硝酸浓度对橄榄石基活性炭特性的影响(英文)

In this work we investigated the effect of nitric acid concentration on the pore structure, surface chemistry and liquid phase adsorption of olive stone based activated carbon prepared by mixing process using phosphoric acid and steam as activating agents. Chemicals and textural characterization show that the increase of HNO3 concentration increases considerably the total acidic groups but decreases specific surface area and pore volume. The study of adsorption in aqueous solutions of two organics, phenol and methylene blue, on raw and oxidized activated carbon indicates that the treatment of mixed activated carbon with different concentrations of nitric acid improves the adsorbent capacity for methylene blue at HNO3 concentrations less or equal to 2 mol·L 1, while it has a negative effect on phenol adsorption.     

碱木质素的微波氧化降解(英文)

The effects of oxidant dosage,oxidation temperature and time on the degradation of soda lignin by hydrogen peroxide with and without the presence of microwave irradiation were investigated.It is found that the oxidative degradation of lignin includes the cleavage of ether bond inβ-O-4 structure,the partial destruction of aromatic ring,and the re-condensation of the degraded lignin.Compared to the conventionally heated oxidation of lignin,the microwave irradiation efficiently facilitates the degradation of the lignin with high molecular weight and the re-condensation of that with low molecular weight at a low oxidant dosage,low oxidation temperature,or a short oxidation time,which leads to the formation of the degraded lignin with narrower molecular weight distribution and lower molecular weight.Additionally,the lignin degraded in the presence of microwave irradiation has the characteristics of higher content of phenolic hydroxyl group,lower content of methoxyl group,and lower degree of condensation,which enhances the reactivity of lignin.Therefore,the oxidative degradation of lignin assisted by microwave irradiation may be a new pretreatment approach for efficiently utilizing the soda lignin.     

硫酸-糖蜜酒精废液浸出软锰矿的动力学(英文)

The kinetics of reductive leaching of manganese from low grade pyrolusite in dilute sulfuric acid in the presence of molasses alcohol wastewater was investigated. The shrinking core model was applied to quantify the effects of reaction parameters on leaching rate. The leaching rate increases with reaction temperature, concentrations of H 2 SO 4 and organic matter in molasses alcohol wastewater increase and ore particle size decreases. The leaching process follows the kinetics of a shrinking core model and the apparent activation energy is 57.5 kJ·mol –1 . The experimental results indicate a reaction order of 0.52 for H2SO4 concentration and 0.90 for chemical oxygen demand (COD) of molasses alcohol wastewater. It is concluded that the reductive leaching of pyrolusite with molasses alcohol wastewater is controlled by the diffusion through the ash/inert layer composed of the associated minerals.     

尿素低温融盐中镍的电沉积行为(英文)

The electrodeposition behavior of nickel at glassy carbon（GC） and stainless steel（SS） electrodes in low temperature urea-acetamide-NaBr-KBr melt was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, chrono-amperometric current-time transients and scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammograms and dimensionless chronoamperometric current-time transients analysis show that the electrodeposition of nickel is an irreversible process and proceeds via three-dimensional progressive nucleation with diffusion-controlled growth on both GC and SS substrates. Scanning electron microscopic analysis indicates the nickel deposits obtained on SS electrode are generally uniform, dense, and adherent to the substrate with rounded crystallites in the nanometer size regime. It is also found that the crystal structure of the electrodeposited nickel is independent on the deposition potential. The nickel deposits produced from the melt at higher cathodic potential exhibit larger grain size.     

三元铁基离子液体-乙醇-水体系的湿法烟气脱硫性能研究(英文)

Fe-based ionic liquid(Fe-IL) was synthesized by mixing FeCl3?6H2O and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]Cl in this paper.The phase diagram of a ternary Fe-IL,ethanol and water system was investigated to construct a ternary desulfurization solution for wet flue gas desulfurization.The effects of flow rate and concen-tration of SO2,reaction temperature,pH and Fe-IL fraction in aqueous desulfurization solution on the desulfuriza-tion efficiency were investigated.The results shows that the best composition of ternary desulfurization solution of Fe-IL,ethanol and water is 1︰1.5︰3 by volume ratio,and pH should be controlled at 2.0.Under such conditions,a desulfurization rate greater than 90% could be obtained.The product of sulfuric acid had inhibition effect on the wet desulfurization process.With applying this new ternary desulfurization solution,not only the catalyst Fe-IL can be recycled and reused,but also the product sulfuric acid can be separated directly from the ternary desulfurization system.     

两相更新支撑液膜中金属二价镍的迁移行为研究(英文)

A novel disphase supplying supported liquid membrane(DSSLM),containing supplying feed phase and supplying stripping phase for transport behavior of Ni(II),have been studied.The supplying supported feed phase included feed solution and di(2-ethyhexyl) phosphoric acid(HDEHP) as the carrier in kerosene,and supplying stripping phase included HDEHP as the carrier in kerosene and HCl as the stripping agent.The effects of volume ratio of membrane solution to feed solution(O/F),pH,initial concentration of Ni(II) and ionic strength in the feed solution,volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution(O/S),concentration of H2SO4 solution,HDEHP concentration in the supplying stripping phase on transport of Ni(II),the advantages of DSSLM compared to the traditional supported liquid membrane(SLM),the system stability,the reuse of membrane solution and the reten-tion of membrane phase were studied.Experimental results indicated that the optimum transport of Ni(II) was ob-tained when H2SO4 concentration was 2.00 mol·L-1,HDEHP concentration was 0.120 mol·L-1,and O/S was 4:1 in the supplying stripping phase,O/F was 1︰10 and pH was 5.20 in the supplying feed phase.The ionic strength in supplying feed phase had no obvious effect on transport of Ni(II).When initial Ni(II) concentration was 2.00×10?4 mol/L,the transport percentage of Ni(II) was up to 93.1 % in 250 min.The kinetic equation was deduced in terms of the law of mass diffusion and the interface chemistry.     

改进的自适应免疫算法及其在对二甲苯氧化燃烧副反应优化中的应用(英文)

In recent years, immune genetic algorithm (IGA) is gaining popularity for finding the optimal solution for non-linear optimization problems in many engineering applications. However, IGA with deterministic mutation factor suffers from the problem of premature convergence. In this study, a modified self-adaptive immune genetic algorithm (MSIGA) with two memory bases, in which immune concepts are applied to determine the mutation parameters, is proposed to improve the searching ability of the algorithm and maintain population diversity. Performance comparisons with other well-known population-based iterative algorithms show that the proposed method converges quickly to the global optimum and overcomes premature problem. This algorithm is applied to optimize a feed forward neural network to measure the content of products in the combustion side reaction of p-xylene oxidation, and satisfactory results are obtained.     

Fe2(SO4)3溶液细菌辅助浸出高砷金精矿

利用摇瓶实验对纯Fe2(SO4)3溶液浸出高砷金精矿进行了研究,考察了温度及Fe3+浓度的影响,并与细菌直接浸矿进行了对比. 同时,在Fe2(SO4)3溶液中加入高密度嗜中温氧化亚铁硫杆菌、嗜中温氧化硫硫杆菌、中度嗜热西伯利亚硫杆菌,考察其对Fe2(SO4)3溶液的辅助浸出作用. 结果表明,Fe3+溶液化学浸出可迅速溶解高砷金精矿,随温度升高,浸出率先升后降,80℃时达最大;浸出前期Fe3+浓度的积累对浸出速率影响不大,初始Fe3+浓度越高As的浸出率越高,但当Fe3+浓度高于40 g/L,由于沉淀严重,浸出率降低;连续浸出情况下,Fe3+浓度可维持恒定,10 g/L的Fe3+可保持较快的矿物浸出速率. 对照实验表明,较高的矿浆浓度对浸矿菌生长繁殖有显著影响. 高密度浸矿菌可维持Fe2(SO4)3溶液中较高的Fe3+浓度并及时消除反应产生的S层的阻碍,有利于Fe2(SO4)3溶液对矿物的浸出.     

用超声波研究不同温度下4-氨基丁酸在硫酸柳丁氨醇水溶液中的性质(英文)

Ultrasonic speeds of 4-aminobutyric acid in 0.0041,0.0125 and 0.0207 mol·kg-1 aqueous salbutamol sulphate(SBS) solutions are measured at 308.15,313.15 and 318.15 K.Isentropic compressibility kS,change in isentropic compressibility△k S,relative change in isentropic compressibility( 0 S S △k /k) ,apparent molal compressibility kφ,limiting apparent molal compressibility k0 φ,transfer limiting apparent molal compressibility k0 φ,hydration number nH,pair and triplet interaction parameters kAS,kASS are estimated.The above parameters are used to interpret the solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions of 4-aminobutyric acid in the aqueous salbutamol sulphate solutions.     

回流污泥预浓缩强化新型氧化沟系统生物除磷的研究(英文)

A pilot-scale,pre-anoxic-anaerobic oxidation ditch was used in this study to treat municipal wastewater with limited carbon source.A novel return activated sludge(RAS) pre-concentration tank was adopted for improv-ing the phosphorus removal efficiency and the effects of RAS pre-concentration ratio were studied.Under the opti-mal operational condition,the suspended total phosphorus(STP) and the total phosphorus(TP) removal efficiencies were around 58.9% and 63.9% respectively and the effluent-P was lower than 0.8 mg·L-1.The reason is that with the optimal RAS pre-concentration ratio,nitrate is completely removed with endogenous carbon source and the secondary phosphorus release is strictly restrained in the pre-anoxic tank.Therefore,the anaerobic phosphorus release and the carbon source uptake by phosphorus accumulation organisms(PAOs) in the sludge,which are ex-tremely important to the phosphorus removal process,can be fully satisfied.Furthermore,the oxidation-reduction potential is proved to be suitable for controlling the RAS pre-concentration ratio due to influent fluctuation and varied conditions.The novel modified system is also beneficial for PAO accumulation.     

从工厂回收废料硫化镍制备镍盐

研究了以从工厂含镍废液中回收的硫化镍为原料,试验从酸浸出,除杂净化和沉镍等方面制取镍盐的工艺过程和最佳条件。由本工艺可以生产出高含量镍的镍盐,其品位符合国家或企业标准,废镍的回收率达91％以上。     

银铟在复杂硫化锌精矿加压酸浸中的行为

实验研究了银铟在复杂硫化锌精矿加压酸浸过程中的行为,考察了浸出温度、浸出时间、硫酸浓度、氧压、精矿粒度及液固比对铟浸出率和银入渣率的影响,分析了铟在浸出初期的动力学. 结果表明,在浸出温度150℃、浸出时间90 min、硫酸浓度152 g/L、氧分压1.2 MPa、精矿粒度<45 mm及液固比5 mL/g的条件下,铟浸出率达76%以上,银入渣率达98%以上. In的初期浸出符合核收缩模型,受界面化学反应控制,表观活化能为70.67 kJ/mol.     

球状硫化镍的制备及表征

文章通过溶剂热法合成了简单六方晶形的球状硫化镍,考察了各反应参数,如反应温度、反应时间和反应物浓度,对其形貌的影响。结果表明,140℃的反应温度使产物分散性好;产物的形成经历了生长-分裂-再生长的过程;随着硫代乙酰胺量的增大,产物尺寸逐渐减小,硫代乙酰胺与NiCl2.6H2O最佳物质的量之比为1∶1。     

电解锰硫化渣浸出低品位软锰矿的研究

以低品位软锰矿为研究对象,采用电解锰硫化渣浸出其中的锰,考察了搅拌速率、液固比、温度、硫化渣用量、硫酸用量和反应时间对锰浸出率的影响。结果表明,在搅拌速率为400 r/min,液固比为5,硫化渣用量3 g,硫酸浓度140 g/L,温度90℃,浸出时间3.5 h时,锰的浸出率达94.27%,实现了硫化渣的资源再利用。     

富铁菌液浸出硫化铜精矿中砷的实验初探

以含砷2.5%的硫化铜精矿为原料，采用含Fe浓度较高的细菌驯化后液为浸出剂浸出矿中的As、Cu元素，研究了浸出过程中浸出剂pH值、精矿粒度、初始Fe3+浓度、液固比、温度、时间、细菌生长情况等因素对浸出率的影响. 结果表明，精矿粒度范围50~75 mm、浸出剂的初始Fe3+浓度5.0~30.0 g/L、液固比20:1~30:1、浸出时间10 d左右、体系初始pH值1.5左右、温度30℃时，浸出效果较好，As与Cu2+的最高浸出率分别达到52.16%和30%；通过含菌和纯化学氧化的对比浸出实验，发现细菌的存在改善了浸出效果，提高了浸出率.     

正确认识硫化镍对玻璃的影响

简述了硫化镍杂质对玻璃的影响，讨论了热均质钢化玻璃和热增强玻璃的差异，同时指出了玻璃工业必须和建筑设计师共享玻璃方面的知识和各种解决方案。帮助他们正确选择合适的玻璃产品，避免硫化镍问题的困扰。     

硫化叶菌对镍钼硫化矿的浸出作用

对金属硫叶菌浸出镍钼硫化矿进行了研究. 结果表明,有菌组镍的浸出率均在90%以上,而无菌组为77.64%;驯化菌比非驯化菌的浸出率高,前者镍和钼的浸出率分别为94.7%和70.2%,后者为93.1%和68.4%;pH为2时浸出效果最佳,镍浸出率达100%,钼浸出率为66.97%;粒径<0.048 mm和<0.077 mm的浸样镍浸出率均达到100%,钼浸出率分别为68.4%和64.5%;低矿浆浓度比高矿浆浓度的浸出率高,5 g/L矿浆镍和钼的浸出率分别达100%和87.29%;在无菌条件下,浸样添加0.5 g/L Fe3+和对照组的镍浸出率分别为92.8%和76.6%,钼浸出率为52.56%和49.34%;嗜热菌(金属硫叶菌)比常温菌(氧化亚铁硫杆菌)的浸出率高,前者镍钼浸出率分别为93.17%和73.52%,后者为67.34%和38.36%.     

硝酸加压浸出红土镍矿的中试研究

对红土镍矿硝酸加压浸出工艺进行了中试研究.首先通过单因素实验考察了反应温度、初始酸度、保温时间、液固比和浸出压力对浸出结果的影响,得到优化浸出工艺条件为:反应温度185℃,初始酸度200 g/L,保温时间45 min,液固比2 m3/t,浸出压力1.8 MPa.此时,镍、钴浸出率分别为84.50%和83.92%,而铁浸...     

三氯化铁溶液浸取锌精矿的动力学模型

三氯化铁溶液浸取锌精矿提取锌是一个液固相非催化反应过程。在温度５５℃～９５℃，初始矿粒半径３００μｍ～５５μｍ，ＦｅＣｌ_３溶液浓度０．４～１．０ｍｏｌ／ｌ范围内进行了浸取实验。在拟定态条件下，建立了三氯化铁在产物层的扩散与收缩未反应芯表面反应的动力学模型，运用改进高斯－牛顿法求得模型参数。     

含砷钴镍渣中砷碱介质氧化浸出机理

研究了某厂ZnSO4溶液砷盐净化工艺产生的含砷钴镍渣中砷在惰性和氧气气氛的碱介质中的氧化浸出机理. 结果表明,砷氧化浸出与温度、介质碱浓度、浸出气氛均密切相关. 在惰性气氛、碱介质中,渣中CuO和Cu2O均可作为砷氧化浸出的氧化剂,在80℃及以下低温下,CuO对低价砷起主要氧化作用,还原产物为Cu2O,砷最高浸出率不超过53%;在100℃及以上较高温下,CuO和Cu2O均参与低价砷的氧化浸出过程,还原产物均为单质Cu,最高浸出率约为90%;在氧气气氛、碱介质中,砷浸出率可达98%以上,除O2作为氧化剂直接氧化浸出砷外,渣中的铜可作为O2与低价砷之间电子传递的载体,强化氧化反应.