料液强化流动对气扫式膜蒸馏影响的实验研究

采用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维膜组件,对比研究稳定流气扫式膜蒸馏(SSGMD)、脉冲流气扫式膜蒸馏(PSGMD)、鼓气流气扫式膜蒸馏(GSGMD)、鼓气流和脉冲流结合式(PG SGMD)4种膜蒸馏模式,以膜的渗透性能、膜污染状况、热效率为指标,判断4种模式的优越性.研究了SSGMD膜蒸馏过程中进料温度(T_(f-in))和进料流量(Q_f)对膜通量(J)的影响,选择了最佳的条件,对比4种膜蒸馏方法在膜蒸馏过程中膜的渗透性能、膜表面污染情况、热效率.结果表明,采用SSGMD工艺,J随Q_f、T_(f-in)的增大而增大;在4种膜蒸馏过程中,GSGMD过程中膜通量相对最大、热效率最高(49.21%)、膜的污染最小.     

膜蒸馏海水淡化过程研究:三种膜蒸馏过程的比较

采用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维疏水微孔膜,以质量分数3.5%NaCl水溶液为模拟海水测试液,进行膜蒸馏脱盐实验.比较了真空(VMD)、气扫式(SGMD)和直接接触膜蒸馏(DCMD)过程的脱盐性能,考察了料液温度、流速、浓度以及冷侧冷凝条件等操作条件对过程性能的影响.结果表明:VMD过程的产水通量最高,达到21.8 L/(m2·h);DCMD次之,SGMD最小.三种MD过程的渗透通量均随料液温度的升高而增大,随料液浓度的增加而降低;SG-MD和VMD过程通量分别随冷侧气体流速和真空度增加而提高,而DCMD过程通量则几乎不随冷却水流速变化而改变.SGMD、DCMD和VMD过程的脱盐率分别为99.97%、99.98%和99.99%,几乎不随操作条件而改变.     

真空膜蒸馏分离苯/N-甲酰吗啉水溶液体系微分模型

建立了新的半经验半微分传质传热模型,以苯/N-甲酰吗啉(NFM)水溶液体系为代表,研究了真空膜蒸馏分离去除苯的传质传热过程.并通过数学模拟和实验考察了操作参数对苯的传质通量、去除效率、分离因子以及水传质通量的影响.结果表明,新模型能较好地描述真空膜蒸馏的传质传热过程,能直观地解释实验结果,模拟值与实验值吻合.另外进料浓度、流量、温度及真空度的提高有利于提高苯的传质通量,但不利于提高分离效果.浓度、流量对传质的影响表现为对液相扩散传质能力的增强.温度及真空度对传质的影响表现为对气液界面分压的影响.以上因素的影响最终体现为对扩散组份跨膜分压差的影响.     

新型板框气隙式膜蒸馏组件流场的CFD数值模拟

利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件,构造三维计算模型,对新型的热量回收板框气隙式膜蒸馏组件内部热质传递过程进行研究.分别考察了不同进料温度、流速和操作真空度条件下模型内部流体温度分布情况.模拟结果表明:提高进料侧料液流速或者减小渗透侧真空度,在同一位置的膜表面温度均增加;渗透侧换热中空纤维从下至上壁面温度呈现递增的趋势,各层中空纤维外表面温度均存在差异,距离膜侧位置越近,中空纤维表面温度越高.研究发现,在不同条件下渗透侧底部区域的蒸汽温度大于热料液主体温度,不利于膜蒸馏过程和热量回收利用;当增加料液温度或者下游侧真空度时,有效膜蒸馏面积增大.结果揭示了新型组件内部直观的参数分布规律,为内部结构进一步优化奠定了基础.     

内部热能回收式多效膜蒸馏用于海水淡化及浓盐水深度浓缩

利用自制的具有高效内部热量回收功能的多效膜蒸馏组件对不同浓度的氯化钠水溶液进行浓缩研究.考察进料温度、浓度、流速对膜通量、造水比和脱盐率的影响.实验结果表明,料液加热温度T3升高时膜通量和造水比随之明显增加,而脱盐率保持不变;料液流速增加使膜通量增加,而造水比随之降低,脱盐率几乎不受影响;随着料液浓度的增加,膜的通量和造水比逐渐降低,脱盐率略微减小但影响很小.当料液中氯化钠浓度较低时,该过程的最大膜通量为6.8L/(m2·h),造水比为12.5;当料液中氯化钠浓度大于15％时,膜通量为5.2 L/(m2·h),造水比为6.2,脱盐率可达99.99％.实验结果表明,多效膜蒸馏技术可有效应用于海水淡化及常规海水淡化过程,例如反渗透和多效蒸发过程所副产浓盐水的深度浓缩和淡水生产.     

膜蒸馏过程探讨

讨论了膜蒸馏涉及的膜材料特性.提出水膜阻力概念,认为疏水膜材料结构的优化与膜蒸馏工艺有关.提出鼓泡膜蒸馏方法,在热流体中鼓入空气气泡,由气液两相流效应来强化热流体的扰动.提出透气膜蒸馏方法,通过气体的吹扫夹带作用,使膜孔内水蒸气的传质由低效的扩散转为高效的对流机理.提出曝气膜蒸发方法,利用不同温度的空气吸湿原理进行膜曝气.将膜蒸馏过程与化学除硬度、超滤耦合,可除去结垢性钙镁离子;将膜蒸馏过程与气浮絮凝过程耦合,可除去有机污染物,实现高倍率浓缩.提出多效膜蒸馏方法,膜组件兼有蒸发与换热功能,使膜蒸馏过程中的水蒸气冷凝与原水加热过程耦合,可以实现低成本的膜蒸馏过程.     

膜蒸馏浓缩纤维素糖液与去除糠醛的研究

研究了采用低能耗的真空膜蒸馏技术浓缩纤维素糖液,去除其中糠醛,提高木质纤维素产乙醇效率的可行性.通过考察料液流速、料液温度、料液浓度等对膜通量和糠醛去除率的影响,优化真实酶解糖液的膜蒸馏浓缩参数,并将浓缩糖液用于发酵.结果表明:在进料流速为1.0 m/s,进料温度为65℃下,膜蒸馏对葡萄糖的截留率在99.5％以上,糠醛去除率达到95.16％.真实酶解糖液浓缩和发酵实验表明,真空膜蒸馏可有效地浓缩酶解液至适合的发酵浓度(＞100 g/L)同时完全脱除抑制物糠醛,提高乙醇的发酵效率.     

混合气中C6H6的膜气体吸收分离过程

以疏水性聚丙烯中空纤维膜为气液接触膜,n-甲酰吗啉(n-Formyl morpholine,NFM)水溶液为吸收剂,研究了膜气体吸收技术分离混合气中苯的传质过程,考察了各操作参数对传质过程的影响,建立传质阻力模型,对模型预测值与实验值进行了对比.结果表明:提高气液相流量及浓度、吸收剂浓度,降低吸收液负载有利于提高传质通量.传质过程受液膜控制;在实验条件下,模型预测值与实验值符合较好,最大误差为20.2%,平均误差为9.2%.     

热泵气扫式膜蒸馏装置再生除湿溶液性能研究

除湿溶液对水蒸气有强烈吸收性,在空调、干燥等领域都有广泛应用,除湿溶液吸收一定量水蒸气后浓度下降,吸湿能力减弱,需要进行再生;针对沸腾蒸发再生方法需要配备真空设备、表面蒸发再生方法存在溶质损耗、电渗析法再生能耗较高等问题,设计了热泵结合气扫式膜蒸馏的除湿溶液再生装置,具有再生过程常压运行、除湿溶液无损耗、再生能耗低等特点;介绍了装置的流程和工作循环,给出了装置的特性方程,计算分析了装置关键影响因素如膜孔直径、除湿溶液浓度、除湿溶液温度、吹扫气流速对装置性能指标(单位膜面积再生速率、再生能耗比)的影响规律;建立热泵气扫式膜蒸馏实验装置对质量分数40%的溴化锂溶液在34.2℃进行了再生实验测试,表明单位膜面积再生速率可达0.55kg/(m²·h),再生能耗比可达3.61kg/kWh,具有较好的应用优势。     

多效膜蒸馏技术用于深度浓缩多种无机盐水溶液

利用中空纤维气隙式多效膜蒸馏组件浓缩处理硫酸盐、盐酸盐、硝酸盐和碳酸盐等16种无机盐水溶液,研究料液浓度在0.5%~40%之间变化时对膜通量和造水比的影响.实验结果表明,料液浓度升高,膜通量和造水比总体呈下降趋势.造成膜通量和造水比下降的因素包括料液蒸汽压、黏度、扩散系数、比热容和热导率随浓度的变化,但蒸汽压下降是主要因素.钾盐、铵盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐的浓度升高对膜通量和造水比影响较小,而盐酸盐、镁盐的浓度升高对膜通量和造水比影响较大.对于所有测验的浓度为18%的料液,膜通量值均可达2.30L/(m2·h)以上,造水比在6.5以上,至少相当于9效蒸发器的能效果.整个实验期间膜组件性能良好,所有研究的无机盐的截留率均在99.9%以上.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to