固态发酵法脱除菜籽饼粕中总酚及芥子碱的工艺研究

筛选出能高效降解菜粕中总酚及芥子碱的菌株,并进行混合发酵,研究了不同菌株、不同菜粕原料、不同接种量、不同发酵时间、不同营养源及不同金属离子对总酚及芥子碱降解率的影响。结果表明:酿酒酵母、纳豆芽孢杆菌及枯草芽孢杆菌B4以8%的总接种量,等比例接种到添加了5%糖蜜和0.05%的硫酸铜及硫酸亚铁的菜籽饼粕(含水量为50%)中,发酵72h,菜粕中的总酚和芥子碱降解率可达到70.72%及80.06%。     

菜籽粕中抗营养因子及其去除方法的研究进展

油菜籽加工过程中的副产品菜籽粕具有广阔的应用前景,然而由于菜籽粕中硫代葡萄糖甙以及其他一些抗营养因子的存在,使菜籽粕的合理利用受到制约.论述了菜籽粕中的抗营养物质及其毒害作用和去除这些抗营养物质的方法.菜籽粕中的抗营养物质主要有硫代葡萄糖甙及其降解产物、植酸、单宁和芥子碱,可采用物理方法、化学方法、生物方法和遗传学方法对菜籽粕进行脱毒.     

微生物发酵改善菜籽粕品质的研究

采用实验室筛选的菌种混合固态发酵菜籽粕,比较菜籽粕发酵前后硫甙、粗蛋白质、菜籽肽、乳酸含量以及蛋白质体外消化率的变化.结果表明,菜籽粕中的硫甙降解率为53.4%,粗蛋白质含量从39.99%提高到45.84%,菜籽肽含量由2.48%提高到10.58%,氨基酸的组成和含量也有一定的变化和提高,蛋白质的快速体外消化率提高了1.94%,有益代谢产物乳酸的含量由1.03%提高到2.53%.     

菜籽粕脱毒方法及其特点

简要概括了菜籽粕脱毒技术的研究现状,详细介绍了各种脱毒方法的机理及特点等。     

Nutritional properties of fibre-rich barley products fed to broiler chickens

The chemical composition of roller-milled fractions of barley from a commercial plant was studied and a fraction rich in mixed-linked β-glucans selected. This fraction contained 560 g kg^?1 starch, 120 g kg^?1 crude protein, 170 g kg^?1 dietary fibre and 70 g kg^?1 mixed-linked β-glucans. An unprocessed, drum-dried or extrusion-cooked fraction was used as the major ingredient in diets for broiler chickens. The diets were fed with or without a supplementary fibre-degrading enzyme preparation in order to evaluate specifically the nutritional effects of the soluble dietary fibres. Processing significantly retarded growth, cumulative feed intake and feed conversion efficiency of the diets fed without enzyme supplementation, while the supplementation significantly improved all three parameters for each diet. Generally, processing decreased plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol and increased the ratio between high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and total cholesterol of chickens fed diets without enzyme supplementation. The enzyme supplementation increased the triglyceride and total cholesterol values and decreased the HDL/total cholesterol ratio, with more pronounced effects for chickens fed the processed diets.     

菜籽粕中植酸高效提取的工艺研究

对菜籽粕提取植酸的工艺条件进行了研究。通过单因素实验,分别考察了提取温度、提取时间、料液比、水溶液中乙醇及硫酸体积分数对植酸提取率的影响,并选择乙醇及硫酸体积分数、料液比、提取时间4个主要因素进行正交实验,确定采用乙醇硫酸体系提取菜籽粕中植酸的最优工艺参数为按料液比1∶7加入含乙醇80%、浓硫酸4%的水溶液,常温提取120 min,此条件下菜籽粕中植酸提取率达到70. 5%。     

菜籽饼粕中硫代葡萄糖甙测定方法的探讨

通过单因素试验、正交实验等分析方法探讨了紫外分光光度法测定菜籽粕中硫甙含量的各个因素条件,实验结果表明,方法的最佳酶解反应条件为:酶量:样品量=2:10,缓冲溶液的pH=7,温度30℃,时间2h;最佳显色反应条件为:氨水-乙醇浓度为20%,温度50℃,时间2 h;检出限范围1.4～280 μmol/g,精密度实验的变异系数为0.39%.     

菜籽预榨-浸出粕中植酸的提取

为实现菜籽粕的综合开发利用,研究了一种从菜籽预榨-浸出粕中两步提取植酸的工艺.考察了酸洗pH、酸洗时间、碱提pH和碱提乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)浓度等对植酸提取的影响.将经过复合纤维素酶水解的菜籽粕在pH 5.0和50℃下酸洗3h获得酸洗液,然后用EDTA浓度0.1mol/L的碱性溶液在pH 12.0和50℃下碱提酸沉获得乳清液,经以上两步可将菜籽粕中的植酸基本提取完全.将提取液中的粗植酸经氢氧化钙沉淀并酸化,再经离子交换可获得纯度为69.96％、提取率为58.0％的植酸产品.     

脱皮双低菜籽粕的开发和饲用研究

介绍了脱皮双低菜籽粕的开发和饲用研究情况。采用双低油菜籽脱皮冷榨膨化新工艺生产出的脱皮双低菜籽粕质量优良,其在猪、鸡和草鱼中的饲用试验均表明可增加采食量、提高动物的生长速度。脱皮双低菜籽粕饲用价值显著高于普通双低菜籽粕,在动物饲料中的用量可进一步加大,并降低饲料加工成本。     

The influence of seed size on digestibility and growth performance of broiler chickens fed full-fat rapeseed

Two double low rapeseed varieties were separated into small and big seeds to study their nutritive value for broiler chickens. The seed weights for small and big seeds of spring rape variety Jaguar were 3.6 and 4.9 mg, and of winter rape Impala were 4.1 and 5.3 mg, respectively. Analytical results showed no significant differences in protein and fatty acid content between the big and small seeds. The small seeds contained more fibre constituents, eg lignin 13.7% higher for Jaguar and 3.4% higher for Impala, the other dietary fibre components show ed a similar trend. The big seeds, however, tended to be higher in fat and gross energy, but also in total glucosinolates. A 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design was performed on 24 broilers, to investigate the apparent digestibility and growth performance during three successive periods of balance trials, using diets consisting of 350 g kg^?1 full-fat rapeseeds and 650 g kg^?1 remainder feed mixture identical for all treatments. The diets with big seeds clearly showed higher digestibility for all measured dietary components. The surpluses as absolute percentage units respectively for dry matter were 2.8 (P < 0.001); gross energy 3.8 (P < 0.001); fat 7.9 (P < 0.001) and protein 1.6 (P = 0.045). The same trend was also found in the digestion of fatty acids and vitamin E. The big seeds displayed 7% higher (P = 0.071) growth rate and 8% higher (P = 0.002) feed conversion, respectively. Greater nutritional superiority of the big seeds was observed on the earlier growth ages, indicating the young birds are more sensitive to the seed size difference. It is concluded that the big seeds are more digestible than the small seeds and that a selection towards Digger seed size or a mechanical separation during processing will be beneficial.     

菜籽饼粕中硫甙及其降解物分析中存在的问题

阐述了菜籽饼粕中硫甙的降解途径和各种毒素的存在形式,并指出目前分析测定硫甙、噁唑烷硫酮、异硫氰酸酯、腈类和硫氰酸酯等毒素中存在的一些问题,以期为今后的研究提供参考。     

菜籽粕替代鱼粉对银鲫生长性能及饲料利用率的影响

为评估硬颗粒饲料和膨化饲料中菜籽粕替代鱼粉对银鲫生长及饲料利用率的影响,试验设计了4种等氮、等能的饲料,分别用菜籽粕替代饲料中0％(对照组)、25％、50％、75％的鱼粉,利用挤压膨化技术和环模制粒技术加工成4种膨化饲料和4种硬颗粒饲料,对银鲫进行为期50 d的饲养试验.结果显示:菜籽粕替代鱼粉饲喂银鲫后的生长性能及饲料利用率都呈现下降的趋势;相同饲料配方,饲喂膨化饲料的银鲫生长性能及饲料利用率优于饲喂硬颗粒饲料的银鲫.研究结果表明,菜籽粕替代银鲫饲料中适量的鱼粉是可行的,膨化饲料饲喂银鲫的效果优于硬颗粒饲料,利用膨化加工工艺可以显著提高银鲫饲料中菜籽粕对鱼粉替代量.     

Intestinal function and body growth of broiler chickens on maize‐based diets supplemented with mimosa tannins and a microbial enzyme

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tannin (0, 5, 15, 20 and 25 g kg^?1 diet) and a microbial enzyme supplement (MES) on the feed consumption, body growth and digestive physiology of broiler chickens between hatch and 22 days of age. Feed intake, body weight and body weight gain declined (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary tannin content. Feed conversion efficiency was increased (p < 0.001) in line with dietary tannin level, up to 15 g kg^?1 diet. There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on the protein content of pancreatic tissue or activities of pancreatic and jejunal enzymes. The ileal digestibilities of energy, protein, arginine, alanine and leucine were reduced (p < 0.001) as dietary tannin level rose to 20 g kg^?1 diet and beyond. The digestibilities of methionine and phenylalanine were also negatively affected (p < 0.01) at the highest level of dietary tannins, while phosphorus digestion was improved (p < 0.05) on diets containing tannin. Apart from an increase (p < 0.01) in the protein content of the jejunal mucosa of birds on the diet with 20 g tannin kg^?1 diet, there were no significant effects of the MES on most of the variables assessed. The results demonstrate the negative effects of tannin, especially at high levels of inclusion in the diet. However, neither tannins nor MES influenced the activities of digestive enzymes assessed, suggesting that a wider range of factors may be involved in regulating the effects of tannins on poultry. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of triticale for use in diets for meat-type chickens

Cultivar variation in the nutritional quality of triticale grain was examined with respect to apparent metabolisable energy (AME), ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and amino acids, and growth, in male broiler chickens. Eight triticale cultivars and two wheat cultivars were grown in an agronomic trial at a single experimental site to collect grain samples. Mean (±SD) AME was 13.54 (±0.64) MJ kg^?1 DM, with a range of 12.57 to 14.25 MJ kg^?1 DM. There were significant (P<0.05) differences between the grain cultivars in their DM, N and amino acid digestibility at the terminal ileum. Apparent lysine digestibility coefficients varied between 0.85 and 0.97. There was a significant (P<0.01) relationship between nutrient digestibility at the terminal ileum and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) in the cereal grains. Three triticale cultivars (Towan, Grow-quick and Ningadhu) had a lower N and lysine digestibility than the other triticales or wheat cultivars, but this was related to their higher ADF content. Trypsin inhibitor level in the cereal grain did not influence either nutrient digestibility or growth rate. Growth rate of broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age fed balanced diets which contained 50% cereal grain was significantly affected by cultivar. Birds fed one of the wheat cultivars (Warigal) had a higher (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio (g feed g^?1 liveweight gain) than those birds fed diets containing triticale. Feeding birds diets which contained the triticale cultivar Ningadhu and the maize resulted in greater (P<0.05) liveweight gain than did the other cereal grains tested.     

发酵前后菜粕的风味成分分析

菜粕是我国重要的饲料蛋白源。本实验采用固相微萃取-气质联用的方法分析了普通菜粕、脱皮低温压榨菜粕、发酵普通菜粕和发酵脱皮低温压榨菜粕的风味物质的组成。结果表明,硫甙降解产生的腈类和胺类物质是形成菜粕风味的重要化合物,其中最主要的分别是苯代丙腈和烯丙胺。经发酵后,不仅菜粕中硫甙含量降低,而且产生了酸类和醇类等有助于改善菜粕风味的物质。     

油菜籽粕酶解液对甜瓜采后品质的影响

以新疆甜瓜为试材,分析在温度25℃、相对湿度55%~60%条件下,油菜籽粕酶解液对甜瓜采后贮藏品质及生理指标的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,油菜籽粕酶解液能够有效降低甜瓜的呼吸强度、质量损失率和相对电导率,维持果实硬度、糖酸和V_C的含量,抑制丙二醛的增加,提高过氧化物酶活性,较好地保持了果实的品质和风味,说明油菜籽粕酶解液可以作为天然保鲜剂应用于甜瓜采后贮藏保鲜。     

微生物发酵生产高蛋白多肽菜籽粕的研究

以菜籽粕为原料,以菜籽粕粗蛋白质含量和多肽含量为评价指标,通过植物乳酸菌、黑曲霉菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的单菌发酵和混菌发酵实验,进行最佳菌种组合和发酵条件的研究。结果表明:单菌发酵黑曲霉菌效果最好,菜籽粕粗蛋白质含量和多肽含量分别为38.4%和3.682%;混菌发酵最佳菌种组合为植物乳酸菌、黑曲霉菌、枯草芽孢杆菌,其接种量分别为4%、6%、6%,优化发酵条件为水料比1.7∶1、34℃下发酵48 h。在上述条件下菜籽粕粗蛋白质含量和多肽含量分别为42.5%和7.86%,硫甙含量降至21.637μmol/g、植酸含量为0.27%、单宁含量为0.41 mg/g,得到高蛋白、多肽、低毒的菜籽粕饲料。     

响应面法优化油菜籽粕中硫苷酶解工艺及其降解产物抑菌作用的初步研究

以油菜籽粕为原料,在单因素实验基础上,选取酶解缓冲液p H、酶解温度和酶解时间为自变量,以酶解产物异硫氰酸酯含量为响应值,利用Box-Behnken中心组合设计原理和响应面分析法,研究各自变量的交互作用对异硫氰酸酯含量的影响,建立异硫氰酸酯含量的二次回归方程,并通过抑菌圈实验,分析了异硫氰酸酯对哈密瓜采后两种常见病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明:酶解缓冲液p H3.70、酶解温度45℃、酶解时间96 min,在此最优条件下异硫氰酸酯含量为3.005%。抑菌实验表明,异硫氰酸酯对镰刀菌和链格孢菌有明显的抑制作用。