无线传感网混合类MAC协议研究综述

在无线传感网( WSN)体系结构中,介质访问控制( MAC)协议负责调配网络中节点的信道接入,具有保障网络高效通信的重要作用。混合类MAC 协议综合了竞争类MAC 协议以及调度类MAC协议的特点,在融合两种机制的优点的同时克服其缺点,为无线信道资源的分配提供了更加灵活和全面的策略。首先概述了无线传感网MAC协议设计要点及分类,然后重点分析了无线传感网中经典的混合类MAC协议及国内外前沿的研究进展,并进一步归纳对比了各协议运行机制、性能及不足,得出混合类MAC协议的应用相关性及差异性的结论,最后总结了无线传感网混合类MAC协议研究现状并指出了未来的研究重点,以期为相关领域的研究人员提供参考。     

自组网中功率控制的MAC协议分析

针对无线自组网中网络资源缺乏的问题，在MAC协议中引入优化控制传输功率的机制，可以有效地开发现有资源，提高网络性能。本文详细分析了PCMA协议的思想、机制以及对网络性能的影响，指出了协议的缺陷。     

无线自组网竞争类MAC协议分析及研究

无线自组织网络是一种无基础设施的移动网络,并且每个节点的业务多以突发业务为主,因此信道资源分配适用于采用竞争方式。本文在对无线自组网各种典型竞争类MAC协议进行分析及探讨的基础上,采用Opnet仿真建模环境,创建出各协议的状态分析模型,并在此基础上对各协议的性能优劣进行了比较总结。论文对无线自组网各协议仿真建模研究及选择高效适用的MAC技术方案具有实际参考价值。     

一种高速分组无线网的MAC协议--HTD

本文在分析CSMA和传统TDMA多坊访问机制的一些主要特性的基础上,针对高速分组无线网提出了一种分布式的动态MAC协议（HTDMA）,并且简要分析了其优点。     

基于无线传感器网络的MAC协议研究

无线传感器网络是一种应用极为广泛的新兴网络,MAC协议的研究已成为无线传感器网络中的研究热点。本文对几种典型MAC协议进行了分析,通过讨论其优缺点,指出了当前无线传感器网络面临的挑战,展望了进一步的研究方相。     

无线传感器网络MAC协议的节能技术研究

分析造成WSN(无线传感器网络)能量消耗的主要原因,总结无线传感器网络MAC(媒体访问控制)协议的节能技术并进行分类,研究采用不同节能技术的典型MAC协议,并进行能效、特点和应用范围的比较。最后,展望无线传感器网络MAC协议节能技术的进一步研究策略和发展趋势。     

基于GSM网的通信分组无线业务

现阶段我国的移动通信业务主要基于GSM网,随着3G时代的到来,如何在现有GSM网上开拓新的数据业务,已成为GSM网面临的实际问题,文章就人们比较关注的基于GSM网的通用分组无线业务（GPRS）及其系统组成、协议系统、GPRS的业务种类和应用等作了探讨。     

分组同步CDMA及其关键技术

着眼于未来电信网的建设和发展,针对分组无线接入的理论、技术和应用问题,提出了一个具有后向兼容性的分组同步ＣＤＭＡ（Ｐ－ＳＣＤＭＡ）无线传输技术;阐述了Ｐ－ＳＣＤＭＡ系统的特点及其在未来信息网中的重要作用;全面分析讨论了其中值得深入研究的各项关键技术。     

无线传感器网络MAC协议研究

本文首先从应用需求和业务特性两方面分析了无线传感器网络MAC协议设计面临的挑战.然后,结合现有典型协议,对无线传感器网络MAC协议的研究现状和趋势、节能策略及协议其他特点进行了分析与总结.最后,探讨了无线传感器网络MAC协议的待研究问题.     

一种支持QoS的无线MAC协议

WAND（Wireless ATM Network Demonstrate)是欧洲ACTS（Advanced Connunication Technologies and Services)支持的项目之一。在WAND中采用一种基于集线器式、自适应TDMA方式的MAC协议－基于预约和竞争的移动接入ATM方案（MASCARA）,它通过预约与竞争方法,为无线ATM（WATM）终端提供支持QoS的宽带无线接入。通过分析MASCARA议框架结构、各组成单元功能以及MASCARA时间帧结构,阐明了这种WATM MAC协议的优越性。     

Standardization of a multi-configuration medium access protocol for broadband ISDN

This paper examines the current work within various standards bodies to define a multi-configuration medium access control (MAC) protocol for operation between broadband ISDN terminals. To begin, the configurations in which the MAC protocol is expected to operate are introduced. The relation between the MAC protocol and the broadband ISDN resource allocation schemes is then discussed. Several MAC protocol proposals currently being discussed in various standards bodies, each with unique assumptions regarding resource allocation in broadband ISDN, are then described and compared. Finally, areas for future work on this topic are identified.     

Bounds and parameter optimization of medium access control coding for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks

The use of codes to schedule transmissions is an attractive technique able to guarantee a non-zero throughput medium access performance for the nodes of a wireless ad hoc or sensor network regardless of network topology variations. Some authors refer to this technique as topology-transparent scheduling. In this paper, we use the term MAC coding in order to emphasize the exclusive use of codes to achieve topology-transparency within the MAC sub-layer. We present a new upper bound expression on the guaranteed throughput achievable by any linear code used in a MAC coding context. This bound proves to be tighter than the one obtained when the minimum distance of the code is equal to its length. Additionally, we derive new and simple closed analytical expressions for the parameters of maximum distance separable codes that maximize the minimum, average, or joint minimum-average throughput of MAC coding. The optimization methods presented here are also applicable to other codes with available analytical expressions for their minimum distance and distance distribution. Finally, we present system-level simulation results of MAC coding on static and dynamic topologies with mobility and including wireless channel errors. Throughput simulation results are compared with their corresponding analytical expressions and to a random scheduling approach. The results show agreement with analysis and confirm the robustness of MAC coding in maintaining minimum levels of performance with good average performance and graceful degradation.     

A load awareness medium access control protocol for single‐hop wireless ad hoc networks

A contention‐based wireless ad hoc medium access control (MAC) protocol, such as carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), has excellent efficiency when the system is light loaded. The main drawback of such protocols is their inefficiency and unbounded delay when the system load is heavy. On the other hand, a contention‐free MAC protocol, such as token passing, has a better and fair throughput when the system is heavy loaded. The main drawback of such protocols is their inefficiency when only a small amount of users want to transmit. In this paper, we propose a new load awareness single‐hop wireless ad hoc MAC protocol (which is called the LA protocol) that exploits the benefits of both contention‐based and contention‐free protocols. A contention‐based MAC protocol is used when the system is light loaded and a contention‐free one is used otherwise. Our LA protocol, which operates in a distributed fashion and is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) standard, can switch smoothly between the contention‐based protocol and the contention‐free one. Simulation results show that our protocol indeed extracts the better part of two kinds of protocols. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种适用于无线网络中多媒体传输的CDMA/RTDMA协议及性能分析

该文研究了一种在扩频分组无线网中适合2多媒体传输的MAC协议－－CDMA／RTDMA。它在RTDMA的基础上，将基站可分配的资源从时隙扩展为码字－时隙，从而增加了系统的容量，更有效地支持多媒体业务的传输。文章分别通过M／M/n/m排队模型和相位过程来分析话音的丢包率和数据的延迟。通过数值计算和计算机仿真，相对于原有的RTDMA方式，这种新的MAC协议在网络负载较重的情况下，仍能保证多种业务的QoS要求。     

A flexible MAC protocol for the integration of high- and low-quality video streams, voice and data traffic over high-speed packet switched wireless networks

In this work, we propose and evaluate mechanisms for the multiplexing and the integrated delivery of various traffic types such as video, data and voice, over a wireless cellular high-speed packet switched network. Two different scenarios are examined where the video traffic results from videoconference sessions and high-quality media playback, respectively. In both cases we focus on the uplink channel and we thoroughly investigate, by using actual MPEG-4 video streams, the system's performance under a variety of possible loads. Our goal is to achieve high-aggregate channel throughput while preserving the quality of service requirements of each traffic type.     

An MAC protocol supporting multiple traffic over mobile ad hoc networks

This letter presents the design and performance of a multi-channel MAC protocol that supports multiple traffics for IEEE 802.11 mobile ad-hoc networks.The dynamic channel selection scheme by receiver decision is implemented and the number of the data channel is independent of the network topology.The priority for real-time traffic is assured by the proposed adaptive back off algorithm and different IFS.The protocol is evaluated by simulation and the results have shown that it can support multiple traffics and the performance is better than the performance that IEEE 802.11 standard provides.     

Protocols and architectures for channel assignment in wireless mesh networks

The use of multiple channels can substantially improve the performance of wireless mesh networks. Considering that the IEEE PHY specification permits the simultaneous operation of three non-overlapping channels in the 2.4 GHz band and 12 non-overlapping channels in the 5 GHz band, a major challenge in wireless mesh networks is how to efficiently assign these available channels in order to optimize the network performance. We survey and classify the current techniques proposed to solve this problem in both single-radio and multi-radio wireless mesh networks. This paper also discusses the issues in the design of multi-channel protocols and architectures.     

A power controlled interference aware routing protocol for dense multi-hop wireless networks

A key issue impacting the performance of multi-hop wireless networks is the interference among neighboring nodes. In this paper, we propose a novel and practical interference aware metric, termed as Network Allocation Vector Count (NAVC), to estimate the effects of the interference on the average delay and the available bandwidth. This metric can be easily applied to routing protocols designed for 802.11 based multi-hop networks with no modification to the current 802.11 protocol. The design of NAVC as a metric for the AODV [32] routing protocol, as well as a metric for transmit power control, are described in detail. Our simulation results reveal that the NAVC-driven AODV can greatly improve its performance compared to those protocols based on hop-count. For scenarios of densely deployed nodes, the throughput improvement is often a factor near two, indicating that NAVC is more useful as networks grow denser. Moreover, the network lifetime can be notably prolonged when the NAVC is employed to conduct transmit power control. Our approach is essential for emerging applications such as wireless sensor networks where the interference is heavy and the energy is severely constrained.     

A schedule‐based medium access control protocol for mobile wireless sensor networks

Recent advances in body area network technologies such as radio frequency identification and ham radio, to name a few, have introduced a huge gap between the use of current wireless sensor network technologies and specific needs of some important wireless sensor network applications such as medical care, disaster relief, or emergency preparedness and response. In these types of applications, the mobility of nodes can occur, leading to the challenge of mobility handling. In this paper, we address this challenge by prioritizing transmissions of mobile nodes over static nodes. This is achieved by using shorter contention windows in reservation slots for mobile nodes (the so‐called backoff technique) combined with a novel hybrid medium access control (MAC) protocol (the so‐called versatile MAC). The proposed protocol advocates channel reuse for bandwidth efficiency and management purpose. Through extensive simulations, our protocol is compared with other MAC alternatives such as time division multiple access and IEEE 802.11 with request to send/clear to send exchange, chosen as benchmarks. The performance metrics used are bandwidth utilization, fairness of medium access, and energy consumption. The superiority of versatile MAC against the studied benchmark protocols is established with respect to these metrics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A prediction-based asynchronous MAC protocol for heavy traffic load in wireless sensor networks

Radio transceiver often consumes most of energy in a sensor node. To achieve low power consumption, every node periodically schedules its radio transceiver into sleep or active state, which is usually called duty cycle mechanism in MAC protocol. In this paper, we design a novel Prediction-Based Asynchronous MAC protocol (PBA-MAC) for heavy traffic load in wireless sensor networks. PBA-MAC applies an efficient wakeup mechanism to save the energy of a sensor node as much as possible. It reduces communication cost by enabling a sender to predict the intended receiver’s wakeup time, without introducing unnecessary idle listening or overhearing cost. In addition, it introduces an exponential advance mechanism to handle the prediction error caused by clock drift and hardware platform latency. More importantly, its backcast-based retransmission characteristic can efficiently resolve severe wireless collisions caused by concurrent traffic flows. The PBA-MAC is implemented in Contiki operating system. We compare PBA-MAC to some existing energy-efficient MAC protocols. The experimental results show that PBA-MAC significantly improves network energy efficiency and reduces packet delivery latency even under heavy traffic load.