱除工艺

以高油酸葵花籽原油为原料,采用冷冻脱蜡工艺,通过单因素试验和响应面试验研究了养晶时间、养晶温度、硅藻土添加量、搅拌速率对脱蜡效果的影响,并对脱蜡前后葵花籽油的脂肪酸组成进行了检测。结果表明：最优脱蜡工艺条件为养晶时间16 h、养晶温度11 ℃、硅藻土添加量1.5%、搅拌速率8 r/min,在此条件下脱蜡葵花籽油中蜡质含量为22.50 mg/kg;脱蜡前后葵花籽油脂肪酸组成无显著变化,说明脱蜡不会影响葵花籽油的脂肪酸组成。     

酸热处理对马铃薯淀粉理化性质的影响

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,研究不同pH值、水分含量和处理温度对马铃薯淀粉复合改性效果。结果表明,马铃薯淀粉经部分酸解结合湿热处理复合改性后,直链淀粉含量增加,但可溶性直连淀粉含量降低。复合改性后马铃薯淀粉溶胀度和溶解度降低。经部分酸解结合湿热处理改性后马铃薯淀粉的峰值黏度(PKV)、谷值黏度(TV)、终值黏度(FNV)、衰减值(BD)和回生值(SB)都降低。但是复合改性后马铃薯淀粉的凝胶硬度增加,最大的硬度达到了143.42 g,是原淀粉的4.2倍,而黏度、内聚力都降低。复合改性后马铃薯淀粉的To、Tp、Tc和Tc-To都显著升高,但ΔH显著降低。X-衍射测定结果表明马铃薯淀粉结晶为B型,复合改性后马铃薯淀粉在5.9°(2θ)产生的B型特征峰减小,在22~25°(2θ)出现的双峰减小,甚至有变为单峰的趋势。     

葡萄籽提取物对葵花籽油抗氧化活性的研究

研究葡萄籽提取物对葵花籽油的抗氧化性能,实验证实葡萄籽提取物对油脂氧化有很好的抑制作用。在油脂中葡萄籽提取物的抗氧化性强于Vc、VE,预示其在粮油食品中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Determination of rumen degradability and ruminal effects of three sources of methionine in lactating cows

Objectives were to quantify the ruminal effects and flows to the omasum of Met provided as 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB), the isopropyl ester of HMB (HMBi), and DL-Met. Eight ruminally cannulated cows were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. Treatments were 1) no Met (control), 2) HMB at 0.10% of DM, 3) HMBi at 0.13% of DM, and 4) DL-Met at 0.088% of DM. Diets were identical except for type of Met supplement and were based on corn silage and alfalfa hay at 30 and 13% of dietary DM, respectively. Samples of omasal fluid were used to determine the proportion of Met supplements passing out of the reticulorumen. Dry matter intake (20.1 kg/d) was restricted during the week of sampling to a maximum of 95% of ad libitum DMI determined during the first 2 wk of the period. Milk yields (37.7 +/- 0.8 kg/d) and fat concentration (3.42 +/- 0.15%) were not significantly different for control, HMB, HMBi, and DL-Met. Milk protein concentration (2.91, 2.95, 3.02, 2.96 +/- 0.07%, respectively) was significantly increased by the HMBi treatment. Rumen volatile fatty acids profile and NH3 concentrations were similar across treatments. Apparent ruminal digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were higher for the three diets supplemented with Met sources than for the control diet. In situ rate of digestibility of CP from alfalfa hay, TMR, and corn silage was affected by Met sources. Passage rates of small particles (0.071/h) and fluid (0.167/h) were not affected by treatments. Protozoal counts in the rumen and omasum were not significantly affected by Met sources. Proportion of omasal N from bacterial N was not different (0.54 +/- 0.03), and bacterial N flow (305 +/- 24.4 g/d) was similar across treatments. The proportion of HMB that passed into the omasum was 5.3 +/- 1.5% of the amount consumed. Only a small amount (2.3%) of HMBi was found as HMB in the omasum. These results indicate that little HMB escapes ruminal degradation through passage to the omasum and that the site of HMBi absorption must be preomasal.     

Full-fat sunflower seed as a protein source for broiler chicks

The protein quality of hulled full-fat sunflower seed (HFFSS) was evaluated and compared to that of soyabean meal in two experiments with broiler chicks. In the first experiment, PER and NPR indexes were determined. The results showed that, when fed as the sole source of dietary protein (90 g crude protein kg⁻¹ diet), the performance as well as PER and NPR values of chicks fed HFFSS were much poorer than those of chicks fed soyabean meal. The protein quality of HFFSS was improved greatly by lysine supplementation. The PER and NPR values for HFFSS supplemented with 0.2 and 0.4% of L -lysine equalled and even became superior to those estimated for soyabean. In the second experiment, apparent and true ileal digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids were calculated. The apparent but not the true digestibility of the mean of amino acids was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in HFFSS than in soyabean meal (0.838 vs 0.902 and 0.932 vs 0.957, respectively). The results also showed that lysine from HFFSS was less digestible than that from soyabean meal, the apparent as well as the true digestibility values being lower in the former. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

GC/MS法测定葵花籽油中脂肪酸的甲酯化条件研究

研究气相色谱—质谱联用法(GC-MS)测定葵花籽油中脂肪酸的甲酯化条件,以峰面积为考察指标,采用单因素试验与正交试验设计,对葵花籽油氢氧化钾-甲醇法甲酯化条件进行优化,同时分析葵花籽油中各脂肪酸的种类及相对含量.结果表明:GC/MS测定葵花籽油中脂肪酸的最佳甲酯化条件为催化剂用量2.0mL,超声时间9min,超声温度3...     

向日葵花籽保健饮料的研制

通过对葵花籽乳饮料的配方及稳定性研究，研制出一种新的植物蛋白饮料。