施镀时间对铝材表面化学镀Ni-W-P合金镀层性能的影响

采用电化学试验等方法,研究了施镀时间对Ni-W-P合金镀层的沉积速率、孔隙率、腐蚀速率、电化学性能等的影响。结果表明:施镀时间为40min时,Ni-W-P合金镀层沉积速率较高,厚度较厚,为12μm,表面平滑光亮,结合力良好,孔隙率最低,为0.25个·cm-2,镀层的耐腐性最好。同时,此时镀层的维氏硬度高,为155 HV,镀层组织结构紧密均匀,由非晶态和微晶构成混晶结构,非晶态结构的出现是其耐蚀性高的重要原因。     

Co-P非晶态合金的电沉积及结构分析

采用硫酸钴—次磷酸钠镀液进行电沉积Co—P非晶态合金,研究了镀液组成、温度、pH值对镀层含P量以及镀层结构的影响。镀层中含P量小于5（wt）％为晶态结构,在5～19（wt）％之间为非晶态结构,高于19（wt）％为金属间化合物。此外,由热处理实验研究了非晶镀层的热稳定性。     

电沉积Ni—W非晶合金及Ni—W—SiC复合层

以电化学和络合物化学理论为依据，利用“诱导共沉积”效应，选好合适的络合剂，在金属表面电沉积Ｎｉ－Ｗ及其复合镀层，研究了镀液组成，ｐＨ值，温度和电流密度对Ｎｉ－Ｗ合金层及其复合层电沉积的影响；讨论了热处理温度对非晶态Ｎｉ－Ｗ合金层及其复合层硬度的影响以及非晶态合金镀层的结构和结合力，结果表明：采用适宜的镀液组成和工艺条件，可得到Ｗ含量大４４％的合金镀层。Ｗ含量大于４４％的合金层及其复合层呈非晶态结构     

熔模铸造ZA93镁合金的化学镀镍工艺研究

以熔模铸造Mg-9 mass%Zn-3 mass%Al（ZA93）镁合金为基底,分别研究碘离子、乳酸和氟化氢铵对化学镀镍的镀液稳定性和镀层沉积速度的影响规律及其反应机理,并在此基础上优化了镀液配方。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱（EDX）和X射线衍射（XRD）等方法对优化镀液中试镀得到的Ni-P镀层的显微组织、相结构以及元素组成进行了分析。结果表明,碘离子与氟化氢铵在一定浓度范围内,可以同时提高镀液的稳定性和镀层沉积速度,但乳酸对镀液的影响机制较为复杂。优化配方镀液的稳定性相对原镀液有了明显的提高,同时保持了较高的镀速,得到的镀层组织均匀、致密和结合良好,为非晶态结构。     

化学镀Ni-Cu-P合金工艺及性能研究

研究了化学镀Ni-Cu-P合金镀液组成及操作条件对镀层厚度及硬度的影响.筛选出了体系的最佳工艺条件,获得了82.391%Ni-10.298%P-5.297%Cu的合金镀层,其硬度在450～500HV之间.X射线衍射表明:Ni-Cu-P合金镀层在镀态下为非晶态结构,但镀层经400℃和600℃热处理后,其结晶区域有Ni3P、Cu3P等特征的衍射峰出现,表明镀层为晶态结构.此外,研究表明:镀层厚度随硫酸镍浓度、次亚磷酸钠浓度、镀液温度及pH值的升高而增加,随硫酸铜浓度、络合剂浓度的升高而降低.     

化学镀Ni-B合金镀层的微观结构

采用XRD和TEM方法研究了5种化学镀N i-B合金镀层镀态下的微观组织结构,以及还原剂KBH4含量对镀层微观组织的影响。XRD分析表明,N i-B合金镀层主要为非晶态结构。TEM分析表明,N i-B合金镀层为非晶与纳米晶组合的混晶态结构,而且随镀液中KBH4含量的增加,N i-B合金镀层中的非晶态组织增加,纳米晶态组织减少,经历由纳米晶态→混晶态→非晶态的转变过程。采用XRD和TEM相结合方式,才得到准确的分析结果。     

非晶态Ni-W合金镀层电沉积影响因素和特性的研究

研究了络合剂加量、镀液pH、温度等因素对非晶态Ni-W合金镀层电沉积的影响.同时对非晶态镀层结构、结合力和耐蚀性也作了探讨.结果表明:各因素对电沉积都有不同程度的影响,其中氨基络合物加量为0.74～1.11mol/L时,合金镀层稳定,W含量大于44%的合金镀层为非晶态.有优异的耐蚀性,并且在不同材质上具有良好的结合力.     

Ni-W-P-SiC化学复合镀层孔隙率的研究

研究了化学镀Ni-W-P-SiC复合镀层的孔隙率.结果表明,镀液温度和施镀时间对镀层孔隙率的影响较大,在镀液T=80℃、施镀时间t=2.5h时所得镀层的孔隙率较小;热处理温度和时间对镀层孔隙率有一定影响,热处理温度为400℃,时间为3h时,镀层孔隙率最小.     

铸铁化学镀Ni-P合金稳定剂的研究

针对化学镀Ni-P合金过程中稳定性差,镍离子消耗量大的实际,以镀速、镀液稳定性、镀层孔隙率和耐蚀性为评价指标,研究了Na2S2O3、Pb(AC)2、稳定剂A及稳定剂B等4种稳定剂在乳酸为络合剂的Ni-P化学镀液中的稳定效果。结果表明:复合稳定剂比单一稳定剂镀速高、稳定性好、孔隙率低。其中以Pb(AC)2与稳定剂A组合时镀液和镀层性能最好,稳定性达到35 000 s,镀速为30.1μm/h,孔隙率为0.78个/cm2,耐盐雾腐蚀为856 h。     

不同镀液组分对化学沉积Ni-W-P合金层组织和性能的影响

为了探索镀液组分对Ni—W—P合金镀层结构与性能的影响规律,寻求合适的镀液配比,为后续实验奠定基础,采用扫描电镜／能谱、x射线衍射以及金相分析等方法,研究了不同成分和结构的化学沉积Ni—W—P合金层,测量了不同成分沉积层的镀态与热处理后的硬度。结果表明：对于M—w—P合金镀层,镀液组分是决定镀层结构状态的关键因素。镀液中钨酸钠含量增加．次磷酸钠含量减少时,镀层结构将发生由非晶态→混晶态→纳米晶态的连续演变,其相应的镀态硬度与热处理后硬度也发生变化,这种变化与因成分改变导致的结构、晶化程度、W含量、Ni3P析出量与尺寸等因素的改变有关。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。