铸造无碳化物贝氏体耐磨钢的研究与应用

介绍了无碳化物贝氏体耐磨铸钢的合金化设计,研究了铸造无碳化物贝氏体耐磨钢热处理的组织和性能.铸造无碳化物耐磨钢正火低温回火热处理组织由贝氏体铁素体和奥氏体组成,属于非典型贝氏体或无碳化物贝氏体或奥氏体-贝氏体复相组织,淬火低温回火热处理组织由马氏体和残余奥氏体组成,属于马氏体-奥氏体复相组织.结果表明:铸造无碳化物贝氏体耐磨钢正火或淬火后低温回火,材料具有高的强度、高的韧性和高的耐磨性,低碳铸造无碳化物贝氏体耐磨钢具有良好的焊接性能.并介绍了铸造无碳化物贝氏体耐磨钢在矿山机械方面的应用.     

正火及回火温度对ZG310-570铸钢组织和性能的影响

研究了正火温度和回火温度对ZG310-570铸钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,奥氏体化加热温度在1000℃以下,随着加热温度的提高,ZG310-570铸钢的强度、硬度和冲击韧度提高,1000℃加热力学性能达到峰值。超过1000℃加热,ZG310-570铸钢的强度、硬度和冲击韧度下降。1000℃正火、200℃或600℃回火,铸钢具有良好的强韧性,400℃和550℃回火,出现回火脆性,冲击韧度值最低。1000℃以下加热正火,组织为铁素体、珠光体,超过1000℃加热正火,组织中出现贝氏体组织。讨论了提高ZG310-570铸钢的强韧性的热处理工艺。     

等温淬火温度对低碳低合金奥贝铸钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了等温温度对低碳低合金奥氏体-贝氏体铸钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在280℃时,组织由细针状下贝氏体、残余奥氏体和少量马氏体组成;在300℃时,得到完全由贝氏体铁素体和富碳残余奥氏体组成的奥贝组织,无碳化物相,硬度稍有下降,冲击韧度大幅度提高,此时综合性能最佳;在320℃贝氏体逐渐分成枝叉状,360℃时,形成带有羽毛状的上贝氏体组织,冲击韧度进一步提高,但硬度较低,材料的综合性能较差。     

淬火回火对ZG310-510铸钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了淬火温度和回火温度对ZG310-510铸钢组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,随着淬火温度的提高,ZG310-510钢的强度、硬度和冲击韧度提高,淬火温度为1000℃达到峰值.1000℃淬火、200或600℃回火,铸钢具有良好的强韧性,200℃回火的组织为回火马氏体组织和少量残余奥氏体,600℃回火的组织主要为索氏体组织.400℃回火出现回火脆性,材料的冲击韧度最低.提出了提高ZG310-510铸钢的强韧性的热处理工艺:1000℃淬火 200/600℃回火.     

一种新型抗磨铸钢锤头材料的研究

研究了新型抗磨铸钢锤头材料的组织、力学性能和耐磨性能。结果表明,新型锤头材料经900℃正火 300℃￣350℃低温回火,材料的组织为贝氏体铁素体、马氏体和奥氏体复相组织,具有较高的强度、韧性和耐磨性,抗拉强度达1780MPa、冲击韧度(AKU)达20J/cm2、硬度HRC50～HRC55。并介绍了新型耐磨钢在破碎机锤头上应用的结果。     

国内齿辊式破碎机常用齿板材料的组织和性能

通过组织观察、力学性能检测和磨损实验,对比研究了洗煤生产过程中齿辊式破碎机的国内4种常用齿板材料的组织和性能。结果表明,进口齿板材料的组织由板条马氏体和6.13%的残余奥氏体组成;高锰钢齿板的组织为单相奥氏体组织;ZG32CrMnSiNi2Mo齿板的组织由贝氏体铁素体板条和13.18%残余奥氏体组成;ZG22CrMnSiNiMo齿板为粒状贝氏体组织,组织中条型M-A岛比例较多,残余奥氏体量为14.9%。940℃淬火+200℃回火后,进口齿板材料具有最优的综合性能,硬度和冲击韧性分别为44.1 HRC和34.5 J;高锰钢齿板水韧处理后平均硬度为216.5 HB,冲击韧度为113.8 J;ZG32CrMnSiNi2Mo齿板900~940℃正火处理后,冲击韧度值略低于进口齿板的供货状态,但硬度高于进口齿板;960~1000℃正火处理后,ZG22CrMnSiNiMo齿板硬度略低于进口齿板材料,冲击韧度略高于进口齿板材料。选取进口齿板材料供货状态为标准,高锰钢齿板材料的相对耐磨性较低,仅为0.76;ZG32CrMnSiNi2Mo齿板材料经900~980℃正火处理后,耐磨性能较好,相对耐磨性为1.19~1.23;ZG22CrMnSiNiMo齿板材料经920~1000℃正火处理,耐磨性能介于进口齿板材料和ZG32CrMnSiNi2Mo齿板材料之间,相对耐磨性为1.10~1.13。     

ZG30CrMn2Si2Mo铸钢斗齿的研制

研制了一种新型贝氏体铸钢斗齿并分析了其组织和性能.结果表明,1 080℃正火、200～250℃回火后组织由贝氏体铁素体(BF)和残余奥氏体(AR)组成,该组织具有良好的强韧性配合;其抗拉强度为1 667MPa、硬度(HRC)49、冲击韧性AKU 36J;比较了新型贝氏体铸钢斗齿与进口产品的耐磨性和使用寿命,表明该材料具有良好的耐磨性能.     

新型贝氏体铸钢回火热处理组织和性能的研究

研究了正火后不同回火温度对ZG30CrMn2Si2Mo新型贝氏体铸钢的组织与力学性能的影响.结果表明,ZG30CrMn2Si2Mo具有较高的回火抗力,450℃以下回火组织为贝氏体铁素体和奥氏体组成,为一种新型贝氏体组织,超过450℃回火组织转变为典型贝氏体.250℃回火具有良好的综合力学性能,550℃回火出现回火脆性,出现回火脆性的原因与组织中的贝氏体铁素体及残余奥氏体分解形成碳化物有关.提出了ZG30CrMn2Si2Ni钢的最佳回火工艺.     

回火温度对高强无碳化物贝氏体钢无缝管组织和性能的影响

研究了正火后回火温度对无碳化物贝氏体钢无缝钢管组织和性能的影响。试验结果表明,930 ℃正火后在600 ℃以下回火时,随回火温度的提高,试验材料的抗拉强度有降低的趋势,但降幅不大,强度在973~1012 MPa变化。试验材料的冲击吸收能量在300 ℃达到最大值,为72 J;400 ℃回火时,冲击吸收能量出现最低值,出现无碳化物贝氏体钢的回火脆性;回火温度超过400 ℃时,冲击吸收能量上升;300~350 ℃回火时,伸长率和断面收缩率最高。在400 ℃以下回火时,试验材料的组织由无碳化物贝氏体、块状铁素体和残留奥氏体组成;超过400 ℃回火时,组织为粒状贝氏体及块状铁素体。无碳化物贝氏体钢无缝钢管930 ℃正火,300 ℃回火时具有较佳的综合力学性能。     

模具钢无碳化物贝氏体的相变行为及其对磨损性能的影响

研究了H13模具钢的常规马氏体(油淬火+580℃回火)和无碳化物贝氏体(300℃等温处理)的相变行为，以及显微组织对其冲击磨损性能的影响。结果表明：试验钢经贝氏体等温后形成了由板条状贝氏体铁素体和残留奥氏体组成的无碳化物贝氏体组织；贝氏体铁素体+残留奥氏体组织的冲击磨损性能在磨损后期(1.5和2.0 h)优于马氏体组织。这是由于马氏体组织容易产生微裂纹，产生大量犁削，从而导致耐磨性能降低，而无碳化物贝氏体组织在冲击磨损过程中使表层发生剧烈的塑性变形，诱导微观组织中的残留奥氏体转变成α相铁素体，能够阻止试验钢基体在冲击磨损过程中产生切削，从而提高其耐磨性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.