Surface transformation of Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn-1B titanium aluminide by electron beam melting

Microstructure and phase evolution on the surface of Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn-1B (at.%) gamma based titanium aluminide was investigated by a series of electron beam melting with different beam energies and scanning speeds. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Glow Discharge Spectroscopy (GDS), Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were performed to characterize the phase modification and morphology after the EBM treatment.At beam energies of 250 W and scanning speed of 16 mm s⁻¹, the lamellar structure of Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn-1B transformed into a dendritic structure composed of initial α₂ (Ti₃Al) dendrites and an interdendritic phase of the γ (TiAl). While at higher energies of 350 W and lower beam speeds of 7 mm s⁻¹, mainly B2 and α₂ (Ti₃Al) phases with higher titanium formed on the surface.All Phase transformations increased the hardness of the surface to a maximum of 600 HV if compared to 330 HV for untreated material. Lower energies and higher speeds induced cracks in the surface layers, while higher energies and lower speeds produced hard surface layers without cracking.     

Ti-22Al-26Nb-1Zr 合金在长期时效过程中的组织稳定性

研究正交结构Ti?22Al?26Nb?1Zr合金片层组织在长期时效过程中B2相的分解、O相板条的球化等显微组织演变规律。结果表明：合金加热到B2单相区炉冷后可以获得板条组织,在(O+B2)相区700°C时效100 h以内显微组织无明显变化。但在长时时效过程中板条组织发生明显粗化。在700°C长期时效800 h时,B2相极不稳定,会在时效初期短时间内迅速发生分解。随着时效时间的延长,块状和少量板条状O相在晶界和O/BCC相界处析出并以球状形式长大。此外,在时效时间超过100 h后,会有明显的树枝状O相板条组织形成。     

低合金化中等强度Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb-0.8vol%TiB2合金的热稳定性

研究了低合金化、中等强度、全片层γ-TiAl合金Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb-0.8 vol% TiB₂在10000 h、700 ℃大气热暴露处理下的热稳定性。研究发现,长期的大气热暴露导致合金通过渐进的α₂层片消解、减薄模式实现α₂→γ相变,且α₂层片的分解、转化、消失的趋势较弱。相对于高合金含量的TiAl合金,该合金的枝晶偏聚不严重,α₂层片不平衡分布的趋势较小。除极个别α₂→β外,没有发生融合型α₂+γ→β相变。热暴露10000 h后,α₂层片厚度约为热暴露前的一半,体积分数下降约为四分之一,相应的“释氧脆化”和“B2+ω共生脆化”的影响较弱,使得合金的拉伸强度变化不大,塑形降低不严重,热暴露后的S-N疲劳强度反而增加了30%。疲劳强度的热暴露增强现象是因为热暴露导致的应力弛豫效应所致。长期的热浴浸泡导致样品表层的应力值降低,次表层的缺陷和微裂纹钝化,内部铸态α₂-γ层片间的应力集中降低,这些均有利于提高合金抵抗疲劳微裂纹萌生的抗力。     

Ti–4.5Al–6.5Mo–2Cr–2.6Nb-2Zr-1Sn钛合金的高温变形行为

超高强韧钛合金是制造超规格航空结构件的骨干材料。通过热模拟压缩实验研究了Ti-4.5Al-6.5Mo-2Cr-2.6Nb-2Zr-1Sn钛合金高温变形行为,采用临界条件动力学模型建立高温下动态再结晶体积分数预测模型。本研究取得的阶段性成果将为超大尺寸、复杂形状的关键结构件的集成制造提供理论支撑。     

Ta含量对Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-xTa合金力学性能和腐蚀性能的影响

系统研究了Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-x Ta(x=0,0.2,0.5,1.0,3.0,5.0)合金的微观组织、拉伸性能、夏比冲击韧性和耐海水腐蚀性。结果表明,经α+β两相区锻造后,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-5Ta合金获得片层组织,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-x Ta(x=0,0.2,0.5,1.0,3.0)均获得双态组织。XRD、TEM和选区电子衍射表明,在添加Ta元素后,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-x Ta合金没有新相产生。对于双态组织Ti-6Al-3Nb-Zr-1M0-x Ta合金,随着Ta含量的增加,其Mo当量逐渐增加,导致其屈服强度、抗拉强度和显微硬度均有所提高。而Ta含量对冲击吸收功的影响规律与屈服强度和抗拉强度的影响规律相反,其大小与冲击断口剪切唇区面积一致。当Ta含量超过1.0%(质量分数)时,由于α和β相之间的标准平衡电位差逐渐增大,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-x Ta合金的耐海水腐蚀逐渐降低。综合考虑强度、冲击韧性和耐海水腐蚀性能,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-1Ta合金综合匹配性最好,具有良好的海洋工程应用潜力。     

Multi-step heat treatment design for nano-scale lamellar structures of a cast Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-(W,B, Y) alloy

A multi-step heat treatment is proposed to optimize the lamellar structure of as-cast high Nb containing TiAl alloys. The β-segregation is removed effectively after the first two step heat treatment, a short-time holding within β single phase field then annealing in α+β phase field. During the third step heat treatment, a subsequent low-temperature aging, new γ lamellae precipitate by the means of isolated nucleation or twin-related nucleation. After the proposed multi-step heat treatment, the alloy presents nano-scaled lamellar structure with the colony size about 140 μm.     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Ni-45Ti-5Al-2Nb-1Mo alloy subjected to different heat treatments

The effects of solution and aging heat treatment on microstructural evolution and room temperature tensile properties for as-forged Ni-45Ti-5Al-2Nb-1Mo alloy were investigated through scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and tensile tests.The results show that the microstructure of solution-treated alloy comprises NiTi matrix,Ti₂Ni and(Nb,Ti)ss phases.After aging treatment at 700 ℃ for 6 and100 h,the distribution of Ti2Ni and(Nb,Ti)ss precipitates in...     

Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo钛合金热变形行为及加工图

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,在变形温度为820-1060℃及应变速率为0.001-1s_-1参数范围内对Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo钛合金进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验。建立了该合金的高温变形本构方程,得到两相区和单相区的表面激活能分别为764.714 和126.936 kJ/mol。基于DMM和Prasad失稳准则建立了应变为0.4和0.7时的热加工图。分析加工图发现: Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo钛合金在840–1060 ℃,应变速率为0.001–0.1 s_-1,之间主要发生DRV/DRX,此区间变形时耗散率峰值51%分别出现在940℃/0.001s_-1和880℃/1s_-1,其变形后微观组织演变机制与热加工图匹配较好,当变形发生在820℃,较高应变速率(≥1s_-1)下该合金加工时易发生流变失稳现象。     

Fatigue response of a grain refined TiAl alloy Ti-44Al-5Nb-1W-1B with varied surface quality and thermal exposure history

Fatigue specimens with four types of designed surface (EDM plane-sited, EDM notched, shot peened, electropolished) were assessed under three exposure conditions (no exposure, block exposure, individual exposure-oxidation at 700 °C for 10000 h) to quantify the effects of surface roughness, stress concentration, oxidation and inner microstructural embrittlement on fatigue behaviour of a grain refined TiAl alloy Ti-44Al-5Nb-1W-1B. With the yield strength of 568 MPa, fatigue is found to occur under a loading condition of σ_max<σ_0.1. Local plastic deformation is difficult to occur. The alloy becomes sensitive to surface damages but not to V-notch because the small surface area sampling the highest stress significantly reduces the EDM impact. Electropolishing rather than shot peening is found to be more effective in improving fatigue strength for the high strength alloy. When subjected to block exposure, both annealing effect (beneficial) and microstructural embrittlement (detrimental) occurred on all the surfaces, and the latter was dominant in governing fatigue behaviour except for EDM surfaces. After individual exposure-oxidation, fatigue performance deteriorated significantly for the shot peened and moderately for the electropolished but not for EDM surfaces. The mechanism for specific fatigue behaviour is discussed individually based upon whether or not the beneficial effects outweigh the detrimental effects.     

热暴露对Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Hf-1B合金显微结构和力学性能的影响

对合金Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Hf-1B在700℃大气气氛中开展了长达10 000 h的热暴露处理,系统地探索和分析含Nb-Hf的TiAl合金的高温热稳定性,采用透射电镜和扫描电镜观察合金的显微组织变化并测试相应的力学性能.研究发现:长期大气高温热暴露导致合金中α2+γ层片晶团内的a2层片发生了一定程度的α2→γ相变:部分α2层片转变成为细小的γ层片,到10 000 h时,α2层片的原始厚度减少了约一半.长期大气高温热暴露也导致合金中α2+γ层片条束上发生了α2+γ→B2(ω)相变:条束上部分α2+γ消失,代之以微米及亚微米尺度的B2(ω)块状相.在10 000 h时,其面积分数达到8.4％,随着高温热暴露的逐渐进行,合金的室温塑性伸长率逐渐降低.在10 000h时,合金的塑性约为热暴露前的2/3,表明在复合含Nb+Hf的TiAl合金中,热暴露所导致的“释氧脆化”和“B2+ω生成脆化”的影响有限.复合含Nb+Hf的TiAl合金具有优于单纯含Nb的TiAl合金的高温热稳定性.长期高温热暴露对合金的断裂强度和条件屈服强度没有明显的有害影响.在10 000 h时,其条件屈服强度总体上仍保持在600MPa级别,而合金的室温疲劳极限还有所提高.     

Effects of cutting angle,edge preparation,and nano-structured coating on milling performance of a gamma titanium aluminide

Gamma titanium aluminides are intermetallic alloys. Recently, they have been evaluated as important contenders for structural applications in the automotive and aerospace sectors. This is due to their excellent high-temperature performances and their significantly lower density compared to nickel-based superalloys. In this paper, an analysis of machinability of a gamma TiAl obtained via an electron beam melting (EBM) process is presented. The effects of tool geometry modifications, in terms of cutting tool angles and cutting edge preparation, were investigated. The reduction of radial rake angle and the drag finishing process for cutting edge preparation resulted in an increase of the tool life of the carbide end mills. Nanogradient tool coatings were also observed to affect tool wear during milling tests, and the results highlight that AlSiTiN coating performs better compared to CrAlSiN coating. A post-coating polishing treatment was also taken into account, and it allowed a further reduction of tool wear. The overall results indicate that the machinability of this difficult-to-cut material can be significantly improved by an adjustment of the cutting edge geometry, and by using an AlSiTiN coating system.     

热暴露对Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Zr-0.2Si-1B合金显微结构及力学性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜以及拉伸和高周疲劳等试验手段研究10 000 h、700℃大气热暴露过程对Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Zr-0.2Si- 1B合金显微结构和力学性能的影响.结果表明:复合含Nb-Zr的TiAl合金的α2+γ层片组织显示出较高的热力学稳定性,合金的α2+γ层片晶团在热暴露过程中,α2→γ和α2+γ→B...     

基于BP网络Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo合金等温压缩流变应力预测

通过对Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo合金820~970℃,0.001~1 s~(-1)条件下的热模拟压缩试验,得到不同变形条件下的高温变形真应力-真应变曲线。基于此实验数据建立了该合金BP-ANN本构预测模型和传统的回归模型。结果表明:2个模型的最大相对误差分别为4.35%和13.9%,平均绝对误差AARE分别为1.42%和6.53%,说明BP-ANN模型具有较优异的预测能力,此模型可作为Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo钛合金高温变形本构模型。     

Creep-Induced Phase Instability and Microstructure Evolution of a Nearly Lamellar Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-(W,B,Y)Alloy

Microstructure degradation and stress-induced transformation of a high Nb-containing TiAl alloy with nearly lamellar microstructure during creep were investigated. Tensile creep experiments were performed at 800, 850 and 900 °C under 150 MPa in air. Microstructures before and after creep tests were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Dislocations within the lamellar structure and β_o(ω) region and twin intersection in massive γ grains were investigated. Dislocation sliding played a critical role in the deformation of ω_o phase, which preferentially occurred on the (0002)ω_o plane. Possible deformation mechanisms were revealed. A stress-induced γ→α₂ phase transformation took place during the creep test at 850 and 900 °C. α₂ lamella could directly decompose into the ω_o phase at 850 °C. The instability of high-temperature microstructure can weaken the creep resistance and promote the plastic deformation of the lamellar matrix, thus could be detrimental to the creep properties. The correlations between creep properties and microstructure instability were discussed.     

Comparison of inward and outward grown Pt modified aluminide diffusion coatings on a Ni based single crystal superalloy

Two commercial Pt modified aluminide coatings (RT22 and MDC150L) on the same single crystal Ni-based superalloy (CMSX-4) were studied by: scanning electron microscopy; transmission electron microscopy; energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry; and gravimetry. The RT22 coating is an inward grown coating (high activity), while MDC150L is produced by outward growth (low activity). Samples were oxidised in still laboratory air at 1050 °C for various times up to 2000 h. It was found that the outward grown coating produced a slower growing oxide that was more spallation resistant. Several possible reasons for this were identified including: coating purity; coating surface topography; and ductile to brittle transition temperature. The microstructural differences between the two coatings in the as-coated condition were investigated and the development of their microstructure during heat treatment was described. A model for coating growth during heat treatment was proposed.     

元素添加方式对Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo合金性能的影响

通过研究元素添加方式对粉末冶金Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo(Ti80)合金微观组织和力学性能的影响,探索了提高粉末冶金Ti80合金材料性能的途径和方法.结果表明:要得到相对密度大于97％的粉末冶金烧结坯,Al必须以NbAl、ZrAl、MoAl、MoAlTi等中间合金方式进行添加;Nb、Zr可以单质或中间合金方式添加;Mo需要以MoAl或MoAlTi中间合金方式添加.Ti不能完全以TiH2的方式添加;当Ti以纯Ti粉方式添加时,拉伸断口没有裂纹产生;当Ti以TiH2方式添加时,断口有显著的裂纹产生;H是裂纹产生的主要原因.当元素以合适的方式添加时,Ti80合金烧结件的性能可达到:σb=890～1020MPa,σ0.1=755～875MPa,σ0.2=785～895MPa,δ5=5.5％～9.0％,Ψ=11％～20％,与锻态性能相比,强度性能有显著提高,而塑性降低.     

Tool development based on modelling and simulation of hot sheet metal forming of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy

In the aero engine industry alternative manufacturing processes for load carrying aero engine structures imply fabrication. The concept of fabrication involves simple forgings, sheet metals and small ingots of e.g. titanium alloys which are welded together and heat treated. In the concept phase of the product development process, accurate evaluations of candidate manufacturing processes with short lead times are crucial. In the design of sheet metal forming processes, the manual die try out of deep drawing tools is traditionally a time consuming, expensive and inexact process. The present work investigates the possibility to design hot forming tools, with acceptable accuracy at short lead times and with minimal need for the costly die try out, using finite element (FE) analyses of hot sheet metal forming in the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. A rather straightforward and inexpensive approach of material modelling and methods for material characterisation are chosen, suitable for early evaluations in the concept phase. Numerical predictions of punch force, draw-in and shape deviation are compared with data from separate forming experiments performed at moderately elevated temperatures. The computed responses show promising agreement with experimental measurements and the predicted shape deviation is within the sheet thickness when applying an anisotropic yield criterion. Solutions for the hot forming tool concept regarding heating and regulation, insulation, blank holding and tool material selection are evaluated within the present work.     

退火温度对Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo合金组织及力学性能的影响

研究了退火温度对Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着退火温度升高,初生α相含量降低,2°～15°小角度晶界逐渐减少;退火温度较高时,退火过程中发生了α相→β相→α相的相变,<0001>//横向织构消失。随着退火温度升高,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo合金屈服强度逐渐降低,抗拉强度、延伸率先升高后降低。退火温度升高后,片层组织比例升高,裂纹扩展功占冲击吸收功的比例增大,材料韧性提升。     

真空烧结温度对Ti-44Al-2Cr-4Nb-0.2W-0.2B合金显微组织及力学性能的影响

为获得细晶TiAl合金及有效减少传统铸造带来的内部缺陷,采用真空热压烧结工艺制备了Ti-44Al-2Cr-4Nb-0.2W-0.2B合金,研究了烧结温度对TiAl合金微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:Ti、Al元素粉末反应合成后,经XRD检测,3种烧结温度(1150、1240、1300℃)烧结后的合金主要由γ-TiAl和α_2-Ti_3Al_2种基体相组成,随着烧结温度的增加,γ相含量增加,α_2相则减少;结合SEM观察发现,改变烧结温度可获得TiAl合金不同典型组织,其中1150℃烧结合金为近γ组织、1240℃烧结为双态组织、1300℃烧结为近片层组织,烧结温度的升高使得合金组织愈发均匀;配合EDS分析,烧结温度的升高有助于Nb元素在基体相中的扩散,同时合金密度随烧结温度的升高逐步增大,当烧结温度升至1300℃,合金的密度达到4.419g/cm~3;通过力学性能检测,在1240℃烧结制备的TiAl合金组织为细小的双态组织,显示出较好的综合力学性能,其显微硬度为5270 MPa,在高温压缩时展示出良好的抗压强度。     

Effect of small concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen on the structure and mechanical properties of sputtered titanium films

The results of a study of small additions of oxygen and nitrogen on the structure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline titanium films obtained by magnetron sputtering are presented.