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黄河下游滩区洪水风险分析及减灾措施研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
黄河下游滩区洪水漫滩灾害频发,作为防洪非工程措施的洪水风险分析对于指导黄河下游滩区实施防洪减灾措施有着重要的意义。针对黄河下游滩区呈现“二级悬河”的不利局面及下游洪水泥沙含量大的特点,采用基于GIS的黄河下游二维水沙数学模型分量级计算相关洪水风险信息。根据洪水风险分析结果,制定滩区居民迁安救护方案,编制了不同量级洪水淹没下的滩区洪水风险图,增强滩区居民风险意识及应急避险撤退能力。提出了相关减灾应对措施,有着显著的防洪减灾效益。 相似文献
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以往研究滩区洪水演进沿用河槽洪水演进的分析方法,未能充分反映滩区洪水演进的特性。以黄河下游长垣一滩为例,提出滩区洪水流量与方向随时间变化的洪水演进双线图。根据洪水水量特征将滩区洪水演进划分为完全行洪、趋稳型蓄洪、增长型蓄洪、峰值型蓄洪4种类型,根据洪水演进方向特征将滩区洪水演进划分为单稳独立型、单变独立型、双变独立型、双变交叉型4种类型,更加直观地反映滩区内不同位置的洪水进出水量和方向的分布特征。通过集中度、一致性和转向角3个特征值分析长垣一滩不同淹没时间和地形条件下,滩区洪水从分散到集中再到分散的过程,以期为未来滩区洪水淹没信息的确定奠定基础。 相似文献
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《人民黄河》2016,(3)
小浪底水库的建成运用和持续13 a的黄河调水调沙,使黄河下游河道得以沿程冲刷,平滩流量增大,加之近十几年黄河一直未发生大洪水,黄河下游滩区未发生较大漫滩,引起人们对宽滩区治理和运用方式的争论。目前的研究成果普遍认为,黄河下游发生大洪水的可能性仍然较大,特别是一旦出现高含沙洪水,对下游河道防洪安全的威胁更要引起高度重视。然而,在当前河道边界条件下,一旦发生这种不利水沙情况,那么黄河下游河道的冲淤、滩区淹没情况、滩区的灾情损失等将发生哪些变化,还无人开展定量研究。中常高含沙洪水条件下黄河下游宽滩区防洪形势对不同治理模式响应状况的模型试验结果表明:有防护堤模式主槽输沙能力强于无防护堤模式,但嫩滩淤积量大于无防护堤模式;有防护堤模式仅高村以下少量滩区漫滩上水,淹没面积小于无防护堤模式;习城滩两种模式中漫滩范围都较大,是防洪重点区域。建议在高村以上滩区修建高标准防护堤以保障滩区安全和经济建设,高村以下滩区实施滩区淹没补偿政策。 相似文献
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特定洪源作用下的洪水风险要素是编制洪水风险图、开展洪水风险管理的基础。在内涝、外洪等多洪源遭遇情景下,因多洪源耦合作用于洪水风险要素,解耦特定洪源作用下的洪水风险要素是洪水风险分析的难点。基于示踪剂法原理,提出内涝和外洪遭遇情景下洪水风险要素解耦方法。该方法是将特定洪源表示为含有标志示踪剂的源汇项,利用溶质运移模型模拟得到标志示踪剂浓度时空变化过程,通过标志示踪剂分布范围解析特定洪源前锋到达时间,将标志示踪剂浓度比例与淹没水深数量积视为特定洪源作用下淹没水深。解耦方法经过理论公式推导,并通过案例实证进行了验证。以淮河干流 1991 年洪水蒙洼蓄洪区典型进洪过程为例,对蓄洪区启用后区内淹没水深、前锋到达时间等洪水风险要素进行解耦,并绘制了进洪洪水前锋到达时间,以及内涝、进洪洪水作用下淹没水深空间分布图。区内蓄洪量解耦为进洪量和暴雨内涝积水量,第 1 次进洪结束时,进洪量占蓄洪量的 85.47%;第 2 次进洪结束时,第 1 次进洪洪水、第 2 次进洪洪水及内涝水量分别占蓄洪量的 26.80%,64.15%,9.05%。在内涝和外洪遭遇情景下,运用该方法能够快速准确提取进洪洪水的前锋到达时间,且能解耦受内涝、进洪洪水等洪源作用下的淹没水深。 相似文献
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考虑洪水漫顶条件下的溃决模式,拟定汛限水位、校核洪水位与校核洪水流量、多年平均入库流量的极端组合方式,采用DB-IWHR模型计算堆石坝溃坝洪水过程;利用MIKE 21模拟洪水演进过程,取支流历史最大洪水过程并使其与干支流洪峰遭遇,评估洪水对下游的淹没风险.以涔天河大坝为例,根据库容、堆石材料参数等确定不同入库洪水组合方... 相似文献
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Storm surges and floods around bays in Japan frequently result in water disasters. Both dikes and estuary gates can be constructed in urban areas near bays as counter measures. Estuary gates at the mouth of a river are intended to protect the upstream areas from storm surges and tsunamis. The sewer systems in urban areas also decrease the inundation. In this study, a numerical simulation is carried out to examine the effectiveness of the estuary gate and performance of the sewer system. A synthetic analysis model of inundation phenomena is developed and applied to the behavior of water in the urban area near the Nagoya Port and the estuary region of the Hori River. The developed model consists of models for the sea, river, sewer, overland flood flow, and typhoon. The inundation analysis model is validated by a comparison of analytical and observed results. The features of the inundations in the urban area caused by various conditions are discussed. 相似文献
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《Journal of Hydro》2010,3(4):228-238
Storm surges and floods around bays in Japan frequently result in water disasters. Both dikes and estuary gates can be constructed in urban areas near bays as counter measures. Estuary gates at the mouth of a river are intended to protect the upstream areas from storm surges and tsunamis. The sewer systems in urban areas also decrease the inundation. In this study, a numerical simulation is carried out to examine the effectiveness of the estuary gate and performance of the sewer system. A synthetic analysis model of inundation phenomena is developed and applied to the behavior of water in the urban area near the Nagoya Port and the estuary region of the Hori River. The developed model consists of models for the sea, river, sewer, overland flood flow, and typhoon. The inundation analysis model is validated by a comparison of analytical and observed results. The features of the inundations in the urban area caused by various conditions are discussed. 相似文献
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Kuniyoshi Takeuchi 《国际水》2013,38(1):20-26
Abstract The River Commission of the Ministry of Construction in Japan recommended a basin response to floods in its December 2000 Interim Report to Minister of Construction. This is practically an official declaration of the policy accepting inundation in habited areas. By this policy shift, it is anticipated that more basin response measures and non-structural measures against floods will be promoted to complement structural measures such as continuous levees and dams. Such a policy is not new in the world but is a significant governmental move in Japan, a densely populated, highly developed, and highly flood hazardous country. Although living with floods is a universal coping strategy, the implementation of measures should be different from region to region reflecting region's nature and socio-economic conditions. This paper reviews the flood fighting history of Japan and her statutory evolution against floods and shows the process by which the ever-increasing flood damage potential and the recent increase of flood damages necessitated the official move in flood control management from rivers to basins. 相似文献