Weldability of 610MPa Grade High Strength Plate Steel 12MnNiVR for Oil Storage Tanks

The weldability of 12MnNiVR was examined in terms of the simulated HAZ continuous cooling transformation (SH-CCT) diagram,microstructure and mechanical properties of the simulated coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ).When t 8/5 is shorter,the microstructure mainly consists of lath bainite.When t 8/5 is 60 s,the microstructure becomes coarser bainite.Some acicular ferrite appears beside lath bainite when t 8/5 =100s.Finally,a microstructure composed of polygonal ferrite,acicular ferrite,and small amount pearlite is obtained with a small amount of bainite at t 8/5 >100s.With the increase of t 8/5,the hardness of CGHAZ decreases considerably.The minimum impact toughness of CGHAZ appears at t 8/5 =100s.The hardness and the toughness of CGHAZ remain above the specified values for steel 12MnNiVR.     

Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding of X90 Pipeline Steel: Effect of Laser Power on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

In this work, hybrid laser-arc welding process was applied to X90 pipeline steel which has wide potential applications in the future pipeline project. The effect of different laser power (1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 kW) on microstructure and mechanical properties of weld joints was investigated. It has been found that a macroscopic morphology of “wine cup like” is observed in the weld joint with increasing laser power, where fusion zone (FZ) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) can be clearly identified. The FZ microstructure mainly includes massive ferrite, acicular ferrite (AF), and increased laser power resulting in a decrease in AF content. The HAZ consists of coarse-grained HAZ (CGHAZ), fine-grained HAZ (FGHAZ) and mixed-grained HAZ (MGHAZ). The hardness ranging from the weld center to base metal decreases and then increases, and the effect of laser power on hardness is not significant. The increased laser power leads to an evident decrease in the ultimate tensile strength and impact toughness of weld joint. The highest ultimate tensile strength and impact energy are 815 MPa, 239.1 J respectively at a laser power of 1.0 kW. A number of inclusions are observed at the bottom of dimples, which may be the (Ti,Mn)₂O₃ particles.     

Weldability and toughness assessment of Ti-microalloyed offshore steel

The present study has been carried out to investigate the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) microstructure and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) toughness of grade StE 355 Ti-microalloyed offshore steels. Three parent plates (40-mm thick) were studied, two of which had Ti microalloying with either Nb + V or Nb also present. As a third steel, conventional StE 355 steel without Ti addition was welded for comparison purposes. Multipass tandem submerged arc weld (SAW) and manual metal arc weld (SMAW) welds were produced. Different heat-affected zone (HAZ) microstructures were simulated to ascertain the detrimental effect of welding on toughness. All HAZ microstructures were examined using optical and electron microscopy. It can be concluded that Ti addition with appropriate steel processing, which disperses fine TiN precipitates uniformly, with a fine balance of other microalloying elements and with a Ti/N weight ratio of about 2.2, is beneficial for HAZ properties of StE 355 grade steel.     

Crack-initiation toughness and crack-arrest toughness in advanced 9 pct Ni steel welds containing local brittle zones

The present study investigates the influence of local brittle zones (LBZs) on the fracture resistance of the heat-affected zones (HAZs) in quenched, lamellarized, and tempered (QLT) 9 pct Ni steel weld joints. The results of Charpy impact tests using simulated coarse-grained, heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) specimens show that the intercritically reheated (IC) CGHAZ and unaltered (UA) CGHAZ are the primary and secondary LBZs, respectively, of the steel at cryogenic temperature. Compact crack arrest (CCA) tests and crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) tests were conducted at a liquefied natural gas (LNG) temperature to measure the variations in crack-arrest toughness and crack-initiation toughness along the distance from the fusion line (FL) within the actual HAZ. While CTOD tests show a decrease in toughness when approaching the FL, i.e., the regions containing LBZs, the crack-arrest-toughness values are found to be higher than those in the regions near the base materials. This is due to the fact that the crack-arrest toughness is governed by the fraction of microstructures surrounding LBZs instead of the LBZs themselves. By direct comparison of the brittle-crack-arrest toughness (K _a ) with the brittle-crack-initiation toughness (K _c ), this investigation has determined that, with regard to crack-arrest behavior, the LBZs of QLT-9 pct Ni steel do not limit the practical safety performance of the weld joints in LNG storage tanks.     

The Analysis of Low Temperature Toughness on X80 Pipeline Steel Welded Joint

Aiming at the security problems of pipeline steel application, the different positions of the welded joints of circumferentially welding pipeline of X80 steel were investigated by microstructure observation, the hardness, Charpy impact toughness and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) test at low temperature. The Vickers hardness test results show that there are local softened regions in heat-affected zone (HAZ). Charpy impact test indicate that the ductile–brittle transition temperature of weld is below ??60 °C, the ductile–brittle transition temperature of HAZ is around ??38 °C. CTOD test reveal that the fracture toughness of HAZ shows a large fluctuation since it is in the ductile–brittle transition temperature regime.     

Effect of Nb on Mechanical Properties of HAZ for High-Nb X80 Pipeline Steels

The mechanical properties of heat affected zone (HAZ) of two commercial high-Nb X80 grade pipeline steels with different alloy elements were investigated using thermal simulation performed on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The results showed that the high-Nb steels have excellent weldability. Embrittlement regions appear in coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) and intercritically heat affected zone (ICHAZ); Softening region appears in fine-grain heat affected zone (FGHAZ), and the strength here was even lower than 555 MPa as required in the standard. Meanwhile, with the increase of heat input, the strength and the toughness of HAZ of steel with high Nb, C and lower alloy decrease notably. Therefore, take into account the welding procedure during manufacture of weld pipe, suitable amount of alloy elements, such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo and so on, is necessary for high Nb X80 heavy-thick steel plate.     

Effect of Boron on CGHAZ Microstructure and Toughness of High Strength Low Alloy Steels

Effect of boron on the microstructure and impact toughness in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone(CGHAZ)of two high strength low alloy steels,boron-free and boron-containing,was investigated by means of weld thermal simulation test.The result shows that,for the boron-free steel,a microstructure consisting of grain boundary ferrite degenerates pearlite and granular bainite for longer t8/5(the cooling time from 800 to 500 ℃),while lath bainite for shorter t8/5.For the boron-containing steel,granular bainite is dominant for a wide range of t8/5.Continuous cooling transformation(CCT)study on the CGHAZ indicates that the transformation start temperature decreases by about 50-100℃under different t8/5,for the boron-containing steel compared with the boron-free steel.The presence of boron suppresses the nucleation of ferrite at prior austenite grain boundaries and hence enlarges the range of t8/5for granular bainite transformation.However,the addition of boron deteriorates the impact toughness of CGHAZ,which may be due to a markedly increased fraction of martensite-austenite(M-A)constituents and decreased fraction of high angle grain boundaries.     

细晶组织耐候钢热影响区粗晶区的组织和性能

 采用焊接热模拟技术研究了焊接热循环对细晶组织09CuPCrNi钢热影响区粗晶区 (CGHAZ)显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明,在800~500 ℃冷却时间t8/5≤8 s时,该钢CGHAZ组织为贝氏体和少量马氏体。随着t8/5延长,在原奥氏体晶界上逐渐析出先共析铁素体,当t8/5＞18 s时,显微组织由大量铁素体和珠光体组成,且原奥氏体晶粒明显粗化,先共析铁素体含量增加。在-20 ℃和0 ℃下,t8/5对冲击吸收功影响较小,在-40 ℃时,随着t8/5延长,冲击吸收功下降显著,而且随着t8/5延长,CGHAZ硬度逐渐下降,但硬度值均高于母材,焊接热影响区相对于母材未出现软化倾向。     

Microstructure and Property of Coarse Grain HAZ X80 Pipeline Steel

The coarse grain HAZ microstructure and property of X80 pipeline steel with different carbon content was investigated. The weld thermal simulation test was carried out on Gleeble 1500 thermal mechanical test machine. The Charpy tests were completed at --20 ℃ for evaluating the toughness of coarse grain heat affected zone （CGHAZ）. The microstructure was examined by optical microscope （OM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and the austenite constituent was quantified by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the ultra-low carbon can improve the toughness of CGHAZ by suppressing the formation of carbide, decreasing the martensite austenite （M-A） constituent and increasing the residual austenite in the M A.     

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Welding thermal simulation tests were performed on E550 shipbuilding steel and the effect of welding parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) was investigated. The result indicates that the microstructure of coarse-grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) is strongly affected by t8/5. When t8/5 is shorter, the microstructure mainly consists of lath bainite and granular bainite. With the increase of t8/5, the impact toughness decreases, the volume fraction of granular bainite increases and becomes dominant when t8/5=300s. With the increase of welding peak temperature, the impact toughness of the single-pass weld specimens increases first and then decreases, while that of the double-pass weld specimens increases, with intercritically reheated coarse-grained heat affected zone (IRCGHAZ) has the lowest value. Microstructural examination reveals that the embrittlement of CGHAZ and IRCGHAZ is mainly caused by the formation of coarse granular bainite for the former, and coarse M-A constituents along grain boundaries for the latter.     

Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of CSEF/M P92 Steel Weldments Welded Using Different Filler Compositions

In the present investigation, P92 steel weld joints were prepared using a shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process for two different fillers, E911 and P92. A comparative study was performed on the microstructural evolution, tensile strength, microhardness, and Charpy toughness across the P92 steel weldments in the as-welded and post-weld heat-treated (PWHT) conditions. The PWHT was performed at 760 °C for 2 hours. To study the effect of the different filler metals and PWHT on the mechanical properties, longitudinal and transverse tensile tests were carried out at room temperature for a constant cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. In the longitudinal direction, the tensile strength of the P92 steel welds was measured as 958 ± 35 and 1359 ± 38 MPa for the E911 and P92 filler, respectively. In the as-welded condition, the transverse tensile specimens were fractured from the fine-grained heat-affected zone or inter-critical heat-affected zone (FGHAZ/ICHAZ) and, after PWHT, the fracture location was shifted to over-tempered base metal from the FGHAZ/ICHAZ. After the PWHT, the tempering reaction resulted in lowering of the hardness throughout the weldment. After PWHT, the Charpy toughness of the weld fusion zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the E911 filler weldments was measured as 66 ± 5 and 142 ± 8 J, respectively. The minimum required Charpy toughness of 47 J (EN1557: 1997) was achieved after the PWHT for both E911 and P92 filler.

     

Microstructural analysis of fracture in heat-affected zone of two ×70 pipeline steel weldments

In the previous study, different crack propagation behaviours (ductile fracture and brittle cleavage fracture) were observed in two ×70 pipeline steel weldments (13.4 and 17.8-mm-thick) during single-edge notched bend testing. To further understand these two fracture behaviours, detailed microstructures of the base metal (BM), fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ), and coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of these two ×70 pipeline steel weldments have been analysed. The results show that the initial structure of the two pipe BMs and different welding cooling rates owing to different thicknesses contributed to structural variations of the correlated sub-regions of the HAZ. For both weldments, the FGHAZ close to the BM has the highest fraction of the high-angle grain boundaries, the finest grain size, the lowest local strain levels, and the highest fraction of recrystallised ferrite grains. The CGHAZ of the 17.8-mm-thick pipe welds exhibits the lowest toughness with the highest hardness, a high frequency of deformed grains, the highest local strain level, and the highest density of preferred {100} cleavage planes than the other sub-regions in the HAZ. The high density of the {100}<011> texture components in the HAZ may cause the cleavage micro-cracks to propagate toward the BM at an approximate 45° angle to the original crack plane during bending tests.     

A study of the weldability and weld related microstructure of cabot alloy 214

The weldability and weld metal microstructure of Cabot Alloy 214 have been investigated with a variety of experimental and analytical techniques. These include Varestraint hot crack testing, hot ductility testing, pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding, scanning and analytical electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and X-ray diffraction. A heat of Alloy 214 containing intentionally alloyed B (0.003 wt pct) and Zr (0.07 wt pct) was much more sensitive to both fusion zone hot cracking as quantified by the Varestraint test and to simulated heat-affected-zone (HAZ) cracking as quantified by hot ductility testing than a heat of Alloy 214 containing no intentionally added B (0.0002 wt pct) or Zr (0.02 wt pct). Scanning electron microscopy of the high B and Zr alloy showed the presence of dendritically-shaped, Zr-rich constituents in interdendritic regions in the gas-tungsten-arc (GTA) welds. Electron microprobe analysis of these welds revealed a segregation pattern of Cr, Al, Mn, and Zr enrichment in interdendritic regions and Ni and Fe enrichment in dendrite core regions. Analytical electron microscopy revealed the presence of ZrX (X = B, C, N, O), M₂₃C₆, andγ′ in the fusion zone of GTA weld specimens,γ′ was also found in the as-received base metal and in the GTA weld HAZ. X-ray diffraction analysis of extractions from the high B and Zr GTA weld metal also indicated the presence of a ZrX-type constituent. The results of this study are in qualitative agreement with earlier work performed on alloys such as NIMONIC 90 and INCONEL 718^∗ relative to the detrimental effect of B and Zr additions on fusion zone and HAZ hot cracking susceptibility. Formerly with Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM     

In-situ phase mapping and direct observations of phase transformations during arc welding of 1045 steel

In-situ spatially resolved X-ray diffraction (SRXRD) experiments were performed during gas tung-sten arc (GTA) welding of AISI 1045 C-Mn steel. Ferrite (α) and austenite (γ) phases were identified and quantified in the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) from the real time SRXRD data. The results were compiled with weld temperatures calculated using a coupled thermal fluids model to create a phase map of the HAZ. Kinetics of the α → γ transformation during weld heating and the reverse γ → α transformation during weld cooling were extracted from the map. Superheating as high as 250 °C above the A3 temperature was observed for the α → γ phase transformation to reach completion at locations near the fusion zone (FZ) boundary. The SRXRD experiments revealed that the newly created γ phase exists with two distinct lattice parameters, resulting from the inhomogeneous distribution of carbon and manganese in the starting pearlitic/ferritic microstructure. During cooling, the reverse γ → α phase transformation was shown to depend on the HAZ location. In the fine-grained region of the HAZ, the γ → α transformation begins near the A3 temperature and ends near the A1 temperature. In this region, where the cooling rates are below 40 °C/s, the transformation occurs by nucleation and growth of pearlite. In the coarse-grained region of the HAZ, the γ → α transformation requires 200 °C of undercooling for completion. This high degree of undercooling is caused by the large grains coupled with cooling rates in excess of 50 °C/s that result in a bainitic transformation mechanism.     

特厚EH47止裂钢板及焊接热影响区的组织性能

为开发大型集装箱船用特厚EH47止裂钢板,提出了一种低碳微合金MnCrNiCu钢,研究了其变形奥氏体连续冷却相变规律,使用控轧控冷工艺(TMCP)试制出最大厚度为85 mm特厚EH47级钢板,使用埋弧焊(SMA)和药芯焊丝气保焊(FCAW)技术对最厚钢板进行焊接试验,研究钢板和焊接接头的显微组织和性能.通过系列V缺口 ...     

稀土和Ca、Mg元素对高强度钢焊接热影响区组织和韧性的影响

研究了低合金高强度非调质中厚板钢中添加稀土(REM)和Ca、Mg微量元素对大线高能焊接热影响区(HAZ)显微组织微细化和晶内针状铁素体(IAF)形成的影响.结果表明,添加REM和Ca、Mg元素可在钢的HAZ中形成弥散稳定的氧硫化物(CeCa)2O2S和(CeMg)2O2,热轧奥氏体化(1450℃)和焊接热输入10 kJ/mm时都十分稳定,比传统采用TiN强化的钢具有更优良的低温韧性.有效地控制细小弥散的氧硫化合物,能获得适中的奥氏体有效晶粒尺寸和提供HAZ中形成晶内针状铁素体及稳定活性的形核位置.促进晶内铁素体协同形核生长,有效地使得HAZ组织微细化.     

Characterization of HAZ of API X70 Microalloyed Steel Welded by Cold-Wire Tandem Submerged Arc Welding

High-strength low-carbon microalloyed steels may be adversely affected by the high-heat input and thermal cycle that they experience during tandem submerged arc welding. The heat-affected zone (HAZ), particularly the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), i.e., the region adjacent to the fusion line, has been known to show lower fracture toughness compared with the rest of the steel. The deterioration in toughness of the CGHAZ is attributed to the formation of martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents, local brittle zones, and large prior austenite grains (PAG). In the present work, the influence of the addition of a cold wire at various wire feed rates in cold-wire tandem submerged arc welding, a recently developed welding process for pipeline manufacturing, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the HAZ of a microalloyed steel has been studied. The cold wire moderates the heat input of welding by consuming the heat of the trail electrode. Macrostructural analysis showed a decrease in the CGHAZ size by addition of a cold wire. Microstructural evaluation, using both tint etching optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, indicated the formation of finer PAGs and less fraction of M-A constituents with refined morphology within the CGHAZ when the cold wire was fed at 25.4 cm/min. This resulted in an improvement in the HAZ impact fracture toughness. These improvements are attributed to lower actual heat introduced to the weldment and lower peak temperature in the CGHAZ by cold-wire addition. However, a faster feed rate of the cold wire at 76.2 cm/min adversely affected the toughness due to the formation of slender M-A constituents caused by the relatively faster cooling rate in the CGHAZ.     

Investigations on Dissimilar Weld of UNS S32205 DSS and ASTM A517 Steel

In the present research, microstructure and mechanical properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel/A517 quench and tempered low alloy steel dissimilar joint were investigated. For this purpose, gas tungsten arc welding was used with ER2209 filler metal. Characterizations were conducted by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Mechanical properties were evaluated in micro-hardness, tensile and impact tests. Microstructure in the weld zone included an austenitic continuous network in the matrix of primary ferrite. No brittle phases were formed in the weld metal and stainless steel heat affected zone (HAZ). The weld metal/A517 interface showed higher hardness than other regions. Tensile tests indicated that the values of the yield and tensile strength were 663 and 796 MPa, respectively. Impact tests indicated that the weld zone had almost the same impact energy as base metals. The minimum impact energy of 12 J was related to A517 HAZ. The results of scanning electron microscopy for fracture surfaces indicated that weld zone, 2205 HAZ and A517 HAZ had ductile, ductile–brittle and brittle fracture mode, respectively.     

工程机械用960QT钢焊接粗晶区组织及性能研究

采用热模拟技术研究了960QT高强钢不同t8/5条件下热影响区粗晶区（CGHAZ）的组织和性能,获得热影响区连续冷却转变曲线。得到的结果为:t_8/5在3～6s,硬度值变化不大,CGHAZ组织为板条马氏体。t_8/5=10 s,可见板条贝氏体,随着t8/5的增加,组织中板条贝氏体逐渐增加,而板条马氏体逐渐减少,CGHAZ显微硬度逐渐降低。当t_8/5达到150 s后,组织中出现粒状贝氏体,显微硬度进一步降低。当t8/5> 600 s后,显微组织以粒状贝氏体为主。利用实测热影响区t_8/5数据,建立了960QT钢t_8/5值与线能量（E）的关系式。t_8/5为30 s时,粗晶区显微硬度（325 HV1）与母材相当（330 HV1）。焊接时应控制热输入,使t_8/5小于30 s,不预热条件下线能量应小于1.4kJ/mm。