An anti-noise modem for visible light communication systems using the improved M-ary position phase shift keying

In this paper, we propose an anti-noise modem based on the improved M-ary position phase shift keying (MPPSK) for visible light communication (VLC) systems. The line spectral interferences in the original MPPSK are theoretically analyzed and approximately mitigated by adopting a set of improved waveform samples. Then, within one symbol duration, the peak envelopes of the received signals are captured at each of synchronization bit with a quantity of sampling offsets to improve the proportion of the reliable data tones. In addition, a novel demodulation scheme using an amplitude-position detector based on soft decision is proposed to recover the MPPSK symbols, which can minimize the contamination influence of channel noise on symbol decision. With this scheme, the false alarm error and wrong slot error caused by the multipath fading in VLC channel can be effectively corrected and the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system is significantly improved. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme reduce the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at least by 2 dB for BER = 10⁻⁴, which show the feasibility and validity of this anti-noise modem.     

Indoor visible light communication system with <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>th best node selection mechanism

In this paper, an indoor visible light communication (VLC) system is considered. The system consists of multiple VLC access points that assist in providing high data rate downlink to multiple users. We propose Nth best node selection algorithm for indoor VLC system. The Nth best node selection analysis hold significance at times when the best node is not available; hence, the user has to switch to second or third best generally the Nth best. We derive exact closed form expressions for outage probability, coverage probability, average symbol bit error rate and ergodic capacity.     

PAPR reduction for OFDM‐based visible light communication systems using proposed hybrid technique

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is utilized with visible light communication (VLC) systems to decrease the impacts of inter‐symbol interference and to achieve communication with high speed of data transmission and huge bandwidth. In any case, the main problem in OFDM‐based VLC systems is high peak‐to‐average power ratios (PAPRs). This paper proposes a hybrid PAPR reduction technique based on signal transformation combined with clipping. The Hadamard transform is used in the proposed technique to reduce the PAPR without affecting the bit error rate (BER) of the VLC systems. The optimum clipping threshold at which the PAPR is reduced simultaneously with the improvement the BER of the VLC systems is also determined. The performance of the proposed system is assessed in terms of complementary cumulative distribution function and the BER. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed procedure can simultaneously decrease the PAPR and achieve good BER performance compared to the OFDM‐based VLC system.     

A novel Variable-Length Code for robust video coding

A novel Variable-Length Code （VLC）, called Alternate VLC （AVLC）, is proposed in this letter, which employs two types of VLC to encode source symbols alternately. Its advantage is that it can not only stop the symbol error propagation effect, but also correct symbol insertion errors and avoid symbol deletion errors, so the original sequence number of symbols can be kept correctly, which is very important in video communication.     

高速VLC系统中LED直流偏置对系统误码率的影响

研究了高速可见光通信(VLC)系统中荧光型LED光源的直流偏置电流大小与系统响应时间、误码率的关系;搭建了高速可见光通信测试系统,用于验证如何通过设置合适的LED光源的直流偏置电流使可见光通信系统达到更高的通信速率和更低的误码率.实验测试结果表明,在直流偏置电流为60～80 mA,1W的荧光型LED的响应时间较短,系统的误码率较低,此时可见光通信系统可达到最大传输速率.     

Joint Source and Space Time Decoding over Fading Channels

For high data rate communications, variable length codes (VLC) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques are required in the application layer and the physical layer, respectively. In this paper, we study the joint decoding for systems that consist of reversible VLC (RVLC) as the source codes and recursive space time trellis codes (STTC) as the coded modulation. The maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding algorithm is modified to accommodate issues including the inseparable systematic information, the unsymmetric trellis structure, and information in both bit and symbol domains. Further, by converting extrinsic information based on the modulation mode and the mapping method, iterative information exchange can be performed so as to fully utilize the redundancy in both RVLC and recursive STTC. The performance of the proposed joint decoding is evaluated over both rapid fading and quasi- static flat fading channels, which shows significant improvement in coding gain in comparison with the non-iterative receiver.     

室内可见光通信中的自适应STBC MIMO-OFDM系统设计

提出基于空时块码（STBC）调制的自适应多输入多输出正交频分复用（MIMO-OFDM）可见光通信（VLC）系统,该系统能够克服MIMO信道相关性并实现可靠通信。同时,引入功率比特分配（PBA）与OFDM相结合,以适应信道传输条件从而有效提高频谱效率。通过搭建一个22的MIMOOFDM VLC演示系统,实现了80 cm距离的传输,实验中测得的误码率始终保持在7%的前向纠错阈值3.810-3之下。实验结果表明,STBC MIMO-OFDM系统对MIMO信道相关性鲁棒,且PBA的应用能够大幅度提高数据速率。     

Soft-input soft-output decoding of variable length codes

We present a method for utilizing soft information in decoding of variable length codes (VLCs). When compared with traditional VLC decoding, which is performed using "hard" input bits and a state machine, the soft-input VLC decoding offers improved performance in terms of packet and symbol error rates. Soft-input VLC decoding is free from the risk, encountered in hard decision VLC decoders in noisy environments, of terminating the decoding in an unsynchronized state, and it offers the possibility to exploit a priori knowledge, if available, of the number of symbols contained in the packet     

AVS视频标准中块变换系数熵编码器的优化设计

文章研究了我国的国家音视频编码标准AVS视频部分的块变换系数熵编码技术，介绍了AVS当前的块变换系数熵编码器AVS_VLC的编码流程，分析了AVS_VLC在不同码率段(即不同的QP段)存在编码性能差异且与变换、量化模块不匹配等问题，提出了一种结合QP分段机制和VLC子表切换机制的熵编码器设计方法，即将编码器划分为多个码率段分别设计基于VLC子表切换机制的熵编码器。视频测试的结果表明本文设计的熵编码器在划分的3个码率段性能均优于AVS_VLC，QCIF序列测试结果平均有0．1548dB的增益，而且在低码率OP分段的性能较AVS_VLC有明显优势，平均增益达到0．3211dB，更适合于在低码率无线通信环境下应用。     

非正交-码索引调制方法

针对码索引调制(Code Index Modulation, CIM)相对于直接序列扩频在提升频谱利用率时,造成误比特率性能明显下降的问题,该文提出非正交-码索引调制(Non-orthogonal-Code Index Modulation, N-CIM)。发射端信息比特分割为伪随机(Pseudo Noise, PN)码映射块和调制信息块,并分别映射为PN码的索引和调制符号,调制符号的实部与虚部再选择相同的激活的PN码进行扩频。仿真与分析结果表明,在相同频谱效率时,N-CIM的误比特率性能比CIM在加性高斯白噪声信道中当误比特率为10–5时具备约2～3 dB的优势,在瑞利衰落信道中当误比特率为10–2时具备约2 dB的优势。     

Performance analysis of visible light communication using the STBC-OFDM technique for intelligent transportation systems

Visible light communication (VLC) applied in an intelligent transportation system (ITS) has attracted growing attentions, but it also faces challenges, for example deep path loss and optical multi-path dispersion. In this work, we modelled an actual outdoor optical channel as a Rician channel and further proposed space-time block coding (STBC) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) technology to reduce the influence of severe optical multi-path dispersion associated with such a mock channel for achieving the effective BER of 10^?6 even at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this case, the optical signals transmission distance can be extended as long as possible. Through the simulation results of STBC-OFDM and single-input-single-output (SISO) counterparts in bit error rate (BER) performance comparison, we can distinctly observe that the VLC–ITS system using STBC-OFDM technique can obtain a strongly improved BER performance due to multi-path dispersion alleviation.     

Performance of RS coded M-ary modulation with and without symbol overlapping

In this paper, we present analytical bit error probability results for M-ary modulation concatenated with Reed Solomon (RS) codes. The analysis of bit error probability is nontrivial as the number of bits per symbol for the RS codes may not be an integer multiple of the number of bits per symbol for a modulation symbol. We propose a Markov chain technique which allows analytical evaluation of the bit error probability for such cases. The performance of RS coding with coherent biorthogonal, coherent/non-coherent orthogonal modulation over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is evaluated. Simulation of the bit error probability of RS code concatenated with a Nordstrom Robinson (NR) code as an inner code is performed and compared with the case of biorthogonal modulation. From the results, we notice that a stronger inner code gives better bit error probability. In addition, the throughput of the coded system with biorthogonal modulation over an AWGN channel is discussed. For a Rayleigh flat fading and block fading channel, we analyze the bit error probability of RS codes concatenated with biorthogonal modulation. From the result, we notice that a stronger outer code gives a better bit error probability for the case of Rayleigh flat fading channel.     

Data hiding in MPEG-2 bitstream by creating exceptions in code space

In this work, we have developed a file-size preserving algorithm to hide data directly in MPEG-2 bitstreams without violating the syntax. The approach is based on the realization that embedding of a bit directly in the bitstream can be achieved by creating an exception in the code space. An exception is created by inserting code words not occurring in the original content into the bitstream. Because the entropy-coded segment of MPEG-2 is fully used, every valid code word appears somewhere in the video. However, exceptions can still be created by recognizing that there are certain variable length codes (VLC) that never occur together in any video block. These are unused VLC pairs and although they vary from stream to stream, they always exist. It is then possible to embed one bit of data by forcing an unused pair in a block subject to a number of constraints, including transparency, file-size preservation and quality metric. The list of unused pairs constitutes a secure key that can be identified by pointer. This pointer can be efficiently encoded for sharing through a secure download. The content-dependence of the key allows a secure exchange of information because each key is valid only for the corresponding video. Because the cover video still uses standard VLCs, the marked bitstream is transparent to external observers. Application areas for the proposed approach are metadata binding and general data hiding when the size of the key is less important than the security and value of attaching data to content. Examples are surveillance video footage and medical applications.     

OFDM系统导频信道估计算法的性能研究

研究基于块状导频的最小平方（LS）信道估计、线性最小均方误差（LMMSE）和低秩LMMSE信道估计算法,并进行了算法仿真,得出不同信道估计算法下正交频分复用（OFDM）系统误比特率（BER）和信噪比（SNR）之间的变化关系,以及在不同导频符号间隔下的误比特率曲线图。仿真结果表明：LMMSE、低秩LMMSE和LS算法的性能依次变差,且导频符号间隔对误比特率性能影响较大。     

Performance study of an OFDM visible light communication system based on white LED array

By introducing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology, a visible light communication (VLC) system using a 5x5 white LED array is studied in this paper. The OFDM transmitter and receiver are modeled through MATLAB/Simulink tool. The electrical-optical-electrical (EOE) response of the VLC channel, which is also the response of the detector, is derived based on Lambert’s lighting model. Then the modeling on the overall OFDM/VLC system is established by combining the above three models together. The effects of the factors which include the digital modulation, Reed-Solomon (RS) coding, pilot form, pilot ratio (PR) and communication distance on the bit error rate (BER) of the system are discussed. The results show that through the use of RS coding, block pilot, quadrate phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation and a suitable pilot ratio about 1/3, under the communication rate about 550 kbit/s, the BER can be dropped to below 10-5, and the communication distance can reach 0.9 m.     

Some families of zero- error block codes for the two-user binary adder channel with feedback

Families of zero-error codes for the real binary adder channel with feedback that achieve high rate pairs are introduced. Two families of zero-error block codes are given for the case in which only one of the two senders receives feedback about the channel output. In the first of these families, the uninformed sender transmits at a rate of nearly one bit per symbol and the informed sender transmits slightly less that1/2bit per symbol. The second family is designed for the case in which the informed sender sends at or near one bit per symbol and the uninformed one sends nearly1/2bit per symbol. A family of zero-error codes is introduced, based on the Fibonacci recursion; these codes are readily implemented by means of a simple square-dividing strategy. The Fibonacci codes achieveR_{1}=R_{2}=log_{2} [(1 + sqrt{5})/2]in the limit of large block length. Time-sharing between members of these three code families is used to obtain an achievable rate region, or inner bound, to the zero-error capacity region for block coding. For the case in which the feedback is available to both senders, a variant of the Fibonacci difference equation is used to generate zero-error block codes with slightly higher asymptotic rateR_{1}=R_{2}=0.717.     

A bidirectional lightwave transport system based on PON integration with WDM VLC

A novel bidirectional lightwave transport system employing phase modulation (PM) scheme and light injection-locked distributed feedback laser diode (DFB LD) as a duplex transceiver for passive optical network (PON); as well as employing laser pointer lasers (LPLs) with directly modulating data signals for wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) visible light communication (VLC) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Impressive and low bit error rate (BER) operation is achieved for PON integration with VLC application. Such bidirectional PON integration with VLC system has been successfully demonstrated, which can not only present its advancement in PON/VLC application but also reveal its simplicity and convenience to be installed. Whereby, our proposed system is suitably applicable to the PON in combination with VLC system in wire and wireless transmission.     

LTE中基于发送分集的预编码

MIMO技术是LTE中采用的关键技术之一,本文研究的基于发送分集的预编码技术就是MIMO技术中的一种方案。本文对LTE中使用的2发射天线和4发射天线的基于发送分集的预编码方案进行了推导,并对其性能进行了仿真,将其与空时分组码方案进行了性能比较。推导结果表明LTE中基于发送分集的预编码方案与2根发射天线的空时分组码的编码原理相同。仿真结果表明在两根发射天线情况下,空时分组码的误码率性能和预编码方案相同;在4发射天线的情况下,空时分组码的误码率低于预编码方案,但预编码方案的传码率要高于空时分组码。     

A Model for the Performance Evaluation of Packet Transmissions Using Type-II Hybrid ARQ over a Correlated Error Channel

Type-II Hybrid-ARQ (Type-II HARQ) has been shown, under certain circumstances, to increase the efficiency and reduce loss of data transmissions over a wireless channel. However, it is difficult to predict how it will perform when transmission symbol errors are correlated. We present a computationally efficient approach to the performance evaluation of packet transmissions over a wireless link employing Type-II HARQ error mitigation when the physical channel is subject to correlated transmission symbol errors. This provides a tool for static or online optimization of system parameters. We present numerical results for a wide range of channel statistics, illustrating the effect of bit error correlation, bit error rate, and block size on packet latency and loss rate.     

VLC table prediction for CAVLC in H.264/AVC using correlation,statistics, and structural characteristics of mode information

The H.264/AVC video coding standard adopted context-based adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) as an entropy coding tool. By combining adaptive variable length coding (VLC) with context modeling, we can achieve a high coding performance. However, CAVLC in H.264/AVC has the problem that VLC table prediction is not always accurate. In this paper, we propose a new VLC table prediction algorithm using the correlation between coding modes of the current and neighboring sub-blocks and the statistics of mode distribution in both intra and inter frames. In addition, we can further increase correctness of VLC table prediction considering the structural characteristics of mode information in inter frames. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm increases correctness of VLC table prediction by 10.07% and reduces the bit rate by 1.21% on average without significant increment of encoding time.